Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

Cavite College of Arts and Trades
Rosario, Cavite

DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING

First Semester; Academic Year 2020-2021

MATH 13: Differential Equations

Module : 1

Topics : 1. Definition of Differential Equations

2. Classification and Types of DE
3. Order and Degree of DE
4. Types of Variables and Constants in DE
5. Types of Solutions of DE
6. Types of First Order DE
7. Verification of Solutions of DE
8. Elimination of Arbitrary Constants

Intended 1. define DE and know the different terms relevant to it;

Learning 2. verify the solution of a given DE
Outcomes: 3. determine the DE that is free from arbitrary constant of order equal to
the number of AC in the given relation

References : Dela Fuente, 2005, Elementary Differential Equations, Manila, Merriam

Bookstore

Del Rosario, Asuncion C., 2003, Applied Mathematics, Manila,

International Bookstore

Rainville, Earl D. 2002, Elementary Differential Equations, Singapore,

Pearson Education Asia.

Zill, Dennis G., 2000, A First Course in Differential Equations with Modelling
Applications, Thompson Learning

https://www.facebook.com/inhinyero.org/posts/1043847999382336

https://www.facebook.com/yujei.tutorials/

YouTube Tutorial Videos

Differential Equations = ODE, 2nd Order, 2nd Degree
- Is a mathematical equation that relates
some function with its derivatives 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑3 𝑦 2
𝟔. √1 + (𝑑𝑥) = 𝑦 (𝑑𝑥3 )
Ordinary D.E.
- Is a D.E. containing one or more functions 4
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑3 𝑦
of one independent variable, and has = 1 + (𝑑𝑥) = 𝑦 (𝑑𝑥3 )
derivatives of those functions.
Order of D.E. = ODE, 3rd Order, 4th Degree
- It is the highest/largest derivative present
𝑑2 𝑦
in the D.E. 𝟕. + 𝑘 2 𝑦 = 𝑐 + 𝑔 (𝑡 )
𝑑𝑥 2

Degree of D.E.
= PDE, 2nd Order, 1st Degree
- Is the exponent at which the order is
raised. SOLUTIONS TO D.E.
Examples: 2
1. Verify that 𝑦(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 −3 is a solution to the
𝟏. 𝑎𝑦 ′′ + 𝑏𝑦 ′ + 𝑐𝑦 ′ 𝑔(𝑡)
D.E. 4𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 12𝑥𝑦 ′ + 3𝑦 = 0

= ODE, 2nd Order, 1st Degree Solution:

2

𝟐. (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦) (
𝑑2 𝑦
( )
𝑑𝑦 2 −5𝑦 1. 𝑦(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 −3 ; 4𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 12𝑥𝑦 ′ + 3𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 ) = 𝑟𝑦 𝑑𝑥
+𝑦 𝑒
2
𝑦 = 𝑥 −3
= ODE, 2nd Order, 1st Degree 3 5
Substitute to EQN.
𝑦 ′ = − 2 𝑥 −2
7
𝟑. 𝑦 (4) + 10𝑦 ′′′ − 4𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = cos(𝑡) 𝑦 ′′ =
15
𝑥 −2
4
7 5
15 3
th
= ODE, 4 Order, 1 Degree st = 4𝑥 2 ( 4 𝑥 −2 ) + 12𝑥 (− 2 𝑥 −2 ) +
3
3 (𝑥 −2 ) = 0
𝑑2 𝑥
𝟒. 𝑑𝑡 2 + 𝑘 2 𝑥 = 0
7 5 3
= 15𝑥 −2 · 𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 · 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 −2 = 0
= ODE, 2nd Order, 1st Degree 0=0

𝟐
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
𝟓. (√(𝑑𝑥) + 3𝑦 = )
𝑑𝑥 2
 2. Verify that 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 𝑦 is a solution to the ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY
equation 𝑦 ′′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0 CONSTANT

Solution: - The elimination of arbitrary constant is

necessary to obtain the differential
𝑦 = 𝑒 −2𝑥 ; 𝑦 ′′′ − 3𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0
equation.
′ −2𝑥
𝑦 = −2𝑒
Examples:
𝑦 ′′ = 4𝑒 −2𝑥 Substitute to EQN.
1. 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 𝑦
𝑦 ′′′ = −8𝑒 −2𝑥 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 𝑦′

= −8𝑒 −2𝑥 − 3(−2𝑒 −2𝑥 ) + 2(𝑒 −2𝑥 ) = 0 𝑦 ′′′ = 0

- The rule is, we will differentiate the given
−2𝑥 −2𝑥 −2𝑥
= −8𝑒 + 6𝑒 + 2𝑒 =0
equation based on the numbers of
= −8𝑒 −2𝑥 + 8𝑒 −2𝑥 = 0 arbitrary constant.
2. 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑐
0=0
3𝑥 2 − 3(𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ + 𝑦(2𝑥 )) = 0
𝑑2 𝑥
3. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑡 ; + 𝑘2𝑥 = 0 3𝑥 2 − 3(𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ + 2𝑥𝑦) = 0
𝑑𝑡 2
1
[3𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ − 6𝑥𝑦 = 0] 3
Solution:
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑡
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥−2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 𝑥−2𝑦
= 𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑘𝑡 𝑦′ = 𝑜𝑟 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥

𝑑2 𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑑𝑥

= −𝑘 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2
3. 𝑦 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑦 ′ = 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
Substituting to EQN: 𝑦 ′ = 0 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑦 ′′ = 9𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦′′
2 2 [𝑦 ′ = 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ] − 3 =3
= −𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑡 + 𝑘 𝑥 = 0 𝑦

𝑦 ′′ = 9𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑦 ′′ = 3𝑦′
= −𝑘 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑡 + 𝑘 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑡 = 0
+ −3𝑦 ′ = −9𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑦 ′′ = −3𝑦 ′ = 0
0=0 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑦 = 0
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− 3 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
 4. 𝑦𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝐶 From EQN 4 & 5
(𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(𝑦 ′ )) − 𝑥(2𝑦𝑦 ′ ) + 𝑦 2 (1) = 0 (𝑦 + 2𝑦 = 5𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 ) − 3
= 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑦 ′𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − (2𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 2 ) = 0 −3𝑦 ′ − 6𝑦 = −15𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
= 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑦 ′𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 2 = 0 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 = 15𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
= 𝑦 ′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑦 2 = 0 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ − 6𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
[( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦 ( ) + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑦 2 = 0] 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ELIMINATION OF ARBITRARY
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0
CONSTANT USING ELIMINANT
= (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = 0
METHOD (DETERMINANT)
5. 𝑥 = 𝐶𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑡
𝑑𝑥
= −𝑤𝐶𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑡 + 𝑤𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑡 1. 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑖 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 0 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
2
= −𝑤 (𝐶𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑤𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑡)
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑦 ′′ = 0 + 9𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑2 𝑥
= −𝑤 2 𝑥 = −𝑦 + 𝐶𝑖 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2 𝑥 = 𝑦 ′ + 0 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 = 0
+ 𝑤 2𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑡 2
−2𝑥 3𝑥
= −𝑦 ′′ + 0 + 9𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 = 0
6. 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑖 𝑒 + 𝐶2 𝑒 (1)
𝑦 ′ = −2𝐶𝑖 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 (2) −𝑦 1 1 −𝑦 1
0 −𝑦′ 0 3 −𝑦′ 0
𝑦 ′′ = 4𝐶𝑖 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 9𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 (3)
−𝑦′′ 0 9 −𝑦′′ 0
From EQN. 2 & 3
0 = (0) − 3𝑦 ′′ + (0) − (0 + 0 − 9𝑦 ′)
(𝑦 ′ = −2𝐶𝑖 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 )2
1
2𝑦 ′ = −4𝐶𝑖 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 6𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 [0 = −3𝑦 ′′ + 9𝑦 ′ ]
3

+ 𝑦 ′′ = 4𝐶𝑖 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 9𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 [0 = −𝑦 ′′ + 3𝑦 ′} − 1

𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ = 15𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
From EQN 1 &2
(𝑦 = 𝐶𝑖 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 )2
2𝑦 = 2𝐶𝑖 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 2𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 ′ = −2𝐶𝑖 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 5𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
(4) 𝑦 ′′ = 3𝑦 ′ = 0
2. 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑖 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 ′ = −2𝐶𝑖 𝑒 2𝑥 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
𝑦 ′′ = 4𝐶𝑖 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 9𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥
= −𝑦 + 𝐶𝑖 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 = 0
(5) = −𝑦 − 2𝐶𝑖 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 3𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 = 0
= −𝑦 + 4𝐶𝑖 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 9𝐶2 𝑒 3𝑥 = 0
 1
𝑦 1 1 𝑦 1 [0 = −30𝑦 + 5𝑦 ′′ − 5𝑦 ′ ] 5
0 𝑦′ −2 3 𝑦′ −2
0 = −6𝑦 + 𝑦 ′′ = 𝑦 ′ 𝑜𝑟
𝑦′′ 4 9 𝑦′′ 4 0
6𝑦 − 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 ′ = 𝑦 ′′ − 𝑦 ′ − 6𝑦 = 0
0 = −18𝑦 + 3𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 ′ − (−2𝑦 ′′ + 12𝑦 + 9𝑦 ′ )
0 = −18𝑦 + 3𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 ′′ − 12𝑦 − 9𝑦 ′
 MODULE 1 ASSESSMENT

A. Verify the solutions of the given differential equations:

N Solution Differential Equation

1 𝑥 2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2 𝑥𝑦" − (𝑦′)3 − 𝑦′ = 0

𝑥2 𝑦2
2 + =1 (𝑥𝑦 ′ − 𝑦)(𝑦𝑦 ′ + 𝑥) = (𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 )𝑦 ′
𝑎2 + 𝜆 𝑏 2 + 𝜆
3 ln(𝑥 2 + 1) = 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 + 4 ln|𝑐(𝑥 − 1)| = 0 (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1)𝑑𝑦

B. Bessel’s function of index zero is defined by the power series

∞
(−1)𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛
𝐽0 (𝑥) = ∑
(𝑛!)2 22𝑛
𝑛=0
Verify that 𝐽0 (𝑥) is a solution of the differential equation
𝑥𝑦" + 𝑦′ + 𝑥𝑦 = 0

C. Verify that for 𝑥 > 0, (2/√3)𝑥 3/2 is a solution of the equation 𝑦𝑦" = 𝑥.

D. Given the following data:

𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Differential Equation: +2 + 2𝑥 = sin 2𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
Characteristic Solution: 𝑥𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑐1 cos 𝑡 + 𝑐2 sin 𝑡)
1 1
Particular Solution: 𝑥𝑝 (𝑡) = − cos 2𝑡 − sin 2𝑡
5 10

Determine the Classical Solution 𝑥𝑡 (𝑡) where:

𝑥𝑡 (𝑡) = 𝑥𝑐 (𝑡) + 𝑥𝑝 (𝑡)
𝑑
𝑥𝑡 (0) = 2 and 𝑥 (0) = −3
𝑑𝑥 𝑡

E. Given the following data:

𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Differential Equation: +2 + 𝑥 = 5𝑒 −2𝑡 + 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
Characteristic Solution: 𝑥𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑐2 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡
Particular Solution: 𝑥𝑝 (𝑡) = 5𝑒 −2𝑡 + 𝑡 − 2

Determine the Classical Solution 𝑥𝑡 (𝑡) where:

𝑥𝑡 (𝑡) = 𝑥𝑐 (𝑡) + 𝑥𝑝 (𝑡)
𝑑
𝑥𝑡 (0) = 2 and 𝑥 (0) =1
𝑑𝑥 𝑡
 F. Determine the type of First-Order Differential Equation. Justify your answer.

1. (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 1)𝑑𝑦

2. 𝑦 ′ tan 𝑥 sin 2𝑦 = sin2 𝑥 + cos 2 𝑦

3. 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 + √𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦

4. (1 + cos 𝑥)𝑦 ′ = sin 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 𝑦)

5. [2𝑥 + 𝑦 cos(𝑥𝑦)]𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 cos(𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

G. Solve for the differential equation.

𝑥2 𝑦2
1. + =1
𝑎2 +𝜆 𝑏2 +𝜆

2. 𝑥 = 𝑐1 cos 𝐴𝑡 + 𝑐2 sin 𝐴𝑡; 𝐴 is a parameter

3. 𝑦 = 𝑐3 𝑥 2 + 𝑐4 𝑒 −𝑥

4. 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥𝑒 2𝑥

5. (𝑦 − 𝑐)2 = 4𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑏); 𝑎 is held fixed

6. Work Item 5, using differentiation with respect to 𝑦.

7. Use the fact that

𝑑2𝑥 𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 −1 −𝑦"
2 = ( ) = ( ) = ( ) =
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑦′)3

Deadline of Submission: October 17, 2020