S21-CnS Roads and Drains

C&S PARTICULAR SPECIFICATIONS
ROADS AND DRAINS
SECTION 21 - ROADS AND DRAINS
GENERAL
All concrete-making ingredients, testing and all concreting works shall conform to the
latest edition of the relevant British EN Standards and/or Singapore EN Standards but
not limited to the Approved Standards shown in “STRUCTURAL CONCRETE ANNEX
A”.
It shall be noted that Singapore EN Standards, where available, shall supersede the
British EN Standards.
1 PREPARATION OF ROAD FORMATION
Where the bearing capacity of the soil is determined by the SO as adequate and where
the road is in cut, carry out excavations to the required levels as required by the
thickness of construction and the levels of the finished road. Excavate the formation to
the required level of the camber or cross-fall shown for the finished road and trim to an
even surface. Thoroughly roll the formation with 10 tonne rollers or similar equipment
until thoroughly compacted.
Where the road is on previously filled ground or where excavation has to be carried
deeper than normal formation level on account of weakness in the subsoil as may be
shown on the Drawings or determined by the SO during the progress of the work, bring
up the formation to the correct level with filling as specified in "Filling Generally".
Properly compact such filling up to formation level by rolling successively with

compaction equipments as detailed in "Compaction" and bring to proper shape and
camber as is the case of the formation where the road is in cut.
Trim off all high spots and reconsolidate the section. Should any depressions appear in
the formation during compaction, fill in, level and compact with material as specified,
before crusher run laying can commence.
The SO may require fill materials to be tested by an SAC accredited laboratory in

accordance with BS 1377 to determine its maximum dry density and optimum moisture
content for compaction. One test will be conducted to determine the maximum dry
density and optimum moisture content for each class of material to be compacted.
Maintain the moisture content of the in-situ material during compaction as close to the
optimum moisture content as possible. If necessary, this shall be adjusted by wetting or
drying on the Site to enable the required in-situ field densities of the fill material to be
obtained consistently.
Following the compaction process, carry out in-situ field density tests in accordance with
BS 1377:1990 Test No. 15(A) (Sand Replacement Method) or Test No. 15(F) (Water
Displacement Method). The in-situ field density may also be determined using nuclear
density meters. At least one in-situ field test shall be made for every 300 m2 of surface
area of each compacted layer.
Obtain the following in-situ field densities of compacted materials given as percentage
of the maximum dry density derived from BS 1377 Test No. 13 (4.5kg rammer) :
(a) Within 500mm of formation level (sub-grade or foundation)

- 95% of maximum dry density
MULTI-USER INDUSTRIAL BUILDING AT ANG MO KIO STREET 64/65 CS/S21/1

ROADS AND DRAINS
(b) From 500mm below formation level

- 90% of maximum dry density
The Contractor may choose to establish by site trials the relationship among the in-situ
material for compaction, compaction plant used, thickness for each layer, and
compacting effort in terms of number of passes. If so established and agreed by the SO
the Contractor shall allow the same compaction arrangement for each and every
subsequent layers in compaction. However, the SO may at any time carry out in-situ
field density tests to determine whether the degree of compaction is satisfactory.
The agreed compaction arrangement as mentioned above shall be adjusted when the
compaction is found inadequate.
2 SUB-GRADE OF CARRIAGEWAY
(a) Sub-grade Formation
In addition to "Preparation Of Road Formation", trim the finished level of sub-

grade along the road centre-line and finish to the lines, grades and cross-sections
as shown on the Drawings.
On straight lengths of roads, trim the sub-grade to a cross-fall as shown in the

Drawings on each side of the road's centre-line. Where the alignment is curved
the cross-fall of the sub-grade shall be the same as that of the pavement on both
super-elevations and transitions.
Trim the sub-grade so that the level does not vary more than 25mm above or
50mm below the levels shown on the Drawings.
(b) Sub-grade Material
Fill material for the last 500mm of the sub-grade shall be the best selected
material which shall have a soaked CBR (California Bearing Ratio) value of not
less than the value shown on the Drawings or the Specifications or given by the
SO in writing.
In cut or natural ground where the soaked CBR value of the last 500mm of sub-
grade material is less than the required minimum value and if directed in writing,
remove 500mm of this material and replace it with an approved selected fill
material which conforms to the minimum value required at the Contractor's cost
and expense.
Compact the last 500mm of the sub-grade material in layers not exceeding
150mm to the required density given below.
(c) Compaction Of Sub-Grade
Carry out compaction of the sub-grade by mechanical means using the approved
type of compaction equipment such as smooth-wheel roller, tamping roller,
pneumatic typed roller and vibrating smooth drum roller, to the required density as
specified in "Compaction". For undisturbed natural ground, compaction shall be
the required dry density for a depth of not less than 200mm.
Compact the last 500mm layer of sub-grade material below the level of the granite
base course to a density as shown in the Drawings or the Specifications.

ROADS AND DRAINS
The location of the samples and the field measurement of the dry density of the
compacted material shall be carried out in-situ with a standard instrument
approved by the SO.
At the time of compaction of each layer, adjust the moisture content of the material
by spraying water uniformly or allowing the material to dry out sufficiently to obtain
the required compaction.
No base course material shall be laid on the carriageway until the sub-grade has
been approved by the SO. Any material laid on the sub-grade before the sub-
grade has been approved by the SO shall be removed from the Site, if directed by
the SO.
The location where test is required shall be determined and approved by the SO.
The laboratory test shall be carried out at an SAC accredited laboratory.
During construction, the SO may take samples from the compacted sub-grade for
CBR tests, the location of which shall be determined by the SO depending on the
uniformity of the soil type encountered. The number of samples to be taken shall
be at a rate of one sample for every 50m of carriageway or 500 m2 of carpark area
subject to a minimum of 3 samples. However, if the soaked CBR values fail to
achieve the standard required, further tests shall be carried out.
(d) Improved Sub-grade Course Of Carriageway
No sub-grade material or granite base material shall be laid on the carriageway

until the sub-grade has been approved by the SO for the laying of the improved
sub-grade or base course materials.
Unless specified otherwise, the thickness of the base and sub-base course shown
in the Drawings shall be the compacted thickness.
3 CONCRETE HAUNCHED UPVC SCUPPER DRAINS
Concrete haunch 250mm diameter upvc pipe to SS272 (with no joint) and lay within the
side-tables to the details shown on the Drawings.
Provide drop inlets to the details shown in the Drawings and the connection to the
scupper pipes/drains neatly joint in cement mortar.
4 ROADSIDE KERBS, CHANNELS, ETC
All precast concrete roadside kerb channels (gutters), dividers and drain channels shall
comply with BS 7263 and/or SS 214:1979. Set the kerbs, dividers etc in cement mortar
on a bed of concrete and haunched with concrete all as shown on the Drawings. Great
care shall be taken to ensure the trueness of the line and level of the kerbs. Trim, cut or
cast end units squarely to suit required dimensions.
The composite and other drain channels shall conform entirely to the shape and
dimensions shown in the Drawings.
All joints between kerb units shall be pointed in 1:3 cement-sand mortar and of a
uniform thickness of 20mm unless site condition requires otherwise.

ROADS AND DRAINS
Cast the kerbs to the necessary radii to suit sharp curves on plan and the required
proportion shall have shaped insets to suit the entrances to scupper drains.
5 CRUSHER RUN BASE COURSE
Crusher run material shall consist of hard, clean, durable, and angular aggregate with a
nominal size of 100mm and maximum size of not more than 125mm.
If the required compacted depth of the base course exceeds 150mm, construct the base
in two or more layers of approximately equal thickness compacted and blinded as
specified or indicated in the Drawings. The maximum compacted thickness of any layer
shall not exceed 150mm irrespective of the type of compacting equipment employed.
Mechanically spread the crushed granite or by any other means approved by the SO to
a uniform thickness.
Roll each layer of the crushed granite base course with a smooth steel wheeled roller of
at least 10 tonnes until a uniform surface is attained. Spread 20mm granite aggregate
and brush into the surface voids and rolling shall continue until a smooth and uniform
surface is attained and there is no movement in the crushed granite layers. Begin rolling
at the sides and progress gradually towards the centre parallel to the longitudinal axis of
the road, with a uniform over-lap of each succeeding trip of the roller. Make good
irregularities of the compacted crusher run layer before the next course is laid.
Blind the surface of each layer with granite dust or an approved blinding material. Brush
these blinding materials into the interstices of the granite base course and water with a
watering cart. Roll and water the whole surface sweep and roll repeatedly until all the
interstices in the granite base course have been filled and the granite base course forms
a dense and compact layer.
On completion the surface of the base course shall present a smooth and compact
appearance, true to levels and camber or cross-fall and shall be sufficiently water-bound
to withstand traffic.
6 PLANT MIXED CRUSHED GRANITE AGGREGATE BASE COURSE
All crushed granite base course shall consist of graded crushed, clean and hard angular
aggregate. The grading of the materials is as shown below :
BS Sieve Size % Passing (by weight)

50 mm 100
38.0 mm 95 to 100
19.0 mm 60 to 80
9.5 mm 40 to 60
4.8 mm 25 to 45
2.4 mm 15 to 35
425 Φm 6 to 18
75 Φm 0 to 10
Mix the aggregates at a mixing plant by continuous mixing using a pug-mill mixer, or
batch type mixing using a revolving blade, rotary pan, or rotary tilting drum mixer. The
plant shall be in sound mechanical condition and shall consistently produce a uniform
mixture or aggregates and water at optimum moisture content or at a moisture content
as directed by the SO.

ROADS AND DRAINS
To achieve the desired grading, the use of any sand, granite dust or approved filler such
as laterite, the quality of such materials and the amount to be added into the mixing
plant shall be subject to the approval of the SO.
Water used for mixing shall be clean and substantially free from detrimental impurities
such as oil, salts, acids, alkali and vegetable substance.
The method of loading and unloading of material shall be such that segregation shall be
minimised. Remove from the Site material which does not comply with the
Specifications.
During delivery, cover the material with canvas, or other approved material to prevent
loss of moisture during transport. Vehicles used for delivery of material to the hoppers of
spreading machines shall have bodies or discharge equipment which shall enable the
load to be discharged direct into hopper without spillage and in such a way that
segregation shall be minimised.
The Contractor is required to furnish information on the following :
(a) Date and time of loading

(b) The name of the supplier
(c) The registered number of the vehicle
(d) The nature and source of the material
The record book shall be kept by the SO on the Site.
Spreading of the pavement material shall not commence without the prior consent of the
SO. Complete spreading within 3 hours of the time of loading the delivery vehicle.
Spread the whole of the mixture by an approved self propelled mechanical spreader
with an automatic tamping device. Each layer shall be spread in an uniform layer not
exceeding 200mm consolidated thick.
After the final rolling which shall be carried out with a self propelled steel-wheeled roller
of at least 12 tonnes in weight, the whole surface shall then be allowed to "cure" by
opening the carriageway to traffic for a period of at least two weeks or longer if required
by the SO.
When used in a pavement which is not to carry a bituminous surfacing, that portion of
the material which will pass a 425 Φm sieve shall have the following properties :
Liquid Limit - not more than 25%

Plasticity Index - not more than 6%
Linear Shrinkage - not more than 3%
The sand equivalent of the material passing the 4.8mm sieve shall not be less than 30.
When used in a pavement which is to carry a bituminous surfacing, the portion of the
material which will pass a 425 Φm sieve shall have the following properties :
Liquid Limit - not more than 35%

Plasticity Index - between 4 and 9%
Linear Shrinkage - between 2 and 4%

ROADS AND DRAINS
7 PREMIX BITUMINOUS SURFACING
(a) General
Where indicated in the Drawings or where directed, lay the road with hot Asphalt
Premix Surfacing to a consolidated thickness of either 25mm, 50mm or thicker as
shown in the Drawings and as detailed below.
The Works under these clause and sub-clauses shall include the following :
(i) Sweeping and brushing surface prior to applying tack coats or asphalt
surfacing.
(ii) Supply and application of suitable tack coats wherever required.
(iii) Supply and unloading of hot mix asphalt paving mixes as directed.
(iv) Supply, lay by mechanical spreader/finisher, and rolling and finishing of hot
mix asphalt paving mixes.
On receipt of instructions from the SO, the Contractor shall proceed promptly with
such work within 48 hours. Carry out the Works continuously and complete within
such time as is specified by the SO, having due regard to the output capacity of
the Contractor's mixing plant and allowing for unavoidable lost time because of
any inclement weather during the course of such Works.
(b) Materials
All bitumen supplied shall comply with SS 84 and SS 85 and shall be approved
type asphaltic bitumen of either 60/70 penetration and/or 80/100 penetration, as
directed by the SO (measured at 25ΕC in both cases). All bitumen shall be
straight-run bitumen prepared only by the refining of asphaltic-base petroleum and
such refining shall not involve the "cracking process". No mineral matter other
than that naturally contained in such bitumen shall be present. The bitumen shall
be of uniform quality, free from water and shall not foam when heated to 175ΕC.
When required by the SO, submit all necessary information on the country of
origin of all bitumen supplied, and the price paid for such bitumen, all at the
Contractor's cost and expense prior to its use in the Works.
Test for the properties of bitumen shall be carried out whenever required in
accordance with the methods set out in SS 86.
Mineral Filler shall consist of crushed rock fines, Portland Cement to SS 26 and/or
granite fines of appropriate grading. At least 85% of cement filler shall pass BS
Sieve No. 200 and the filler shall be thoroughly dry and shall be free from organic
matter and clay particles.
Fine Aggregate shall consist of approved clean well-graded granite fines produced
in a secondary crushing plant, or approved clean natural sand properly washed
free from all impurities. Fine aggregate shall be taken as materials mainly passing
a BS Sieve 4.76mm and retained on BS Sieve No. 200.
Coarse Aggregate shall consist of clean, well-graded, angular, crushed granite of

approved quality free from dust, dirt, and/or deleterious materials, and free from
excess of flat, elongated or weathered pieces. Coarse aggregate shall be taken as
material mainly retained on BS Sieve 4.76mm.

ROADS AND DRAINS
(c) Rollers
Rolling equipment shall, consist of steel wheel and pneumatic type rollers.
Steel Wheel Rollers shall be of the following types unless otherwise approved by
the SO:
(i) three-wheel rollers of 10 to 12 tonnes in weight.

(ii) two-axle tandem rollers of 8 to 12 tonnes in weight.
These rollers shall, under working conditions, develop a compression in the rear-
wheels of 44 N per mm to 59 N per mm of roll width. Rollers shall be in good
working condition and be free from backlash, faulty steering mechanism, or worn
parts. Rollers shall be equipped with adjustable scrappers to keep the rollers clean
and with efficient means of keeping the wheels wet to prevent mixes from sticking
to the rolls. Rollers shall also be free of flat areas, openings or projections which
will mar the surface of the pavement.
Pneumatic Tyre Rollers shall be self-propelled or towed type, single or double-axle,

having an effective rolling width of not less than 1.2 metres. The rollers shall be
equipped with smooth-thread pneumatic tyres of equal size and diameter. The
wheels of the roller shall be so spaced that two passes of a single-axle roller or
one pass of a two-axle roller shall accomplish one complete coverage equal to the
rolling width of the machine. There shall be a minimum of 7mm over-lap of the
tracking wheels of a double axle roller. The wheels shall not wobble. The roller
shall be uniform for all wheels. Pneumatic-tyred rollers shall be constructed with
ample ballast space to provide an operating weight per tyre of between 54 to 76 N
per mm of tyre track width. The total operating weight of the roller may be varied
by the SO. The towing vehicle for towed-typed rollers shall be equipped with
smooth-thread pneumatic tyres.
(d) Preparation of Area to be Paved
The area to be paved shall be true to line and grade, having a dry and properly
prepared surface prior to the start of paving operations. It shall be brushed until
the stone aggregate surfaces are exposed and the whole area shall be swept free
of all excess granite dust or blinding material and other loose chippings or foreign
material.
Patch or correct all depressions and other irregularities to the complete

satisfaction of the SO.
Apply a tack coat complying with SS 85 on the prepared crushed stone base
before the Hot Asphalt premix surfacing is laid. The rate of application of the tack
coat shall be 0.55 litre per m2.
Paint the surface of kerbs, gutters, vertical faces of existing pavements and all
structures in actual contact with the asphalt mixes with a thin uniform coating of
approved bituminous emulsion complying with SS 85 to provide a closed bonded
watertight joint.

ROADS AND DRAINS
(e) Tack Coat
Supply and lay a suitable tack coat of cationic emulsion of 40% bitumen content
as directed, to any surface, prior to the spreading of the asphalt thereon, and after
such surface has been thoroughly
cleaned and dried.
Apply the bitumen emulsion by means of an approved type of mechanical sprayer

only, and at the specified rate of application uniformly. Remove any excess or
unevenly distributed bitumen from the road surface.
The bitumen emulsion shall be allowed a period of 10 minutes "to break" before
laying premix over it.
(f) Asphalt Mixing & Delivery
Furnish the SO in advance with full details of all asphalt mixing plant to be used,
including average output capacity, type, age, maintenance facilities and all other
relevant particulars whenever required by the SO. The mixing plant to be used
shall have an output capacity of not less than 50 tonnes per hour.
The appropriate mix required for each work shall be in accordance with the Table
of Mix as specified in Clause 7(n) "Table of Mixes" of the Specifications. Wherever
considered advisable, the SO may vary the specified proportions of coarse and
fine aggregate within a range of ±10% and there shall be no cost adjustment to
the Contract Sum.
The SO may vary the percentage of filler to be used, within a range of 2% and
there shall be no cost adjustment to the Contract Sum.
The SO may likewise vary the percentage of bitumen to be used, whereupon the
price paid for the work shall be adjusted by him in accordance with the change in
bitumen content ordered, based only on the nett purchase price paid by the
Contractor for the bitumen being used. If this price is greater than the ruling nett
purchase price of bitumen at the time of the variation, then the latter price shall be
adopted for the purpose of calculating the value of any such variation.
Thoroughly dry all aggregate of the requisite sizes and grading and feed at a
temperature of 149oC to 190oC into a mechanical mixer of approved type. Install
an accurate registering pyrometer at a suitable point at the discharge end of the
drier with a registering device so located as to indicate clearly the temperature of
the coarse and fine aggregate when discharged.
Heat the bitumen in an approved type boiler, to a temperature of 136oC to 163oC,

and thereafter add, together with the required proportion of filler, to the coarse and
fine aggregate, and all ingredients thoroughly and effectively mixed together until
complete coating of all aggregate and filler with the bitumen has been achieved.
The SO shall have access at all times to the asphalt mixing plant and shall at
liberty take such samples of materials as considered necessary from time to time
to verify the proper operation thereof.
It is particularly important to avoid excessive heating of the bitumen binder as this

will lead to hardening of the binder and result in a shortening of the useful life of
the pavement. In all cases keep temperatures as low as is consistent with proper
mixing and laying.

ROADS AND DRAINS
Discharge the asphalt, after proper mixing, from the mixer direct into a tipping
truck, for transportation to the work Site. The temperatures of the mix on arrival at
the work Site shall not be less than 121oC. Cover asphalt in transit when required,
with suitable canvas cover to minimize heat loss. When required, provide an
adequate number of accurate thermometers for checking the temperature.
Vehicles used for transporting the asphalt shall be thoroughly cleaned, free of all
foreign materials immediately prior to loading with asphalt. The use of dirty or
otherwise unsatisfactory vehicles shall render the load(s) of asphalt liable to
rejection.
(g) Spreading and Finishing
Furnish the SO in advance with full details of the mechanical spreader/finisher to

be used whenever required by the SO. The mechanical self-propelled
spreader/finisher shall be capable of laying an asphalt carpet of not less than
three metre width, unless otherwise permitted, and of being operated at varying
rates of travel consistent with the rate of delivery and the type of asphalt mixture to
be laid.
On arrival at the Site, tip the asphalt mix into the hopper of the mechanical self-
propelled spreader/finisher and thereupon spread, level, tamp and finish to correct
profile, camber or crossfall, without causing segregation, dragging, burning or
other surface Defect or irregularities. Follow the SO instructions on the rate of
travel of such machine at all times.
Operate the spreader at a uniform rate of travel and feed the mixer to the spreader
at such a rate as to permit continuous laying, in so far as the supply and site
conditions allow.
The spreader/finisher shall not operate on any type of side forms, but shall employ
mechanical devices to adjust the grade and confine the edges of the asphalt to
true lines. Immediately after laying, and before rolling, check the surface with a
straight edge of not less than 3.0 m and a spirit level (both to be supplied by
Contractor when required) to determine the proper crossfall or camber required.
Correct all irregularities and Defect in alignment, grade, texture, etc in an
approved manner.
The surface, after final rolling, when tested with a straight edge 3.0 m long placed
parallel to the centre line of the carriageway shall show no depression greater
than 9mm. Carry out preliminary rolling with steel wheel rollers of the type
approved by the SO as soon as the asphalt mix has cooled sufficiently to support
such roller without lateral flow of the mix. Carry out finishing rolling with an 8 to 12
tonnes tandem roller or other suitable type of roller acceptable to the SO, as soon
as practicable after the preliminary rolling, and proceed until no further compaction
of the asphalt can be obtained. All rolling shall proceed at a sufficiently slow speed
so as to avoid pushing or shoving of the asphalt carpet. The rollers shall not
remain stationary on the warm asphalt carpet for any appreciable length of time.
Do not use oil on the wheels of any roller to prevent adhesion of asphalt. Protect
sections of newly compacted asphalt carpet from traffic for at least six hours, or
until properly hardened by cooling. The requirements of the SO in this matter shall
be final.

ROADS AND DRAINS
Clean all manholes, kerbs, channels and other projections against which the
asphalt mix is to be laid, and apply a thin coating of bitumen emulsion applied
prior to the laying of the asphalt. Carefully tamp the mixture around and against all
projections by means of mechanical tampers and the finished surface left flush, or,
if required, up to a maximum of 3mm above such projection.
Where existing manholes are lower than the new premixed surface, provide
wooden frames to demarcate its position during the process of the laying and
premix, so that the manhole can be raised subsequently by the respective service
departments.
(h) Laying Hot Asphalt Premix
Lay all asphalt premix against a timber batten laid and pegged into the stone base
along the longitudinal joint if it is not laid against a kerb, gutter or against a paving.
The battens shall be of a thickness not less than the specified compacted
thickness of the asphalt paving. Immediately cut back all joints both longitudinal
and transverse squarely prior to laying of further asphalt in contact with such joints.
(i) Compaction of Asphalt Premix
General
At least two rollers shall be required at all times and as many additional rollers as
necessary to provide specified pavement density. When plant production exceeds
75 tonnes per hour, at least one additional roller shall be required for each
additional 50 tonnes or fraction thereof.
During rolling, keep the roller wheels moist with only sufficient water to avoid
picking up the material.
After the longitudinal joints and edges have been compacted, start rolling
longitudinally at the sides and gradually progress towards the centre of the
pavement, except on super-elevated curves, begin rolling on the low side and
progress to the high side. There shall be over-lapping on successive trips by at
least one-half the width on tandem rollers and uniformly lapping each preceding
track or covering the entire surface with the rear wheels where three-wheel rollers
are used.
The rollers shall move at a slow but uniform speed (not exceeding five kilometres
per hour) with the drive roller wheel nearest the paver. The line of rolling shall not
be suddenly changed or the direction or rolling suddenly reversed, thereby
displacing the mix. If rolling causes displacement of the materials, the affected
areas shall be loosened at once and restored to the original grade of the loose
material before being re-rolled. Heavy equipment or rollers shall not be allowed to
stand on the finished surface until it has thoroughly cooled.
Rolling of the mix shall consist of six separate operations in the following order :
(i) transverse joints;

(ii) longitudinal joints;
(iii) edges;
(iv) initial or breakdown rolling;
(v) second rolling;
(vi) finish rolling
The edges shall not be exposed for more than fifteen minutes without being rolled.
Particular attention shall be given to the construction of transverse and
longitudinal joints in both base and wearing courses.

ROADS AND DRAINS
Transverse Joints
Carefully construct transverse Joints in both base and wearing course and
thoroughly compact to provide a smooth riding surface over these joints in the
pavement. If the joint is formed with a bulkhead, such as a board, to provide a
straight line and vertical face, the joint face need not be trimmed before fresh
material is placed against it to complete the joint. If a bulkhead is not used to form
the joint and the roller is permitted to roll over the end of the new material, locate
the line of joint at the back of the rounded edge a sufficient distance to provide a
true surface and crosssection. Paint the joint with a thin coat of asphalt before
fresh material is placed against it. To obtain thorough compaction tightly crowd the
joint against its vertical face. Continue rolling until a thoroughly compacted neat
joint is obtained.
Longitudinal Joints
Roll longitudinal joints directly behind the paving operation. The first lane placed
shall be true to line and grade and have a vertical face.
Tightly crowd the material being placed in the abutting lane against the vertical
face of the previously placed lane. Position the machine such that in spreading,
the material overlaps the edge of the lane previously placed by 25mm to 50mm
and is sufficiently high to allow for compaction. Before rolling, carefully move the
material over-lapping the joint by brooming onto the surface of the unrolled lane.
When rolling is accomplished with a three-wheel roller, shift over into the
previously placed lane so that no more than 150mm of the rear roller wheel rides
on the edge of the fine material left by brooming. Continue rolling until a
thoroughly compacted, neat joint is obtained. If only tandem rollers are used they
shall be similarly operated to complete the joint.
When the abutting lane is not placed on the same day or the joint is distorted
during the day's work by traffic or by other means, carefully trim the edge of the
lane to line and paint with a tack coat of bitumen before the abutting lane is placed.
(j) Density, Thickness and Surface Requirements
The completed pavement shall have a density equal to or greater than 95% of a
laboratory specimen made in the proportions of the approved job-mix formula and
the Marshall test when required.
Carefully control both density and thickness during construction and ensure they
comply with the approved plans, Drawings and the Specifications.
The checking of compacted thickness shall be carried out by the SO by cutting

test holes after he is fully satisfied that the asphalt layer has been fully compacted.
As a guide each test hole shall be cut at 60 metres interval along each
carriageway. Each test hole shall be 150mm diameter and the average thickness
of four readings shall be taken as the depth of the asphalt at the test hole. Provide
all the necessary labour and Construction Equipment for carrying out both density
and thickness tests including the reinstatement of the test holes.

ROADS AND DRAINS
Carry out tests for the densities of the asphalt base course and wearing course if
required, using an Automatic Asphalt Density Recorder or any other method which
the SO may approve. The decision on whether or not the asphalt laid has been
compacted to the required density shall be made by the SO based on the above
tests and his decision shall be final. If the tests carried out by the SO show that
the asphalt surface has not been compacted to the required density, the
Contractor shall immediately continue to roll the asphalt layer until the SO is
satisfied that the required density has been obtained.
In addition to the use of a straight edge to check the asphalt surface finish, when
necessary, also use a `Rolling Straight edge' to check for any surface irregularity.
The decision of the SO on whether or not the asphalt surface has been finished to
the regularity required shall be final. Take immediate steps to rectify Defect as
directed by the SO.
(k) Sampling & Testing
Samples of asphalt premix shall be taken as, when and where considered
necessary, by the SO and testing shall, as far as practicable, be in accordance
with SS 86 and BS 598.
The number of samples required to be tested shall be one sample for every 550m2
of carpark / 450m2 of roadway subject to a minimum of two samples.
Extract all test samples of 150mm diameter by coring method. The sampling and
testing processes shall be conducted by an SAC accredited laboratory.
Where test results are unsatisfactory, the SO may condemn all the asphalt
represented by such unsatisfactory sample(s).
The Contractor or the Contractor's Representative may be present during the

carrying out of any tests, provided he has given one day's clear notice, on each
occasion, of such intention.
The Contractor shall be responsible for the immediate reinstatement of all cored
holes on the road surface where samples have been extracted for testing
purposes. Clean the cored holes and dry before backfilling with hot asphalt premix
which shall be kept at the required temperature. Properly compact all reinstated
cored holes in layers to achieve perfect match between the old and new surfaces.
(l) Extraction Test
(i) Grading Analysis
All aggregates shall be well graded to conform to the proportions specified in

the various sieves and the grading curve of the mix shall fall within the
approved design envelope bounded curves demarcating the maximum and
minimum limits.
Any grading falling outside these limits shall be considered as having failed
the test and the premix SOresented by the sample shall be rejected. The
Contractor shall be required to accept the corrective measures including the
payment of fees or charges as required by the SO or LTA.

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(ii) Bitumen Content
The percentage (%) of soluble bitumen in the mix of any sample shall not be
less than the minimum percentage specified. Where any of the test samples
fail to comply with the requirement as specified, all the asphalt surfacing
represented by such unsatisfactory samples shall be rejected, and the
Contractor shall be charged according to the Maintenance Fees imposed by
the SO or LTA.
Where the bitumen content of any sample exceeds the maximum

percentage specified, the entire premix represented by the samples tests
shall be rejected and similar Maintenance Fees as specified shall also be
imposed.
The average percentage of soluble bitumen of all the samples tested shall
also be not less than the average percentage specified. Similar Maintenance
Fees as specified shall be imposed for failure to comply.
(m) Marshall Test
Result of all Marshall tests of the premix samples if required, shall comply strictly
with the undermentioned critical limits :
(i) Marshall stability (KN) - not less than 7.1 KN

(ii) Flow value - not more than 4.05mm
(iii) Voids in mix (%) : 3 to 5
(iv) Percentage of aggregate voids filled with bitumen binder - 75 to 82
As a guide, for the purpose of carrying out Marshall Tests, a set of minimum
number of three samples shall be taken for each 150 linear metre of each
carriageway or part thereof of premix laid. The samples shall be taken from
positions as directed. Samples for Marshall Tests if required, shall be taken in
conjunction with Grading Analysis and Bitumen Test or taken separately as
directed.
(n) Table Of Mixes
Mix the premix bitumen in the proportions as shown on the attached Table of
Mixes.
(o) Reinstatement Of Test Holes
Immediately reinstate all holes on the road surface where samples have been
extracted for testing purposes.

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8 INTERLOCKING CONCRETE PAVING BLOCKS
(a) General
The concrete blocks shall comply with the requirements of BS 6717:Part 1, unless
otherwise specified.
The interlocking concrete paving blocks shall be precast, vibrocompacted blocks.

The maximum dimensional deviations from the standard work sizes for the paving
blocks, measured in accordance with BS 6717 : Part I or SS 76M, shall be as
follows :
Length : ±2 mm
Width : ±2 mm
Thickness : ±3 mm
Any pigment used shall comply with BS 1014.
(b) Sampling And Testing For Compressive Strength
A total of 16 concrete blocks shall be tested for each 550m2 of interlocking

concrete pavement.
The average compressive strength of the paving blocks, tested in accordance with
BS 6717 or SS 76M, shall not be less than 49N per mm2, and the crushing
strength of any individual block shall be not less than 40N per mm2.
(c) Failure Of Test On Compressive Strength
The SO shall exercise his rights to impose charges against the Contractor for:
(i) each batch of 16 concrete blocks for which the average compressive
strength is less than 49N per mm2; or
(ii) each individual block of which the compressive strength is less than 40N per
mm2.
In addition, the consignment represented by the test sample shall be accepted

only at the sole discretion of the SO, after he has considered the degree of failure
and other related circumstances. Any consignment rejected by the SO shall be
removed from the Site immediately.
(d) Sampling And Checking Of Surface Layer Thickness In Composite Concrete

Paving Blocks
Coloured concrete paving blocks formed by the addition of pigments may be either
homogeneous or non-homogeneous in colour. Non-homogeneous coloured
concrete paving blocks are considered as composite concrete paving blocks. In
composite concrete paving blocks, the coloured surface layer shall be formed as
an integral part of the block and shall not be less than 5mm thick.
A total of 5 composite concrete blocks shall be checked for surface layer thickness
compliance for each 550m2 of interlocking composite concrete pavement. The
checking shall be carried out at an SAC accredited laboratory.

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Each concrete block to be checked shall be cut neatly at the mid-span of the
length of the composite concrete block, cutting of the blocks shall only be carried
out at the accredited laboratory. The average surface layer thickness of each
composite block shall be derived from the measured thickness at the left edge,
middle and right edge of the surface layer thickness on the cross-sectional face of
the cut-off block. The thickness shall be measured by a caliper. The measured
thickness shall be to the nearest 0.1mm accuracy.
The Contractor shall ensure that the cut samples are collected back from the
accredited laboratory and returned to the SO for verification. These cut samples
shall be kept at the site office and only disposed off at the sole discretion of the
SO.
(e) Failure To Comply With The Minimum Surface Layer Thickness Requirement In
Composite Concrete Paving Blocks
The SO shall exercise its right to impose charges against the Contractor for each
composite concrete block for which the average surface layer thickness is less
than 5mm.
In addition, the consignment represented by the samples checked for surface

layer thickness compliances shall be accepted only at the sole discretion of the
SO, after he has considered the degree of failure and other related circumstances.
Any consignment rejected by the SO shall be removed from the Site immediately.
(f) Marking
Before laying, divide the paving blocks into consignments designated for each
area of not more than 550m2. A sample of 16 blocks shall be taken from each
such consignment. In the case of composite concrete paving blocks, an additional
5 blocks shall be taken from each such assignment. Clearly mark the sample at
the time of sampling in such a way that the consignments represented by the
sample are clearly defined.
(g) Inspection
Before commencing the placing of the sand bedding course and the laying of units,
the sub-base shall be inspected and approved by the SO.
(h) Edge Restraints
Provide adequate edge restraint along the perimeter of all paving in the form of
integral kerb and gutter, concrete kerb or edge strip or established structure. The
face of the edge restraint, where it abuts paving units, shall be vertical down to the
sub-base.

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(i) Bedding Sand
(i) Material
Bedding sand shall be a well-graded sand passing a 4.75mm sieve and

suited for concrete manufacture. The grading limits are :
A.S. Sieve % Passing

9.52 mm 100
4.75 mm 95 to 100
2.36 mm 80 to 100
1.18 mm 50 to 85
600 Φm 25 to 60
300 Φm 10 to 30
150 Φm 5 to 15
75 Φm 0 to 10
The bedding sand shall be free of deleterious soluble salts or other

contaminants likely to cause efflorescence or lead to reduced skid
resistance.
(ii) Moisture Content
The sand shall be of uniform moisture content when spread and shall be
protected against rain when stockpiled on the Site prior to spreading.
(iii) Spreading Bedding Sand
Spread the sand bedding loose and in a uniform layer. Determine the
precise depth in the field prior to spreading.
Screed the sand bedding in a loose condition to the nominated design profile
and levels plus the necessary surcharge to achieve a uniformly thick layer,
following compaction to the thickness specified in the Drawings.
(iv) Screeding Of Bedding Sand
Carefully maintain the spread sand in a loose condition and protect against
precompaction both prior to and following screeding. Loosen any
precompacted sand or screeded sand left overnight before further paving
units are placed. Lightly screed sand in a loose condition to the
predetermined depth only, slightly ahead of the laying of the paving units.
Under no circumstances shall the sand be screeded in advance of the laying
face to an extent to which paving will not be completed on that day.
Protect screeded sand against accidental precompaction including

compaction by rain or dew. Remove any screeded sand which is
precompacted prior to laying of units and bring back to profile in loose
condition.

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(j) Laying Of Paving Units
(i) General
Place paving units on the uncompacted screeded sand bedding to the

nominated laying pattern, care being taken to maintain the specified bond
throughout the job. Place paving units to achieve a positive gap of 3mm
between the units. Under no circumstances shall units be allowed to touch
nor should the gap between units exceed 5 mm. Correctly place all joints to
suit the laying pattern and bond.
The first row shall abut an edge restraint with a gap of 2 to 4 mm and shall
be laid at a suitable angle to the edge restraint to achieve the required visual
orientation of paving units in the completed pavement.
In each row all full units shall be laid first. Cut closure units and fit
subsequently. Such closure units shall consist of not less than 25% of a full
unit. Units may be cut using a mechanical or hydraulic guillotine, bolster, or
by power sawing.
Except where it is necessary to correct any minor variations occurring in the

laying bond hammer the paving units into position. Where adjustment of
position is necessary take care to avoid premature compaction of the sand
bedding.
Any foot or barrow traffic shall use boards overlaying paving to prevent
disturbance of units prior to mechanical compaction. No other construction
traffic shall be allowed on the pavement at this stage of construction.
(ii) Compaction
After laying the paving units they shall be compacted to achieve

consolidation of the sand bedding and brought to design levels and profiles
by not less than two and preferably three passes of a suitable plate
compactor.
The compactor shall be a high-frequency, low-amplitude mechanical flat

plate vibrator having a plate area sufficient to cover a minimum of 12 paving
units.
Compaction shall proceed as closely as possible following laying and prior to

the acceptance of any traffic.
Compaction shall not be attempted, however, within one metre of the laying
face. Compaction shall continue until lipping has been eliminated between
adjoining units. Joints shall then be filled and compacted as hereinafter
described.
All Works to within one metre of the laying face shall be left fully compacted
at the completion of each day's laying.

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(iii) Damaged Units
Immediately remove and replace any units which are structurally damaged
during compaction.
(iv) Filling Joints
As soon as practical after compaction, and in any case prior to the

termination of work on that day and prior to the acceptance of construction
traffic, spread sand for joint-filling over the pavement. The joint-filling sand
shall conform to the following grading limits :
A.S. Sieve % Passing

2.36 mm 100
1.18 mm 90 to 100
600 Φm 60 to 90
300 Φm 30 to 60
150 Φm 15 to 30
75 Φm 10 to 20
and shall be as dry as possible prior to spreading and brooming into the
joints. At least one pass of the vibrating-plate compactor is necessary to
achieve compaction of the jointing filling sand. After the first pass joints shall
be checked for adequacy of filling and any shortfall shall be made good prior
to a further pass of the compactor.
(v) Pavement Preloading
Where directed by the SO the pavement shall receive not less than 5 and up
to 10 passes of a pneumatic-tyred roller having a gross weight not less than
10 tonnes.
(vi) Excess Sand
Excess surface sand shall be removed by brooming prior to handing over

the pavement.
(vii) Tolerance To Design Profile
All surfaces and pavement structures shall be true to line and levels, grades,
thicknesses and cross sections shown on the Drawings. Finish all
pavements to lines and levels to ensure positive drainage at all drainage
outlets and channels.

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9 CLAY PAVERS (TYPE PB) FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
(a) General
The clay pavers (Type PB) shall comply with requirements of BS 6677 Part 1,
unless otherwise specified.
The maximum and minimum value for the overall measurement of 24 clay pavers
(for commonly available work sizes) shall be as follows :
Other work sizes may be used if permitted by the SO.
(b) Sampling And Testing For Transverse Breaking Load
A total of 10 clay pavers shall be tested for each 200 m2 of clay pavers used for
flexible pavement.
The mean transverse breaking load of 10 clay pavers shall be not less than 7 kN
and the transverse breaking load of each clay paver shall be not less than 4 kN.
(c) Failure Of Test On Transverse Breaking Load
The SO shall exercise his rights to impose charges against the Contractor for :
(i) Each batch of 10 clay pavers for which the mean transverse breaking load is
less than 7 kN, or
(ii) each individual paver of which the transverse breaking load is less than 4 kN.
In addition, the consignment represented by the test sample may be accepted

only at the sole discretion of the SO, after he has considered the degree of failure
(d) Sampling, Testing And Failure Criteria For Wet Skid Resistance
A total of 5 clay pavers shall be tested for each 200m2 of clay pavers used for
flexible pavement. The Mean Wet Skid Resistance of the 5 clay pavers shall not
be less than 60. The SO shall exercise his rights to impose charges against the
Contractor for each batch of 5 clay pavers whose mean wet skid resistance fails to
attain the above criteria.
In addition, the consignment represented by the samples may be accepted only at
the sole discretion of the SO, after he has considered the degree of failure and

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other related circumstances. Any consignment rejected by the SO shall be

(e) Marking
Before laying, divide the pavers into consignment designated for each area of not
more than 200 m2 for Transverse Breaking Load Test and Wet Skid Resistance
Test. A sample of 15 pavers shall be taken from each such consignment. Clearly
mark the sample at the time of sampling in such a way that the consignments
represented by the sample are clearly defined.
(f) Laying of Interlocking Clay Paving Blocks
The method for the laying of clay pavers shall comply with the requirements as
specified in subclause 8 (g) to subclause 8 (j) inclusive for interlocking concrete
paving blocks.
(g) Colours and laying patterns
The Contractor shall submit workshop drawings to the SO showing the range of
colours and laying patterns of the clay pavers for selection and approval. The SO
reserves the right to change the colours and laying patterns and his decision shall
be final.
10 CONCRETE FOOTPATH
The paving slabs shall be properly bedded on a layer 25mm thick of unwashed sand
and 100mm thick hardcore well compacted and special care shall be taken to ensure
that the earth formation of the footpath is fully compacted and free from any vegetable
matter or roots before footpath construction is commenced.
Footpaths shall be laid true to the lines and levels of the roadside kerbs or divider and
shall be given a slight fall as shown on the Drawings transversely towards the
carriageway.
For cast-in-situ concrete footpath panels of approximately 3m length shall be cast. The
surface of each panel shall be floated smooth with a wooden float or similar appliance.
Provide Construction/Contraction joints at the intervals between panels.
11 TRAFFIC AND ROAD DIRECTIONAL SIGNS
The design, fabrication and installation of traffic signs and road directional signs shall
comply with the following general requirements and the LTA general guidelines laid
down in the SIGNS MANUAL - INFORMATION SIGNS, prepared by the Traffic
Management Department, LTA, and/or revised LTA guidelines on materials, support,
letter types, colour codes, sign legibility, dimension etc. as and when applicable.
Fabricate the signs with aluminium sheeting of thickness No. 14 SWG. The reflective
sheeting shall be diamond grade consisting of prismatic lens that are formed in a
transparent synthetic resin and sealed or other approved equivalent to LTA standard for
all traffic and Road Directional Signs; The reflective sheeting shall be durable and
remain sharp during its expected service life under local weather conditions. Submit a
test report on the reflective sheeting from an SAC accredited laboratory and/or from the
manufacturer and/or any other independent laboratory approved by the SO together
with the Tender and/or as and when required by the SO. The test shall conform with
ASTM D4956-90 for diamond grade and the report shall carry technical information on
the reflectivity factors' durability of the reflective surface; and adhesive, corrosion and

ROADS AND DRAINS
abrasion resistance, colour tests etc. and any other technical information outlined in the
LTA general guidelines and/or required by the SO. The diamond grade reflective
sheeting shall be guaranteed by the supplier and/or the Contractor against any Defect
such as discolouring, peeling, cracking, shrinking or any other apparent or latent Defect
for a period of seven years commencing from the Date of Substantial Completion.
Generally, joints shall not be permitted for aluminium sheeting and reflective sheeting.
Where the size of the sign requires joints, they shall be positioned horizontally at the
dividing line between the legends or as directed by the SO. Joints of reflective sheeting
shall coincide with those of aluminium sheeting and the joints shall be rivetted.
Use only round block script letters and numerals in all the traffic and road directional
signs. The letter size and word spacing shall conform to the LTA standard and/or
Specifications and/or Drawings and/or specified by the SO.
Support the signs either by 80mm diameter GI pipe or 125mm x 125mm x 6mm SHS
supports and embedded in concrete foundations, all in accordance with the LTA
standard and/or Specifications and/or Drawings and/or specified by the SO. Give the
supports one coat of red lead primer undercoat and two finishing coats of enamel paint.
12 VEHICULAR IMPACT GUARDRAILS
Erect the guardrail to the alignment specified in the Drawings or as directed by the SO.
Connect the adjacent rails by lap joints and the erection of the guardrail shall proceed in
the direction of traffic flow to avoid vehicles striking rail ends.
The nominal thickness of base metal for guardrails shall be 3.0mm formed into
corrugated cross-section of width 300mm minimum and trough depth 75mm conforming
to the requirement of AASHTO:M180-74. When simply supported over a span of 3.54
metres with its traffic face uppermost, the mid-point deflection of the rail shall not
exceed 75mm under a concentrated load of 1000 kg at mid-span.
The mechanical properties of the base metals for the rails shall conform to the following :
Minimum yield point - 345 N per mm2

Minimum tensile strength - 483 N per mm2
Elongation - 50 mm, maximum 12%
All fabricated rails shall be hot-dip galvanised at shop in accordance with BS 729 and
shaped in the workshop in standard length and assembled on the Site by galvanised
oval shoulder button headed bolts and nuts of 16mm nominal diameter.
All guardrail posts and spacers, unless otherwise specified shall be Mild Steel Channels
or Steel Hollow Sections.

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13 ILLUMINATED SIGNBOARDS
(i) Materials and Workmanship
All materials used in the manufacture of the signboards shall be new and of the
required quality, correct dimensions, sizes and gauges as approved by the SO
and free from any Defect or damage on completion of the fabrication, assembly
and delivery of the signboards. If any of the materials used is found to be defective
or below the acceptable standard, the SO may instruct the Contractor to cease all
work and replace those materials with proper and suitable materials in accordance
with the specifications or conform to British Standards or equivalent PSB
Standards.
The Contractor shall submit details of the components used for the proper
fabrication and fixing of the various components and parts of the signboards to the
SO for his approval before the Works are carried out.
(ii) Electrical Installation
The Contractor shall employ a licensed electrical worker of the appropriate grade
to carry out the Works. A licensed electrical worker shall mean a qualified
competent person to perform electrical works under the Electrical Workers and
Contractors Licensing Act 1974.
The electrical installation shall comply with all regulations issued by PowerGrid. All
parts of the installation shall where applicable, be to the complete satisfaction of
the SO, PowerGrid, all Government Authorities and Fire Officers and shall be in
strict accordance with all bye-laws, rules and regulations of such Authorities.
(iii) Bolts and Nuts
All galvanised bolts and nuts for fixing signboards shall be provided with
galvanised washers.
(iv) Painting to Metal Surfaces
Apply one coat approved lead and chromate free primer to the surfaces of mild
steel angles, hollow sections, brackets, weldings, nuts and bolts, etc. All primed
metal surfaces shall be finished with two coats of approved paint.
(v) Fluorescent Luminaries
The signboard luminaries shall be fluorescent luminaries with:
(a) 1200mm - 36W tubes and 600mm - 18W tubes
All luminaries shall be pre-wired and completed with tubes, power factor
corrected electronic ballasts and lampholders.
The Contractor shall provide and wire the luminaries to a termination block
within the signage box for termination purpose.

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Where applicable, the fluorescent luminaries shall comply with the following
Standards :
(1) IEC 81 : 1984 Tubular fluorescent lamp for general lighting service
(2) IEC 400 : 1991 Lampholders for tubular fluorescent lamps and
starter holders
(3) IEC 928 : 1995 Auxiliaries for lamps - A.C. supplied electronics
ballasts for tubular fluorescent lamps. General and safety
requirements
(4) IEC 929 : 1994 A.C. supplied electronic ballasts for tubular
fluorescent lamps. Performance requirements.
(b) Ballasts supplied shall be suitable for local use and separate ballasts shall
be provided for each lamp. The ballasts shall have a protection features to
cut off the supply if it sense a faulty fluorescent tube and restart
automatically when the faulty tube is replaced.
(c) Fluorescent tubes installed shall be 'Philips' (Daylight), or other approved, of

26mm nominal diameter type with lamp wattage of 36W and/or 18W.
All tubes shall have to pass batch tests conducted by PSB.
(vi) Wiring and Electrical Accessories
The wirings from the termination block in the illuminated signboards shall be 2 x
1.5mm2 PVC/PVC completed with 2.5mm2 PVC earth run in 20mm diameter Class
4 G.I. conduits including accessories and terminated at the weather proof
termination box. The termination box shall be of steel construction not less than
2mm thickness and protected against corrosion by hot dip galvanizing internally
and externally.
The termination box shall be provided with the following wiring and electrical
accessories:
(a) a 25 Amp 440V cut-off with provision of looping in of two numbers of phase,
neutral and earth conductors and looping out of one number of phase,
neutral and earth conductors of up to 25mm2 and a 5 Amp HRC fuse as
shown in the Drawings.
(b) internal wiring of minimum size of 2 x 1.5mm2 PVC/PVC complete with

2.5mm2 PVC (green) earth connecting the cut-off to the luminaries.
(c) brass compression glands for armoured PVC insulated cables, complete
with brass locknuts, earth tags, earthing tap and shroud.
(vii) Bonding
All exposed conductive parts shall be effectively bonded to the circuit protective
conductor.

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(viii) Electrical Testing & Completion Certificate
Upon completion of the Works, the Contractor's licensed electrical workers of the
technician grade shall test the installation to ensure that it complies with
PowerGrid requirements and CP5:1988. The Contractor shall furnish all data in
the Electrical Testing & Completion Certificate as shown in Appendix A3 and
attached the single-line diagram to the SO.
14 WORKS ON ROADS
(a) Works On Roads With Speed Limit Below 70 Km Per Hour
For any Works on roads with speed limit below 70 kph, the Contractor shall
provide adequate signboards, blinker lights, cones, etc, in accordance with LTA
Code of Practice For Temporary Traffic Control. The Contractor shall be deemed
to have considered and allowed for all costs and expenses for the temporary
precautions and measures in the Contract Sum.
(b) Works On Roads With Speed Limit 70 Km Per Hour And Above
For any Works on roads with speed limit 70 kph and above, the Contractor shall
provide adequate signboards, blinker lights, cones, etc, in accordance with LTA
Code of Practice For Temporary Traffic Control. The Contractor shall note that he
is required to provide a collison attenuator or truck mounted attenuator (TMA)
attached/fitted/mounted onto an appropriate shadow vehicle with the necessary
equipment for traffic control and road safety in accordance with LTA Code of
Practice For Temporary Traffic Control. The TMA provided shall comply with LTA
specification and requirements. The Contractor shall be deemed to have
considered and allowed for all costs and expenses for the temporary precautions
and measures in the Contract Sum.
(c) For road openings on public streets, the Contractor shall comply with LTA Code of
Practice For Road - Opening Works. The Contractor shall be deemed to have
considered and allowed for all costs and expenses.
15 SEALANT USED FOR EXPANSION JOINT IN RIGID PAVEMENT
(a) General
Expansion joints shall be of an approved shape and be provided in the positions

as shown in the Drawings or as directed.
Suitable joint filler material is placed between the pavement slabs to allow the
slabs to expand and contract.
Joints shall be sealed using appropriate joint sealant.
(b) Joint Sealant
(i) Type of Sealant
The type of sealant used shall be cold applied, fuel resistant. Cold applied
sealant capable of accommodating high movement.

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(ii) Requirements
The sealant shall comply with the British Standard BS 5212 : 1990 "Cold
applied joint sealant systems for concrete pavements" Type F.
Cold applied, high duty pavement sealant shall possess the following
properties :
Form : Two part compound

Base compound - viscous liquid
Curing agent - liquid
Colour : Black
Movement accommodation : Butt joints 25%

factor (BS 6093)
Physical or Chemical change : Chemical cure
Setting time : After 16 to 24 hours, sealant will be tacked

free and accepted traffic. Full cure and
maximum hardness are attained in
approximately 3 to 4 days at 25oC.
Application temperature : To avoid unacceptably prolonged cure time,

do not apply to temperatures below 5oC.
Hardness shore 'A' at 25oC : 12 to 17
Chemical resistance to : Dilute acids - resistant

occasional spillage Mild alkalis - resistant
Petrol - resistant
Aviation fuels - resistant
Diesel fuels - resistant
Synthetic oils - resistant
Mineral oils - resistant
Hydraulic fluids - resistant
Kerosene - resistant
Solid content : 100%
Density : 1.36 kg per litre
Flash point : Over 65oC
Flammability : Burns but does not readily support combustion

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(c) Method for application of sealant
(i) Joint Preparation
Joint sealing slots shall be accurately formed and shall be dry, clean and
sound. All grease, water and dust shall be removed from the joint before
applying the primer.
Ensure that any expansion joint filler is tightly packed in the joint and at the
required depth to provide the seal dimensions specified.
(ii) Priming
Primers shall be applied only to sealant contact surfaces which must be

clean, dry, sound and free of contaminants.
Prime joint sealing slot surface with appropriate prime for the type of sealant
approved by the SO. Allow primer to air dry prior to applying sealant. Drying
time also depends on the type of primer used and ambient temperature.
The surface shall be touch dry. The approved sealant shall be applied within
the time period after priming before the primer film has completely reacted.
Primed surfaces not sealed with sealant within the required time period shall
be re-primed before applying sealant.
(iii) Application of sealant
Dried primer is free of any residue and prepared joints are free of any
foreign matter or contaminations. Apply sealant into the sealing slot so that
the finished level of the seal is recessed below the trafficked surface as
specified.
(d) Information of product to be supplied by manufacturer
Obtain from the manufacturer the following information of the sealant/primer

proposed for use for the Works :
Maximum safe heating temperature of the material.

Temperature range of application.
Flash point of sealant and primer.
Composition of the mixture.
Type of primer required.
Application instructions.
Health and Safety Data Sheets on sealant and primer for additional information
concerning usage, handling precautions, first aid procedures, warranty including
shelf life.
The foregoing information shall be provided to the SO one week before the start of
the sealant application.

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16 PRECAST CONCRETE PERFORATED INTERLOCKING PAVING SLABS
Where precast concrete perforated interlocking paving slabs are included in the Works,
the Contractor shall comply with the requirements for sand bedding preparation and
laying as specified in 'Interlocking Concrete Paving Blocks" including all subclauses
under it. The colour of the interlocking paving slabs shall be decided by the SO. For
sampling and testing of the interlocking paving slabs, the Contractor shall comply with
the following :
(a) Sampling and Testing
(i) Transverse Strength Test
The transverse strength for each paving slab shall not be less than 19kN.
Samples of paving slabs at a rate of 3 paving slabs for every 1,000 paving
slabs delivered to the Site, shall be selected for transverse strength test to
be performed in the manner as described in BS 7263 and in an SAC
accredited laboratory. If the overall quantity of paving slabs in the Works is
less than 1,000 pieces, a minimum of 3 numbers of paving slabs shall be
chosen for the transverse strength test.
(ii) Water Absorption Test
The maximum average rate of water absorption test (%) calculated on the
dry weight of 3 test pieces per paving slab shall not exceed 3% at 30
minutes. 5 numbers of paving slabs for every 1,000 paving slabs delivered
to the Site, shall be selected for water absorption test to be performed in the
manner as described in BS 7263 and in a SAC accredited laboratory. If the
overall quantity of paving slabs in the Works is less than 1,000 pieces, a
minimum of 5 numbers of paving slabs shall be chosen for the water
absorption test.
(iii) Surface Layer Thickness in Composite Paving Slabs
Coloured concrete paving slabs formed by the addition of pigments may

either be homogenous or non-homogenous. Non-homogenous coloured
paving slabs are considered as composite paving slabs. The coloured
surface layer of each composite paving slab shall be formed as an integral
part of the paving slab and shall not be less than 12mm thick.
For every 550 m2 of interlocking composite paving slabs laid on the Site, 5
numbers of paving slabs shall be checked for surface layer thickness. If the
overall quantity of paving slabs in the Works is less than 550 m2, a minimum
of 5 numbers of paving slabs shall be chosen for checking on surface layer
thickness. The checking shall be conducted in a SAC accredited laboratory.
Each paving slab shall be cut neatly at mid-span of its length. Cutting the
paving slab shall only be carried out in the accredited laboratory. The
average surface layer thickness of each composite paving slab shall be
derived from the measured thickness at the left, middle and right edges of
the surface layer thickness on the cross-sectional face of the cut-off paving
slab. The thickness shall be measured to the nearest 0.1mm accuracy.
The Contractor shall ensure that the cut samples are collected back from the
SAC accredited laboratory and returned to SO for verification. These cut
samples shall be kept at the site office and disposed off only at the sole
discretion of the SO.

ROADS AND DRAINS
The SO shall exercise his rights to impose charges against the Contractor for
each sample that fails to comply with the above test requirements.
Each consignment of slabs represented by the sample testing may be accepted

only at the sole discretion of the SO after he has considered the degree of failure
removed from the site immediately.
17 FILLING GENERALLY
Carry out filling in layers compatible with the compaction plants used. End tipping of fill
shall be allowed provided the end tipped material is compacted to the requirements as
specified in "Compaction".
When the state of the weather is such that, in the opinion of the SO, it would adversely
affect the placing of specially compacted fill, all such work shall be stopped.
Remove and replace all filling material, whether placed and/or compacted or awaiting
placing and/or compaction which, in the opinion of the SO does not comply with the
Specifications or has been damaged by weather or in any other way.
18 COMPACTION
All materials shall be compacted in layers as soon as practicable after deposition. The
thickness of each layer shall be compatible with the compaction plant used and shall be
agreed by the SO.
Attached Table may be used as a guide for the Contractor in establishing compaction
arrangement. However site trials shall be carried out to ensure that the density
requirement is achieved.
The Contractor shall allow in the Contract Sum for all costs and expenses incurred in
executing compaction by whichever method he has adopted and any subsequent
alteration as directed.
The various types of compaction plants, and their compacting capabilities, are shown in
the attached Table. The definitions and requirements associated with the Table are
given below :
(a) "Number of passes" shall mean the number of times that each point on the
surface of the layer being compacted has been traversed by the compaction plant
(or struck in the case of power rammers or dropping weight compactors). The
effective width of a pneumatic-tyred roller, for this purpose, is the sum of the
widths of the individual wheel tracks together with the sum of the spacing between
the wheel tracks provided that each spacing does not exceed 225mm. When the
spacing exceeds 225mm the effective width shall be taken as the sum of the width
of the individual wheel tracks only.
(b) The force per 100mm width shall mean the total weight on the roll divided by the
total roll width. Where a smooth-wheeled roller has more than one axle the
machine shall be assessed on the basis of the axle giving the highest value of
force per 100mm width.
(c) Wheel load shall mean the total weight of the roller divided by number of wheels.
(d) Vibratory rollers shall mean self propelled or towed rollers having means of
applying mechanical vibration to one or more rolls.

ROADS AND DRAINS
(i) The requirements for vibratory rollers shall be based on the use of the
lowest gear on a self propelled machine and a towing speed of 1800 to
2400m/hour for a towed machine. If higher gears or speeds are used an
increased number of passes shall be provided in proportion to the increase
in speed of travel.
(ii) Vibratory rollers operating without their vibration mechanism in use shall be
classified as smooth-wheeled rollers.
(iii) Vibratory rollers shall only be operated with their vibration mechanism
operating at the frequency of vibration recommended by the manufacturers.
All such rollers shall be equipped with a device automatically indicating the
frequency at which the mechanism is operating.
(e) Vibrating-plate compactors or machines having a base-plate to which is attached

a source of vibration consisting of one or two eccentrically-weighted shafts.
(i) The static pressure under the plate of a vibrating-plate compactor shall be
calculated by dividing the total weight of the machine in working order by the
area in contact with compacted material.
(ii) Vibrating-plate compactors shall be operated at the frequency of vibration

recommended by the manufacturer.
They shall normally be operated at travelling speeds of less than 900m per
hour but, if higher speeds are necessary, the number of passes shall be
increased in proportion to the increase in speed of travel.
(f) Vibro-tampers shall mean machines in which an engine-driven reciprocating

mechanism acts on a Spring system, through which oscillations are set up in a
base-plate.
(g) Power rammers shall mean machines which are actuated by explosions in an
internal combustion cylinder, each explosion being controlled manually by the
operator.
The depth of compacted layer shall mean the height by which an embankment is raised
by each successive compacted layer. Where combinations of different types of
categories of compaction plant are used, the compaction requirements shall be as
follows :
(a) the depth of layer shall be that for the type of compaction plant requiring the least
depth of layer; and
(b) the number of passes shall be that for the type of compaction plant requiring the
greatest number of passes.
However, where the Contractor uses a lighter type of compaction plant to provide some
preliminary compaction only to assist the use of heavier compaction plant, this shall be
disregarded in assessing the above requirements.

ROADS AND DRAINS
COMPACTION REQUIREMENTS

ROADS AND DRAINS
19 Rigid In-situ Concrete Pavements
19.1.1 Concrete
Comply with the requirements in section “Structural Concrete”.
For roads and driveways, coarse aggregates are to additionally comply with ASTM
C131 Or ASTM C535 as appropriate for abrasion resistance.
19.1.2 Mix Design
Propose suitable mix design to SO’s acceptance. Designed concrete mix is to comply
with the following requirements and have a mean strength greater than the required
minimum strength by at least the margin of 0.40 N/mm².
Minimum Indirect Tensile Strength at 28 days: 2.3 N/mm²
Minimum Cement Content: 280 kg/m³
Maximum Water-Cement Ratio: 0.55
Slump for Side-form Paving: 38-65 mm
Compacting Factor for Side-form Paving: 0.87-0.91
19.1.3 Reinforcements
For general requirements refer to section “Concrete”.
19.1.4 Tie Bars
Tie bars are to be high yield deformed bars complying with SS 2.
19.1.5 Dowel Bars
Dowel bars are to be plain mild steel bars complying with SS 2, and free from burring
or other deformation restricting slippage in the concrete. Before delivery to the
construction site, a minimum of two-thirds of the length of each dowel bar is to be
painted with one coat of rust preventive paint.
The sleeves for dowel bars used in expansion joints are to be of an approved design
to cover 50 mm to 75 mm of the dowel, with a closed end and with a suitable stop to
hold the end of the bar at least 25 mm from the closed end of the sleeve. Sleeves
are to be designed such that they will not collapse during construction. The sleeves
are to fit the dowel bar tightly and the closed end is to be watertight.
Propose details of the sleeves for SO’s acceptance.
19.1.6 Pre-moulded Joint Filler
Unless otherwise agreed, pre-moulded joint filler for expansion joints is to comply with
ASTM D1752 and be punched to admit the dowel bars where required.
For contraction joints, the filler is to be a resin-impregnated fibreboard or selfexpanding

cork complying with ASTM D1752.

ROADS AND DRAINS
19.1.7 Joint Sealers
Joint sealers are to comply with the following standards:

Hot-poured Sealant BS 2499
Cold-poured Sealant BS 5212
Performed Compression Seal ASTM D2628
Propose suitable product for SO’s acceptance.
19.1.8 Curing Material
Curing materials are to comply with the following standards:

Liquid membrane-forming compounds ASTM C309, Type 2
White polyethylene film ASTM C171
White burlap-polyethylene sheeting ASTM C171
Propose suitable product for SO’s acceptance.
19.1.9 Waterproofing Membrane
Unless otherwise directed, provide a waterproofing membrane complying with the

requirements of BS 1521 Class BIF on top of the prepared sub-grade or sub-base.
Where an overlap of the membrane is necessary provide at least 300 mm lap.
WORKMANSHIP
19.2.1 Forms
Use forms to achieve the prescribed edge thickness without horizontal joint. For
curves of 30 m radius or less, use flexible or curved forms to SO’s acceptance.
Secure forms so as to withstand the impact and vibration of the consolidating and
finishing equipment. The top face of the form is not to vary from a true plane more
than 3 mm in 3 m. Use repaired forms or built-up forms only with the agreement of
the SO.
19.2.2 Form Setting
Thoroughly tamp the forms after being set to the correct grade. Stake forms into
place with not less than 3 pins for each 3m section. Place a pin at each side of every
joint. Tightly secure the forms free from movement in any direction. The forms are not
to deviate from true line by more than 6 mm at any joint. Clean and oil forms prior to
the placing of concrete.
19.2.3 Placement of Reinforcement
When the concrete is placed in two layers, place the reinforcement directly upon the
bottom layer, then place the top layer of the concrete, strike off, and screed. If initialset
has taken place at the bottom layer before being covered with the top layer,
remove and replace with freshly mixed concrete.
When the concrete is placed in one layer, position the reinforcement in advance of
concrete placement or place in plastic concrete by mechanical or vibratory means
after spreading.
Keep reinforcing steel free of mud, oil, or other organic matter that may adversely
affect or reduce bond.

ROADS AND DRAINS
19.2.4 Placing Concrete
Immediately ahead of concrete placement, moisten the prepared subgrade with

water, without saturating, to prevent rapid loss of moisture from the concrete.
Unless otherwise agreed, unload the concrete into an approved spreading device and
mechanically spread on the grade to prevent segregation of the materials. Place
continuously between transverse joints without the use of intermediate bulkheads.
Where necessary, hand spread with shovels and not rakes.
When mechanical equipment will be operated on the existing lane of pavement when
placing concrete in an adjoining lane, observe the restriction on the use of
construction traffic have to submit for SO’s approval.
Thoroughly consolidate concrete along the faces of all forms, and both sides of joint
assemblies by means of vibrators, but do not allow the vibrators to come in contact
with a joint assembly, the grade, or a side form. Do not operate the vibrator longer
than 15 seconds in any one location.
Deposit concrete as near to expansion and contraction joints as possible without

disturbing them. Do not dump from the discharge bucket or hopper into a joint
assembly unless the hopper is well centred on the joint assembly.
19.2.5 Joints
19.2.5.1 General
Construct all joints true to line with their faces perpendicular to the surface of the
pavement. Joints are not to vary more than 13 mm from a true line or from their
designated position. Finish the vertical surface of the pavement adjacent to all
expansion joints to a true plane and edge to a radius of 6 mm or as shown in the
drawings. Test the surface across the joints with a 3 m straight edge as the joints are
finished and correct any irregularities in excess of 6 mm before the concrete has
hardened. When required, accurately form keyways with a template of metal or wood.
19.2.5.2 Tie Bars and Dowels
Place tie bars at intervals of 750 mm, unless otherwise specified. Hold in position by
agreed means. Tie bars may be bent at right angles against the form at longitudinal
construction joints, unless threaded bolt or other assembled tie bars are specified.
Ensure these bars are not painted, greased, or enclosed in sleeves.
Place dowel bars or other load-transfer units and hold rigidly in the middle of the slab
depth by an approved assembly device to be left permanently in place.
The maximum permissible tolerance on dowel bar alignment in each plane, horizontal
and vertical, is not to exceed 2% or 6 mm per 300 mm of a dowel bar.
19.2.5.3 Longitudinal Joints
Form longitudinal construction joints against suitable side forms (usually made of
steel) with or without keyways as directed. Provide longitudinal grooves formed or
sawn at the top of the slab where indicated in the drawings. Form the groove in the
plastic concrete with accepted tools or inserts, or saw with approved equipment in the
hardened concrete to the dimensions required. Ensure grooves are clean cut to avoid
spalling at intersections with transverse joints.
Install longitudinal expansion joints as indicated on the drawings to manufacturer’s

recommendations. Securely stake or fasten the pre-moulded filler into position.

ROADS AND DRAINS
Provide a metal cap to protect the top edge of the filler and to permit the concrete to
be placed and finished and carefully withdraw after the concrete has been placed.
Finished and tool the joint edges while the concrete is still plastic.
19.2.5.4 Transverse Joints
Install transverse construction joints when the concreting is to be interrupted for more
than 30 minutes, or when directed. Plan to locate the joints at a contraction or
expansion joint where possible. Do not locate the joints within 2.4 m of a regularly
spaced transverse joint.
Install transverse expansion joints with accepted devices, which are easily removable
without disturbing the concrete. Immediately after removing the forming devices,
remove any concrete bridging the joint space at the ends.
Install transverse contraction joints or weakened-plane joints by forming a groove or

cleft at the top of the slab while the concrete is still plastic or by sawing a groove into
the concrete surface after the concrete has hardened.
19.2.6 Finishing
For side-form construction, use internal type vibrators with immersed tube initially and
finish with surface pan type for the full width of the concrete slab. Vibrators may be
attached to the spreader or the finishing machine or they may be mounted on a
separate carriage. Do not allow vibrators to come in contact with the joint, loadtransfer
devices, subgrade, or side forms. Ensure the frequency of the internal type
vibrators are at least 7000 vibrations per minute and the surface vibrators are at least
3500 vibrations per minute. Check by using a tachometer. Use hand vibrators to
consolidate the concrete along forms and other isolated areas.
19.2.7 Sawing Joints
When sawing of joints is required, ensure adequate equipment is provided.
Use circular cutters capable of cutting a groove in a straight line and produce a slot at
least 3 mm wide and to the depth as required. Widen the top portion of the slot or
groove by means of a second shallower cut or by accepted bevelling to provide
adequate space for joint sealers. Commence sawing of the joints as soon as the
concrete has hardened sufficiently to permit cutting without chipping, spalling, or
tearing. Saw the joint consecutively in sequence of the concrete placement, unless
otherwise directed.
19.2.8 Final Strike-off, Consolidation and Finishing
19.2.8.1Sequence
Operate in the sequence of strike-off and consolidation, floating and removal of

laitance, straightening, and final surface finish.
19.2.8.2 Additional Water
Apply water to the surface of the concrete to assist in finishing operations only with
agreement with the SO. Apply as a fog spray by means of approved equipment.
19.2.8.3 Finishing at Joints
Finish in a manner to avoid damage or misalignment of joints and without voids or

segregation against the joint material.

ROADS AND DRAINS
19.2.8.4 Machine Finishing
Screed the placed concrete by an approved finishing machine with accepted method
such that the surface is of uniform texture, true to grade and cross section, and free
from porous areas.
19.2.8.5 Hand Finishing
Do not hand finish except in the event of breakdown of the equipment, or in areas of
narrow widths or irregular dimensions where operation of the mechanical equipment
is impractical.
19.2.8.6 Surface Testing and Correction
After the pavement has been struck off and consolidated, and while the concrete is
still plastic, test for trueness with a 3m straight edge. Advance in successive stages of
not more than half the length of the straight edge. Remove any excess water and
laitance from the surface of the pavement. Fill any depressions immediately with
freshly mixed concrete or cut down on high areas, strike off, consolidate, and refinish.
19.2.8.7 Surface Texture
Texture the surface of all newly constructed concrete pavements with a broom.
Texture when the water sheen has practically disappeared. Carry out transversely
across the pavement surface, providing corrugations that are uniform in appearance
and approximately 2 mm in depth. Do not tear or unduly roughen the pavement
surface during the operation. Correct any imperfections resulting from the texturing
operation.
19.2.8.8 Alignment and Surface Tolerances
Ensure that the following tolerances are satisfied:

Lateral deviation from established alignment of the pavement edge is not to
exceed ±30 mm in any lane.
Vertical deviation from established grade is not to exceed ±6 mm at any point.

Ensure that the combination of permitted tolerances in different pavement levels do
not result in a reduction of the thickness of the concrete slab of more than 5 mm from
that specified.
Deviation for surface smoothness is not to exceed 6 mm from a 3 m Straight-edge,

placed in any direction.
Where tolerances are exceeded, remove and replace the pavement section in length
not less than 3 m or the full width of the lane, unless otherwise agreed.
19.2.8.9 Curing
Immediately after the finishing operations have been completed, cure the entire
surface of the newly placed concrete using one of the materials below. Do not expose
the concrete for more than half an hour during the curing period.
Impervious Membrane (Curing compound): Use to manufacturer’s recommendations.
Polythene Films: Ensure vapour tightness and maintain in contact with the
surface for 72 hours after the concrete has been placed with suitable weights.
White Burlap Polythene Sheets: Ensure vapour tightness and maintain fully
wetted and in contact with the surface for 72 hours after the concrete has been

ROADS AND DRAINS
placed with suitable weights.
19.2.8.10 Removing Forms
Do not remove forms from freshly placed concrete until it has set for at least 12 hours
unless otherwise agreed. After removal of the forms, cure the sides of the slab as
above and repair defective areas in sections of length not less than 3 m or the full
width of the lane involved.
19.2.8.11 Sealing Joints
Unless otherwise specified, seal the joints in the pavement immediately following the
curing period to recommendation by the sealant manufacturer.
19.3.12 Protection of Pavement
Protect the pavement against both public traffic and site traffic. Protect fresh concrete
against the effects of rain using rolled polyethylene sheeting at least 0.1 mm thick.
Quality Control
19.4 Rigid In-situ Concrete Pavement
19.4.1 Concrete
For the purpose of determining the strength of concrete, make four test specimens of
150 mm x 150 mm cube from each mix for test at 28 days. Cure and test in
accordance with SS 78.
The strength requirement is satisfied if for each set of four test specimens tested at
28 days, both the following conditions are met:
None of the strengths of the four test specimens is below the specified strength.
The average strength of the four test specimens is greater than the required
specified strength by at least half the margin of 0.40 N/mm².
19.4.2 Admixtures
Furnish all relevant technical information on any admixture intended for use and
provide certification from approved body that the admixtures will comply with the
specified requirements.
In addition, conduct further tests at the direction of the SO to justify consistency in

complying with specified requirements.

S21-CnS Roads and Drains

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C&S PARTICULAR SPECIFICATIONS

ROADS AND DRAINS

SECTION 21 - ROADS AND DRAINS

1 PREPARATION OF ROAD FORMATION

Properly compact such filling up to formation level by rolling successively with

The SO may require fill materials to be tested by an SAC accredited laboratory in

(a) Within 500mm of formation level (sub-grade or foundation)

MULTI-USER INDUSTRIAL BUILDING AT ANG MO KIO STREET 64/65 CS/S21/1

(b) From 500mm below formation level

(a) Sub-grade Formation

In addition to "Preparation Of Road Formation", trim the finished level of sub-

On straight lengths of roads, trim the sub-grade to a cross-fall as shown in the

(b) Sub-grade Material

(c) Compaction Of Sub-Grade

MULTI-USER INDUSTRIAL BUILDING AT ANG MO KIO STREET 64/65 CS/S21/2

(d) Improved Sub-grade Course Of Carriageway

No sub-grade material or granite base material shall be laid on the carriageway

3 CONCRETE HAUNCHED UPVC SCUPPER DRAINS

4 ROADSIDE KERBS, CHANNELS, ETC

MULTI-USER INDUSTRIAL BUILDING AT ANG MO KIO STREET 64/65 CS/S21/3

5 CRUSHER RUN BASE COURSE

6 PLANT MIXED CRUSHED GRANITE AGGREGATE BASE COURSE

BS Sieve Size % Passing (by weight)

MULTI-USER INDUSTRIAL BUILDING AT ANG MO KIO STREET 64/65 CS/S21/4

The Contractor is required to furnish information on the following :

(a) Date and time of loading

The record book shall be kept by the SO on the Site.

Liquid Limit - not more than 25%

Liquid Limit - not more than 35%

MULTI-USER INDUSTRIAL BUILDING AT ANG MO KIO STREET 64/65 CS/S21/5

7 PREMIX BITUMINOUS SURFACING

Coarse Aggregate shall consist of clean, well-graded, angular, crushed granite of

MULTI-USER INDUSTRIAL BUILDING AT ANG MO KIO STREET 64/65 CS/S21/6

(i) three-wheel rollers of 10 to 12 tonnes in weight.

Pneumatic Tyre Rollers shall be self-propelled or towed type, single or double-axle,

(d) Preparation of Area to be Paved

Patch or correct all depressions and other irregularities to the complete

MULTI-USER INDUSTRIAL BUILDING AT ANG MO KIO STREET 64/65 CS/S21/7

(e) Tack Coat

Apply the bitumen emulsion by means of an approved type of mechanical sprayer

(f) Asphalt Mixing & Delivery

Heat the bitumen in an approved type boiler, to a temperature of 136oC to 163oC,

It is particularly important to avoid excessive heating of the bitumen binder as this

MULTI-USER INDUSTRIAL BUILDING AT ANG MO KIO STREET 64/65 CS/S21/8

(g) Spreading and Finishing

Furnish the SO in advance with full details of the mechanical spreader/finisher to

MULTI-USER INDUSTRIAL BUILDING AT ANG MO KIO STREET 64/65 CS/S21/9

(h) Laying Hot Asphalt Premix

(i) Compaction of Asphalt Premix

(i) transverse joints;

MULTI-USER INDUSTRIAL BUILDING AT ANG MO KIO STREET 64/65 CS/S21/10

(j) Density, Thickness and Surface Requirements

The checking of compacted thickness shall be carried out by the SO by cutting

MULTI-USER INDUSTRIAL BUILDING AT ANG MO KIO STREET 64/65 CS/S21/11

(k) Sampling & Testing

The Contractor or the Contractor's Representative may be present during the

(l) Extraction Test

(i) Grading Analysis

All aggregates shall be well graded to conform to the proportions specified in

MULTI-USER INDUSTRIAL BUILDING AT ANG MO KIO STREET 64/65 CS/S21/12

(ii) Bitumen Content

Where the bitumen content of any sample exceeds the maximum