SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT

Power Transmission Line in

No Load Condition

SUBMITTED BY: ALMIRAÑEZ, MARJORIE D.

YEAR AND SECTION: BSEE V – GI

SUBMITTED TO: ENGR. CONRADO QUINALAYO

 Power Transmission Line in No Load Condition

Introduction

Transmission lines are sets of wires, called conductors, that carry electric power from
generating plants to the substations that deliver power to customers. At a generating plant,
electric power is “stepped up” to several thousand volts by a transformer and delivered to the
transmission line. At numerous substations on the transmission system, transformers step
down the power to a lower voltage and deliver it to distribution lines. Distribution lines carry
power to farms, homes and businesses. The type of transmission structures used for any
project is determined by the characteristics of the transmission line’s route, including terrain
and existing infrastructure.    

Electric power transmission is the bulk movement of electrical energy from

a generating site, such as a power plant, to an electrical substation. The interconnected lines
which facilitate this movement are known as a transmission network. This is distinct from the
local wiring between high-voltage substations and customers, which is typically referred to
as electric power distribution. The combined transmission and distribution network is part
of electricity delivery, known as the "power grid" in North America, or just "the grid". In
the United Kingdom, India, Tanzania, Myanmar, Malaysia and New Zealand, the network is
known as the National Grid.

A wide area synchronous grid, also known as an "interconnection" in North America,

directly connects many generators delivering AC power with the same relative frequency to
many consumers.

Body

During no load condition the current that is flowing is only charging current for line
capacitance, it increase capacitive var in the system. And since the line is under no load the line
inductance will be less . There fore the capacitive var becomes greater than inductive var during
no load or light load condition. Due to this phenomenon the receiving end voltage becomes
greater than sending end voltage. This effect is also called Ferranti effect. This happens mainly
in long transmission line.

No load operation exists when the nominal voltage is present at one end of the
transmission line, while the other end is not under load. Under certain circumstances, the
voltage at the open transmission line end increase to impermissible values due to the line
capacitances. This phenomenon is called the Ferranti effect and represents a dangerous state in
greater line lengths, which must be compensated by the network protection system. Load
affects the performance of circuits that output voltages or currents, such as sensors, voltage
sources, and amplifiers. A household’s power outlets provide an easy example such as they are
a voltage source, outputting 120 VAC, with the household’s appliances collectively making up
the load. When a power-hungry appliance switches on, it dramatically reduces the load
impedance, causing the output voltage to drop. This drop is easily observed for instance,
turning on a vacuum cleaner dims the light. Figure 1 shows a single-phase equivalent circuit
diagram of a loss-free line in no-load operation.
 Phasor diagram is shown below. Here, Vr is considered to be the reference phasor,
represented by OA.

The transmission lines run in parallel forming two plates of capacitor and air between
them acts as dielectric medium. Under no load, the load current is very small, the only current
flow through the lines is capacitive current which is more dominant than load current under no
load. Thus, pf of transmission line current tends to become more n more leading due to
capacitive current. This causes the Ferranti effect.

This case for no load operation exists when the nominal voltage is present at one end of the
transmission line, while the other end is not under load. Under certain circumstances, the
voltage at the open transmission line end increase to impermissible values due to the line
capacitances. This phenomenon is called the Ferranti effect and represents a dangerous state
in greater line lengths, which must be compensated by the network protection system. Load
affects the performance of circuits that output voltages or currents, such as sensors,
voltage sources, and amplifiers. A household's power outlets provide an easy example such as
they are a voltage source, outputting 120 VAC, with the household's appliances collectively
making up the load. When a power-hungry appliance switches on, it dramatically reduces the
load impedance, causing the output voltage to drop. This drop is easily observed for instance,
turning on a vacuum cleaner dims the lights. Figure 1 shows a single-phase equivalent circuit
diagram of a loss-free line in no-load operation.

Conclusion

Therefore, I conclude that in this condition, only an equivalent total capacitance is being
considered, for an easier study. It is because the parameter is directly proportional to the
length of the transmission line. Theoretically, the value of transmission loss in this load
condition is assumed to be zero. However, in real practice, the parameters such as capacitance
and resistance of a transmission line are distributed, which is crossing the line resistors.
Subsequently, the capacitive currents will provoke power losses even when the transmission
line is in no-load condition

In a long transmission line under no load the sending end voltage is less then receiving
end voltage. Only charging current will flow. Hence, power that involves is called charging
power. In some cases, voltages at the end of transmission line will increases to impermissible
values because of the equivalent total capacitance. This occurrence is called Ferranti effect, and
it can cause a dangerous state in greater line length. In defective form, the Ferranti effect also
occurs if the network is supplying weak loads, such as at night that the effect is an occurrence in
which the steady voltage at the open end of transmission line is often higher compare to the
input voltage. It shows a strange phenomenon under some condition of frequency and
transmission line length. A voltage increase may be seen at no-load condition transmission line