ANTENNA DESIGN

ZERO TO HERO

Lecture 01

Introduction

Instructor: Engr.Munir Qamar

Email: engr.munir@yahoo.com
 CST VS HFSS:

CST HFSS

• Computer Simulation Technology • High Frequency Structural Simulator

• CST is based upon Finite Integration (FIT) • Finite Element Method (FEM)

Instructor: Engr.Munir Qamar

Email: engr.munir@yahoo.com
 RF Parameters:

1. S-Parameters
2. VSWR
3. Gain

Instructor: Engr.Munir Qamar

Email: engr.munir@yahoo.com
 RF Parameters:

• S-Parameters:
• S-PARAMETERS describe the input-output relationship between ports (or terminal)
in an electrical system.
• It is also a mathematical representation of how RF energy propagate in a multiport
network.
• S11, S12, S21, S22 are S- parameters or scattering parameters.
• S11, S22 have the meaning of reflection coefficients.
• S21, S12 have the meaning of transmission coefficients.

Instructor: Engr.Munir Qamar

Email: engr.munir@yahoo.com
 RF Parameters:
S11 Parameter:
• This is the input port voltage reflection coefficient.
• It is reflected power radio 1 is trying to deliver to antenna 1. It tells us how much of a signal
is reflected to the receiver after striking the antenna.
Antenna 1 Antenna 2

Instructor: Engr.Munir Qamar

Email: engr.munir@yahoo.com
 RF Parameters:
S22 Parameter:

 This is the output port voltage reflection coefficient.

 It is reflected power radio 2 is trying to deliver to antenna 2.

Antenna 1 Antenna 2

Instructor: Engr.Munir Qamar

Email: engr.munir@yahoo.com
 RF Parameters:
S22 Parameter:
S11 and S22 provide us following useful information:
• Return loss or reflection coefficient
• Impedance, and Admittance
• VSWR of input and output ports

Instructor: Engr.Munir Qamar

Email: engr.munir@yahoo.com
 RF Parameters:

S12 Parameter:
 Reverse voltage gain.
 It is the power from radio 2 that is delivered through antenna 1 to radio 1.

S12

Instructor: Engr.Munir Qamar

Email: engr.munir@yahoo.com
 RF Parameters:
S21 Parameter: (forward voltage gain)
 This is the transmission coefficient.
 It is the power received at antenna 2 relative to the power input to antenna 1.

s21

Instructor: Engr.Munir Qamar

Email: engr.munir@yahoo.com
 RF Parameters:
S21 Parameter: (forward voltage gain)
 It tells how much of the signal is transmitted into the surface.
 It is mostly used in EBG or FSS structures to check how much of the signal is
absorbed by them.
S21 and S12 provide us following useful information:
• Gain/Loss (i.e. insertion loss)
• Phase and Group Delay(i.e., delay time)

Instructor: Engr.Munir Qamar

Email: engr.munir@yahoo.com
 RF Parameters:

s21

S12

Instructor: Engr.Munir Qamar

Email: engr.munir@yahoo.com
 RF Parameters:

Instructor: Engr.Munir Qamar

Email: engr.munir@yahoo.com
 RF Parameters:
VSWR:
• VSWR stands for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio.
• This is a measure of how efficiently a radio power is transmitted through a transmission line
the antenna.
• It is also the measure of the reflected standing waves along the feeder.
• The Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) is an indication of the amount of mismatch
between an antenna and the feed line connecting to it.

Instructor: Engr.Munir Qamar

Email: engr.munir@yahoo.com
 RF Parameters:
VSWR:
• The range of values for VSWR is from 1 to infinity.
• A VSWR value under 2 is considered suitable for most antenna applications. The antenna
can be described as having a good match.
• So when someone says that the antenna is poorly matched, very often it means that the
VSWR value exceeds 2 for a frequency of interest.

Instructor: Engr.Munir Qamar

Email: engr.munir@yahoo.com
 RF Parameters:
Gain:
• It describes how much power is transmitted in the desired direction to that of the
isotropic antenna.
• A transmitting antenna with 3 dB gain means that the power received far from the
antenna will be 3dB higher (twice as much) than what would be received from a lossless
isotropic antenna with same input power.

Instructor: Engr.Munir Qamar

Email: engr.munir@yahoo.com
 RF Parameters:
RCS:
• Radar Cross-section is the detectability of an object by radar.
• It is also the ability of an object to reflect radar signal in direction of its receiver.
• Large RCS indicates that an object is easily detectable.

Instructor: Engr.Munir Qamar

Email: engr.munir@yahoo.com
 RF Parameters:

Bandwidth:

• An antenna's bandwidth is the range of frequencies (or wavelengths) over which it works
effectively.

• The broader the bandwidth, the greater the range of different radio waves you can pick up.

Instructor: Engr.Munir Qamar

Email: engr.munir@yahoo.com