Lecture 4

Forcing Functions

1
Step Forcing Function:-

2
Impulse forcing function

3
Que. A first order system is subjected to the impulse
forcing function of magnitude 5. The time constant
of the system is 6 sec. Sketch the response for the
system.

4
Ramp or Linear Function

5
A thermometer is observed to exhibit the first order
dynamics is having time constant of 8 sec & it is placed in
bath. After the thermometer reaches steady state
temperature of 32oC with the bath, the temperature of the
bath is linearly increased with time at a rate of 3oC/min.
Sketch the response of the thermometer. Determine
dynamic error & time lag for the system.
Dynamic Error

Time lag

6
sinusoidal forcing function

7
Transfer function of mixing process

Assumptions:-
density of the solution to be constant
the flow rate in must equal the flow rate out,
since the holdup volume is fixed.

Flow rate of salt in - flow rate of salt out = rate of

accumulation of salt in the tank

8
Step Response
Step change ininput variable X(t) = A

9
 Response of the 1st order system to step
change
Several features of this response, are
 The value of Y(t) reaches 63.2
percent of its ultimate value
when the time elapsed is equal
to one time constant τ. When the
time elapsed is 2τ, 3τ, and 4τ, the
percent response is 86.5, 95, and
98, respectively. From these
facts, one can consider the
response essentially completed
in three to four time constants.
 The slope of the response curve
at the origin in Figure is 1. This
means that, if the initial rate of
change of Y(t) were maintained,
the response would be complete
in one time constant, (See the
dotted line in Figure)
10
Pure Capacitive Process

11