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GRAMMAR
Larsen-Freeman, 2001
IN GENERAL TERMS…
• Few learners are capable to pick
up language from pure exposure.
• Phonemic/ graphemic
patterns
• How is it formed?
MEANING
• Lexical meaning
• Grammatical meaning
• Linguistic Discourse
context
• Influence of Pragmatics
• Why/when is it used?
EXAMPLES
• Possessives:
1) Form:
o Inflecting nouns
o Allomorphs
2) Meaning:
o Possession
o Description
o Amount
o Relationship
o Part/Whole
o Origin /Agent
EXAMPLES
3) Form:
o ‘s versus possessive determiner
o ‘s versus of the
• Important imformation by
recognizing where students need to
be reinforced.
(Larsen-Freeman, 2001)
LANGUAGE
APPROACHES
• Traditional Grammar
teaching: PPP
• Consciousness-raising Task
(Fotos and Ellis, 1991)
APPROACHES ON
HOW TO ADDRESS
GRAMMAR
• The Garden Path (Tomasello and
Herron, 1988-89)
• Collaborative Dialogue
(Donato, 1994; Swain and Lapkin, 1998)
• ‘Grammaring’
OUTPUT
PRODUCTION
• Meaningless mechanical drilling
not longer useful
• Twenty Questions
• Game on Possessives
• Information-Gap Activities
• Sentence Unscrambling
EXAMPLES OF
OUTPUT ACTIVITIES
REINFORCING MEANING
• Role plays
• Dilemmas
THE IMPORTANCE OF
FEEDBACK
• Zero Teacher Intervention
• Collecting Mistakes