INTRODUCTION • One of the more unfortunate aspects of modern global development has been the introduction and widespread acceptance of the use of mechanical means for providing desired comfort levels for human habitation.
...................neglecting the context of climate,
culture and land variations. CLIMATE • Defined a region with certain temperature,dryness,wind,light,etc. • An integration in time of the atmospheric environment of a certain geographical location. • Encompasses the statistics of temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological elements in a given region over long periods of time. The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, and altitude, as well as nearby water bodies and their currents. • Macroclimate- The climate of a large geographic area. • Microclimate- is a local atmospheric zone where the climate differs from the surrounding area. The term may refer to areas as small as a few square feet (for example a garden bed) or as large as many square miles (for example a valley). Microclimates exist, for example, near bodies of water which may cool the local atmosphere, or in heavily urban areas where brick, concrete, and asphalt absorb the sun's energy, heat up, and reradiate that heat to the ambient air: the resulting urban heat island is a kind of microclimate. TROPICAL CLIMATE
• Those region where heat is the dominant
problem, where the annual mean temperature is not less than 20 degrees. Characteristics of Tropical Climates • Temperature – average mean temperature (dbt) 20 – 30 deg.C • Humidity Level – 50% to 100% Relative Humidity • Wind Conditions – Slow wind flow – Prevailing wind in the Philippines: Amihan (NE) – November to April Habagat (SW) – May to October TROPICAL DESIGN • This is concerned with countries where discomfort due to heat and humidity are the dominant problems. • Tropical design is applicable to Tropical, Sub- Tropical, and Equatorial Climates covering the Southeast Asian Countries. The main characteristics of a building:
• It must perform the function for which it is
designed, i.e. provide adequate shelter for its intended occupants; • Provide adequate comfort for the occupants, both to the immediate environment as well as for services such as lighting, cooking, hot water, etc. The energy needs for buildings, (3) broad categories: • That required for construction; encompassing the inputs into materials, labour, transportation, etc, • That required to maintain the comfort of the internal environment; • That required to provide services to aid comfortable living. • These three (3) energy requirements can be kept to a minimum with the application of building design and construction principles that exploit the indigenous materials and local climate • Thereby……“climate-responsive architecture” Global climate zones: 1) Polar 2) Cool 3) Temperate 4) Hot humid 5) Hot arid Climate in the Tropics:
• Warm Humid: Location
• areas between 7º north & south of the equator • Warm Humid: Conditions with high relative humidity high average temperatures cloudy skies sky glare can be distressing intense rainfall abundant vegetation fungi are a persistent problem • Warm Humid: Countries • Brisbane, Australia • Indonesia • Caribbean • Barbados • Venezuela Climate in the Tropics: • Hot Dry: Location • areas between 15º & 30º north & south of the equator • Hot Dry: Conditions hot during day time, cold during night time low humidity clear skies intense solar radiation minimal rainfall wind carrying dust and sand • Hot Dry: Countries • Arizona • Dubai • Qatar • Mexico Climate in the Tropics: • Hot Dry Maritime Desert: Location • areas between 15º and 30º north and south of the equator • Hot Dry Maritime Desert: Conditions areas with strong maritime influence hot during day time, cold during night time high humidity intense solar radiation • Hot Dry Maritime: Countries • Arizona • California • Sta Barbara Country • Mexico Climate in the Tropics: • Monsoon or Transition: Location • areas between 23.5º north and south of the equator • Monsoon or Transition: Conditions dry and rainy low humidity strong solar radiation strong winds • Monsoon or Transition: Countries • New Delhi, India • Sri Lanka • Bangladesh • Myanmar • Brazil (northeast & southeast) Climate in the Tropics: • Tropical Upland: Location • mountain regions, 900 meters above sea level • Tropical Upland: Conditions larger temperature swings temperature is 24-30º during the day while 4-10º during night time strong solar radiation variable winds • Tropical Upland: Countries • Quito, Equador • Nairobi, Kenya • Savanna • Jamaica