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major challenge today and into the fu- Ecosystem Assessment (MA) (2). But as we is essential not only for advancing knowledge
ture is to maintain or enhance benefi- detail below, NCP as defined and put into but also for the political legitimacy of assess-
cial contributions of nature to a good practice in IPBES differs from earlier work ment findings (3).
quality of life for all people. This is in several important ways. First, the NCP ap-
among the key motivations of the In- proach recognizes the central and pervasive FROM SERVICES TO CONTRIBUTIONS
tergovernmental Science-Policy Plat- role that culture plays in defining all links be- NCP are all the contributions, both positive
form on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services tween people and nature. Second, use of NCP and negative, of living nature (diversity of
(IPBES), a joint global effort by governments, elevates, emphasizes, and operationalizes the organisms, ecosystems, and their associated
academia, and civil society to assess and pro- role of indigenous and local knowledge in un- ecological and evolutionary processes) to
PHOTO: DINODIA PHOTO/GETTY IMAGES
mote knowledge of Earth’s biodiversity and derstanding nature’s contribution to people. people’s quality of life (4). Beneficial contri-
ecosystems and their contribution to human The broad remit of IPBES requires it to butions include, for example, food provision,
societies in order to inform policy formula- engage a wide range of stakeholders, span- water purification, and artistic inspiration,
tion. One of the more recent key elements of ning from natural, social, humanistic, and whereas detrimental contributions include
the IPBES conceptual framework (1) is the engineering sciences to indigenous peoples disease transmission and predation that
notion of nature’s contributions to people and local communities in whose territories damage people or their assets. Many NCP
(NCP), which builds on the ecosystem ser- lie much of the world’s biodiversity. Being an may be perceived as benefits or detriments
vice concept popularized by the Millennium intergovernmental body, such inclusiveness depending on the cultural, socioeconomic,
Published by AAAS
enced policy discourse, and advanced the blended and interwoven (14), enabling co-
sustainability agenda. construction of knowledge among disciplines
However, this predominantly stock-and- and knowledge systems (fig. S2).
flow framing of people-nature relationships
largely failed to engage a range of perspec- Generalizing perspective
tives from the social sciences (6), or those Typical of the natural sciences and econom-
of local practitioners, including indigenous ics, this perspective (represented in green
peoples. This reinforced a mutual alienation at the bottom of fig. S2) is fundamentally
process in which MA-inspired studies and analytical in purpose; it seeks a universally
policies became increasingly narrow, which applicable set of categories of flows from
in turn led to voluntary self-exclusion of dis- nature to people. Distinction between them
ciplines, stakeholders, and worldviews. As a is often sharp, and agency is acknowledged
consequence, the ecosystem services research only in the case of people. NCP categories
program proceeded largely without benefit- can be seen at finer or coarser resolution
ing from insights and tools in social sciences but can still be organized into a single, self-
and humanities. For example, the unpacking consistent system.
and valuation of some “cultural ecosystem We identify 18 such categories for report-
services” not readily amenable to biophysical ing NCP within the generalizing perspec-
or monetary metrics have lagged behind (7), tive, organized in three partially overlapping
and so has their mainstreaming into policy. groups: regulating, material, and nonmate-
cal sustenance. However, food is full of sym- they contributed information presented in different disciplines within western science,
bolic meaning well beyond physical survival. their own narratives. In the Europe and Cen- in the science-policy interface. The NCP ap-
Indeed, nonmaterial and material contribu- tral Asia assessment, these narratives (15) proach aims at coming up with products
tions are often interlinked in most, if not all, revealed complex interactions between detri- that are better and also more legitimate and
cultural contexts (7). mental (predation on livestock) and benefi- therefore more likely to be incorporated into
cial NCP (carcass removal or protection by policy and practice.
Context-specifc perspective shepherd/guard dogs) that were not consid- In addition to assessments, environ-
This is the perspective typical, but not ex- ered in previous national ecosystem assess- mental governance and associated policies
clusive, of local and indigenous knowledge ments. This kind of evidence also enhanced would likely increase their effectiveness
systems (represented in blue at the top of the confidence about the status and trends and social legitimacy by drawing on the
fig. S2). In local and indigenous knowledge of other NCP in cases in which the evidence NCP approach. This is because it facilitates
systems, the production of knowledge typi- based on published literature was scarce much more than previous framings the
cally does not explicitly seek to extend or vali- (such as for NCP “Supporting identities”). connection with rights-based approaches
date itself beyond specific geographical and In this regional assessment, it was relatively to conservation and sustainable use of na-
cultural contexts (14). Indeed, the context- easy to fit most narratives into the 18 catego- ture and their implications for quality of
specific perspective on NCP often tends to ries of the generalizing perspective on NCP. life. The presence of multiple worldviews
resist the scientific goal of attaining a univer- In assessing pollinators, pollination, and and diverse ways of expressing them in the
sally applicable schema. food production (16), the dialogue with wording of the Convention on Biological
Although subdivision into internally con- local and indigenous knowledge-holders Diversity’s strategic plan for biodiversity
sistent systems of categories is common in highlighted some NCP that were defined and specific objectives, such as the Aichi
Published by AAAS
www.sciencemag.org/content/359/6373/270/suppl/DC1
Sandra Díaz,* Unai Pascual,* Marie Stenseke, Berta Martín-López, Robert T. Watson,
Zsolt Molnár, Rosemary Hill, Kai M. A. Chan, Ivar A. Baste, Kate A. Brauman, Stephen
Polasky, Andrew Church, Mark Lonsdale, Anne Larigauderie, Paul W. Leadley,
Alexander P. E. van Oudenhoven, Felice van der Plaat, Matthias Schröter, Sandra
Lavorel, Yildiz Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Elena Bukvareva, Kirsten Davies, Sebsebe
Demissew, Gunay Erpul, Pierre Failler, Carlos A. Guerra, Chad L. Hewitt, Hans Keune,
Sarah Lindley, Yoshihisa Shirayama
*Corresponding author. Email: sandra.diaz@unc.edu.ar (S.D.); unai.pascual@bc3research.org (U.P.)
Supplementary Text
Figs. S1 to S3
Tables S1 and S2
References
Supplementary Materials for
Supplementary Text
Sandra Díaz1,2*, Unai Pascual3,4,5*, Marie Stenseke6, Berta Martín-López7, Robert T. Watson8,
Zsolt Molnár9, Rosemary Hill10, Kai M. A. Chan11, Ivar A. Baste12, Kate A. Brauman13, Stephen
Polasky14, Andrew Church15, Mark Lonsdale16, Anne Larigauderie17, Paul W. Leadley18, Alexander
P. E. van Oudenhoven19, Felice van der Plaat17, Matthias Schröter20,21, Sandra Lavorel22, Yildiz
Aumeeruddy-Thomas23, Elena Bukvareva24, Kirsten Davies25, Sebsebe Demissew26, Gunay
Erpul27, Pierre Failler28, Carlos A. Guerra21,29, Chad L. Hewitt30, Hans Keune31,32, Sarah Lindley33,
Yoshihisa Shirayama34
1
Consejo Nacional de investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de
Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000,
Córdoba, Argentina.
2
Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales,
Departamento de Diversidad Biológica y Ecología, Córdoba, Argentina.
3
Basque Centre for Climate Change, Sede Building 1, 1st floor, Scientific Campus of the
University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Leioa 48940, Bilbao, Spain.
4
Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz Haro, 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
5
University of Cambridge, Department of Land Economy, 16-21 Silver St., Cambridge CB3 9EP,
UK.
6
Unit for Human Geography, Department of Economy and Society, School of Economics Business
and Law, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 625, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
7
Leuphana University, Faculty of Sustainability, Institute for Ethics and Transdisciplinary
Sustainability Research, Lüneburg, Scharnhorststr. 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany.
8
Tyndall Center Department of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, UK.
9
MTA Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany, H-2163 Vácrátót,
Hungary.
10
CSIRO Land and Water and James Cook University Division of Tropical Environments &
Societies, Box 12139 Earlville BC, Cairns, Queensland, 4870 Australia.
11
Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, 2202
Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
12
The Folgefonn-Centre, Skålafjøro 17, 5470 Rosendal, Norway.
13
Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota. 1954 Buford Ave, Suite 325, St Paul, MN
55108, USA.
14
Department of Applied Economics/Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University
of Minnesota, 1994 Buford Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA.
15
School of Environment and Technology, University of Brighton.
16
Monash University and Charles Darwin University.
17
IPBES Secretariat, UN Campus, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, D-53113 Bonn, Germany.
18
ESE Laboratory, Univ. Paris-Saclay / CNRS / AgroParisTech, 91400 Orsay, France.
19
Institute of Environmental Sciences CML, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 2, 2333 CC, Leiden,
The Netherlands.
20
UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Services,
Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
21
German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz
5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
22
Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, CNRS - Université Grenoble Alpes, CS 40700, 38058 Grenoble
Cedex 9, France.
23
CNRS, Centre for Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, UMR5175, Biocultural Interactions
(IBC) team, 1919, route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
24
Biodiversity Conservation Center, ul. Vavilova, 41, office 2, Moscow, 117312, Russia.
25
Macquarie Law School, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
26
Department of Plant Biology & Biodiversity Management, College of Natural Sciences, Addis
Ababa University, P.O. Box 3434, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
27
Ankara University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 06110
Diskapi-Ankara, Turkey.
28
Blue Governance Research Group, Portsmouth business School, Universtiy of Portsmouth,
Portsmouth, PO3 1DE, UK.
29
Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108, Halle
(Saale), Germany.
30
School of Science and Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240
New Zealand.
31
Belgian Biodiversity Platform - Research Institute Nature & Forest (INBO), Kliniekstraat 25,
1070 Brussels, Belgium.
32
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610
Wilrijk, Belgium.
33
Department of Geography, School of Environment, Education and Development, University of
Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
34
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima Cho,
Yokosuka City, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan.
Supplementary figures
Fig. S1. Evolution of nature’s contributions to people (NCP) and other major categories in the
IPBES conceptual framework (1) with respect to the concepts of ecosystem services and human
wellbeing as defined in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2). Categories in grey are part of
the frameworks but not the main focus of this paper. The element “nature’s benefit to people” was
adopted by IPBES Second Plenary, and further developed into NCP by IPBES Fifth Plenary in order
to fully capture the fact that the concept includes all contributions to people, both positive (benefits)
and negative (detriments). Concepts pointed by arrow heads replace or include concepts near arrow
tails. Concepts in dotted-line boxes are no longer used: following the present view of the MA
community (3, 4), supporting ecosystem services are now components of nature or (to a lesser extent)
regulating NCP. Cultural ecosystem services was defined as a separate ecosystem service category
in the MA; IPBES instead recognizes that culture mediates the relationship between people and all
NCP. For more details of NCP according to the generalizing and conceptual perspectives, see
Figure S2 and Figure S3.
Nature Nature
Biodiversity and Biodiversity and
ecosystems ecosystems
Ecosystems
Regulating
Regulating
ES Regulating NCP
Material NCP
Provisioning
Provisioning
ES Generalizing
perspective
Context-specific perspective
Nature’s Anthropogenic
Direct drivers
contributions assets
to people Natural drivers
(NCP) Institutions and Anthropogenic
governance and other drivers
indirect drivers
Nature
Generalizing perspective
Fig. S3. Mapping of the 18 NCP reporting categories used in IPBES assessments onto three
broad groups distinguished within the generalizing perspective (see main text and Figure S1
and Figure S2). Most NCP straddle across groups to some degree. To indicate this, the NCP in the
material and non-material groups extend into their respective columns. The non-material dimension
of regulating NCP is not as widely recognized across cultures; therefore they are represented
as encroaching only slightly beyond their column in the Figure. Maintenance of options (NCP
18), conveys the various dimensions of the potential opportunities offered by nature, and thus
spans all three NCP groups. NCP 18 includes things such as the maintenance into the future of
all current and future NCP, embodying the capacity of nature for supporting the resilience of
ecosystems and their ability to transform to novel states and derived NCP (5-7). Explanation and
examples of all NCP are given in Table S1.
Table S1. Reporting categories of nature’s contributions to people (NCP) used in IPBES
assessments according to the generalizing perspective
The 18 NCP reporting categories recommended for IPBES assessments, according to the
generalizing perspective (see main text and Figure 2). The NCP listed here are in some cases
sharply-defined contributions, and in some others represent bundles of similar contributions.
Beyond IPBES, this list of NCP is meant to be indicative, not exhaustive. The explanations,
examples and references are also illustrative. The order of NCP in the table does not denote
importance or priority. The placing of each of the 18 reporting categories in the broad groups of
material, non-material and/or regulating NCP is shown in Figure S2. The NCP are provided,
depending on the case, by particular organisms, by ecosystems, or by particular mixtures of
organisms, assembled naturally (e.g. the assemblage of pollinators in a landscape) or artificially
(e.g. a planted grove, or a plant mixture on a green roof). Note that these contributions can be
positive or negative according to the cultural and socio-economic context of the stakeholders, or
even perceived as benefits or decrements by same stakeholder group according to the spatial or
temporal context (8-11).
1 Habitat creation and maintenance The formation and continued production, by ecosystems or
organisms within them, of ecological conditions necessary or
favorable for living beings of direct or indirect importance to
humans. E.g. growing sites for plants (12), nesting, feeding,
and mating sites for animals, resting and overwintering areas
for migratory mammals, birds and butterflies (12, 13),
roosting places for agricultural pests and disease vectors (14),
nurseries for juvenile stages of fish (15-18), habitat creation at
different soil depths by invertebrates (19)
2 Pollination and dispersal of seeds and Facilitation by animals of movement of pollen among flowers
other propagules (20-22), and dispersal of seeds, larvae or spores of organisms
beneficial or harmful to humans (20, 23-28)
3 Regulation of air quality Regulation (by impediment or facilitation) by ecosystems, of
CO2/O2 balance, O3, sulphur oxide, nitrogen oxides (NOx),
volatile organic compounds (VOC), particulates, aerosols,
allergens (29-34)
Filtration, fixation, degradation or storage of pollutants that
directly affect human health or infrastructure (35-38)
7 Regulation of freshwater and coastal Regulation – through filtration of particles, pathogens, excess
water quality nutrients, and other chemicals – by ecosystems or particular
organisms, of the quality of water used directly (e.g. drinking,
swimming) or indirectly (e.g. aquatic foods, irrigated food and
fiber crops, freshwater and coastal habitats of heritage value)
(60, 72-76)
8 Formation, protection and Formation and long-term maintenance of soil structure and
decontamination of soils and processes by plants and soil organisms. Includes: physical
sediments protection of soil and sediments from erosion (77, 78), and
supply of organic matter and nutrients by vegetation;
processes that underlie the continued fertility of soils
important to humans (e.g. decomposition and nutrient cycling)
(79-81); filtration, fixation, attenuation or storage of chemical
and biological pollutants (pathogens, toxics, excess nutrients)
in soils and sediments (81-85)
9 Regulation of hazards and extreme Amelioration, by ecosystems, of the impacts on humans or
events their infrastructure caused by e.g. floods, wind, storms,
hurricanes, heat waves, tsunamis, high noise levels, fires,
seawater intrusion, tidal waves (86-90)
Reduction or increase, by ecosystems or particular organisms,
of hazards like landslides, avalanches (91-94)
13 Materials, companionship and labor Production of materials derived from organisms in cultivated
or wild ecosystems, for construction, clothing, printing,
ornamental purposes (e.g. wood, peat, fibers, waxes, paper,
resins, dyes, pearls, shells, coral branches) (119, 128, 141-
146)
Live organisms being directly used for decoration (i.e.
ornamental plants, birds, fish in households and public
spaces), company (e.g. pets), transport, and labor (including
herding, searching, guidance, guarding) (141, 147-157)
14 Medicinal, biochemical and genetic Production of materials derived from organisms (plants,
resources animals, fungi, microbes) used for medicinal, veterinary and
pharmacological (e.g. poisonous, psychoactive) purposes.
Production of genes and genetic information used for plant
and animal breeding and biotechnology (12, 158-164)
15 Learning and inspiration Provision, by landscapes, seascapes, habitats or organisms, of
opportunities for the development of the capabilities that
allow humans to prosper through education, acquisition of
knowledge and development of skills for well-being,
information, and inspiration for art and technological design
(e.g. biomimicry) (165-174)
In addressing NCP within the context of knowledge systems other than physical, natural and
economic sciences, the 18 generalizing categories of Table S1 are often not applicable. This is
typical, but not exclusive (e.g. (208) of the knowledge systems of indigenous peoples and local
communities. Instead different categories or more holistic relationships through practices are
recognized. In some cases, relationships between nature and people are highly reciprocal, with
NCP arising from practices of mutual care (13, 209-211). The two examples below are illustration
of the diverse ways in which NCP are framed in different cultural contexts. Note that this
perspective and the generalizing perspective are not mutually exclusive; they often blend and
interweave (212-215).
Example 1 - Categories used to recognize context-specific NCP in the IPBES Pollination
Assessment (21)
In the IPBES Pollination Assessment, engagement with ILK-holders led to part of NCP being
framed as “gifts” to both people and biota, through “practices” that link people and pollinators in
ongoing reciprocal relationships. ILK-holders explained how pollination processes are understood,
celebrated and managed holistically through fostering fertility, fecundity, spirituality and diversity;
see (21) for full referencing.
How NCP is The categories Examples/description
framed to suit used for analysis
this context of NCP in this
context
Practices (for Practices of Kawaiwete people in the southern Amazon perceive that the
and with valuing diversity spiritual entity who protects stingless bees will inflict “bee illness”
pollinators) and fostering on those who do not show respect and observe silence when
gifted to biocultural collecting honey; they identify 37 stingless bee species and protect
indigenous diversity 28 forest tree species used for nesting as well as 19 other plant
peoples and species used for food by these bees.
local Landscape Seven practices were identified:
communities management
practices i. Taboos that protect pollinators and pollinator resources;
ii. Kinship relationships that protect pollinators and
pollination resources;
iii. Mental maps and animal behaviour knowledge as
management practices;
iv. Fire management to enhance pollination resources;
v. Manipulation of pollination resources in different seasons
and landscape patches;
vi. Biotemporal indicators for management actions;
vii. Providing pollinator nesting resources.
Diversified Four types of diversified farming systems that influence
farming systems agrobiodiversity, pollinators and pollination were identified:
i. Shifting cultivation (e.g. Milpa systems in central
America);
ii. Home gardens (e.g. Mesoamerican home gardens contain
some 811 cultivated species);
iii. Commodity agroforestry (e.g. shade coffee systems
provide habitat for bird pollinators);
iv. Farming of semi-domesticated and domesticated bees.
Example 2 - How Warlpiri understand nature’s contributions to people ((191)
For the Warlpiri people, nature’s contributions to people are understood in terms of Ngurra-kurlu, roughly
translated as “from country” or “country within people”. In Aboriginal English, a person’s land, sea, sky,
rivers, sites, seasons, plants and animals; place of heritage, belonging and spirituality; is called “country”
(216). The term Ngurra-kurlu reflects the fundamental Warlpiri perspective of reciprocity between people
and country. In this context, people and country are one body Palka. The image embedded in the first
column represents Ngurra-kurlu, Warlpiri people's understanding of how country contributes to people and
vice-versa (painting by Daniel Rockman Jupurrurla, from Ref. (191), reproduced under the Creative
Commons license).
Ngurra-kurlu Law The Law provides the guidelines, the knowledge, beliefs,
meaning “from practices, rules and regulations. “The law is a serious thing
country”. “This and it needs to be followed…Wawirri (red kangaroo) is a
ngurra-kurlu is symbol of the Law. Men cooking a kangaroo is a serious
palka: he got his thing”
own heart, he’s got
his own kidney, he’s Skin “Skin” groups connect people with each other and with
got his own liver. If nature through obligations and responsibilities; for example
you take one of them different skin groups have responsibility for Emu
away, his whole dreaming, Emu song lines, Emu ceremony and thereby the
body will drop” Emu.
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