Learning Task 6: Week No.

7 (October 26-30, 2020)

TOPIC
Spanish Period

TOPIC OVERVIEW
The students will be able to learn about the arrival of Spanish colonizers, Social
Classes during Spanish Colonial Period, and the galleon trade.

DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this tasks, the students should be able to:

1. explain the Spanish colonial era; and
2. identify the social classes during Spanish colonial period.
.........................................................................................................................................................
PRE-ASSESSMENT 6
Answer the following questions. Use a separate sheet of long bond paper for your answers.
1. What is the reason why Spain colonized the Philippines?
2. Give the Social Classes during Spanish Colonial period
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
CONTENT DEVELOPMENT

The Spanish period

Spanish colonial motives were not, however, strictly commercial. The Spanish at first viewed the
Philippines as a stepping-stone to the riches of the East Indies (Spice Islands), but, even after
the Portuguese and Dutch had foreclosed that possibility, the Spanish still maintained their
presence in the archipelago.

Ferdinand Magellan (nationality: Portuguese, naturalized Citizen of Spain) September 20,

1519 left San Lucar de Barrameda, Spain.
With 5 Ships: Trinidad, Concepcion, Victoria, Santiago, San Antonio
The Portuguese navigator and explorer Ferdinand Magellan headed the first Spanish foray to
the Philippines when he made landfall on Cebu in March 1521; a short time later he met an
untimely death on the nearby island of Mactan.

Miguel Lopez de Legaspi (1565). He voyaged through Viceroy Luis de Velasco of New Spain
(Mexico). Then they reached Homonhon Island and Limasawa and met Datu Banka. He made
blood compact with Datu Sikatuna and Sigala in Bohol. After that he proceed to Cebu with
Raja Tupas, he named it the Most Holy Name of Jesus / Villa de San Miguel, but due to food
shortage he proceeded to Panay Islands and to Manila. Then Juan de Salcedo led the
expedition to the North (Ilocos). Marti de Goiti conquered Manila defended by Raja Sulayman
at the Battle of Bankusay and then Manila declared as the Capital of Spanish Philippines.

The Spanish city of Manila was founded in 1571, and by the end of the 16th century most of
the coastal and lowland areas from Luzon to northern Mindanao were under Spanish control.
Friars marched with soldiers and soon accomplished the nominal conversion to Roman
Catholicism of all the local people under Spanish administration. But the Muslims of Mindanao
and Sulu, whom the Spanish called Moros, were never completely subdued by Spain.

Spanish rule for the first 100 years was exercised in most areas through a type of tax
farming imported from the Americas and known as the encomienda. But abusive treatment
of the local tribute payers and neglect of religious instruction by encomenderos (collectors of
the tribute), as well as frequent withholding of revenues from the crown, caused the Spanish to
abandon the system by the end of the 17th century. The governor-general, himself appointed by
the king, began to appoint his own civil and military governors to rule directly.

Social Classes during Spanish Colonial Period

• Principalia – made up of the kinship of the ancient datus, nobility, encomenderos, teachers
and othr professionals and local officials
• Timawa – ordinary citizens, freemen
• Middle Class or the Filipino with business and lease the land from Friars
• Peninsulares – Pure Spanish blood born in Spain
• Insulares – Pure Spanish Blood born in the Philippines
• Illustrados – Filipinos studies Abroad
• Chinese Mestizos – mixed races of Chinese, Filipino and Spanish
• Indios – the native Filipinos
Central government in Manila retained a medieval cast until the 19th century, and the governor-
general was so powerful that he was often likened to an independent monarch. He dominated
the Audiencia, or high court, was captain-general of the armed forces, and enjoyed the privilege
of engaging in commerce for private profit.

Manila dominated the islands not only as the political capital. The galleon trade
with Acapulco, Mexico., assured Manila’s commercial primacy as well. The exchange of
Chinese silks for Mexican silver not only kept in Manila those Spanish who were seeking quick
profit, but it also attracted a large Chinese community. The Chinese, despite being the victims of
periodic massacres at the hands of suspicious Spanish, persisted and soon established a
dominance of commerce that survived through the centuries.

Manila was also the ecclesiastical capital of the Philippines. The governor-general was civil
head of the church in the islands, but the archbishop vied with him for political supremacy. In the
late 17th and 18th centuries the archbishop, who also had the legal status of lieutenant
governor, frequently won. Augmenting their political power, religious orders, Roman Catholic
hospitals and schools, and bishops acquired great wealth, mostly in land. Royal grants and
devises formed the core of their holdings, but many arbitrary extensions were made beyond the
boundaries of the original grants.

The power of the church derived not simply from wealth and official status. The priests and friars
had a command of local languages rare among the lay Spanish, and in the provinces they
outnumbered civil officials. Thus, they were an invaluable source of information to the colonial
government. The cultural goal of the Spanish clergy was nothing less than the full
Christianization and Hispanization of the Filipino. In the first decades of missionary work, local
religions were vigorously suppressed; old practices were not tolerated. But as the Christian laity
grew in number and the zeal of the clergy waned, it became increasingly difficult to prevent the
preservation of ancient beliefs and customs under Roman Catholic garb. Thus, even in the area
of religion, pre-Spanish Filipino culture was not entirely destroyed.

Economic and political institutions were also altered under Spanish impact but perhaps less
thoroughly than in the religious realm. The priests tried to move all the people into pueblos, or
villages, surrounding the great stone churches. But the dispersed demographic patterns of the
old barangays largely persisted. Nevertheless, the datu’s once hereditary position became
subject to Spanish appointment.

Agricultural technology changed very slowly until the late 18th century, as shifting
cultivation gradually gave way to more intensive sedentary farming, partly under the guidance of
the friars. The socioeconomic consequences of the Spanish policies that accompanied this shift
reinforced class differences. The datus and other representatives of the old noble class took
advantage of the introduction of the Western concept of absolute ownership of land to claim as
their own fields cultivated by their various retainers, even though traditional land rights had been
limited to usufruct. These heirs of pre-Spanish nobility were known as the principalia and played
an important role in the friar-dominated local government.

POST-ASSESSMENT 6
Answer the following questions. Use a separate sheet of long bond paper for your answers.
1. Discuss the how Spain Colonized the Philippines?
2. Explain the Social Class during Spanish Era.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Learning Task 7: Week No.8 (November 2-6, 2020)

TOPIC
Economic Life Under Spain

TOPIC OVERVIEW
The students will be able to learn about encomienda, tribute, polo, bandala and
the 18th century in the Philippines.
DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this tasks, the students should be able to:

1. explain the Spanish era in the Philippines;
2. discuss the 18th century when Philippines ruled by Spain; and
3. evaluate the Filipino Nationalism during Spanish occupation.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
PRE-ASSESSMENT 7
Answer the following questions. Use a separate sheet of long bond paper for your answers.
1. What kind of government does the Spain implement in the Philippines?
2. How the Filipino realize the abuse of Spain regiment?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
CONTENT DEVELOPMENT

Economic Life Under Spain

Encomienda: was the money from the tribute upon certain conquered territory. It was given by
the King to a Spanish conquistador as reward for his services. 1591 there were 267
encomiendas in the Philippines. Due to abuses, it was abolished in 16th Century
Tribute: – Was the residence tax. Each family paid one peso per year. A single person paid
one-half peso. It can be paid in Cash or in good. It was replaced in 1884 by Cedula Tax
Economic Life Under Spain
Polo or Force Labor: All male Filipinos from 16 to 60 years old were forced to work for the
government. At first, it lasted for 40 days and reduced to 15 days in 1884. Polistas of (force
laborers). Build schools, roads and bridges. Filipino Men can buy their Force Labor paying
called Falla.
Bandala: An indirect tax imposed on the Filipino farmers who were required to sell their
products to the government

The 18th century

By the late 18th century, political and economic changes in Europe were finally beginning to
affect Spain and, thus, the Philippines. Important as a stimulus to trade was the gradual
elimination of the monopoly enjoyed by the galleon to Acapulco. The last galleon arrived in
Manila in 1815, and by the mid-1830s Manila was open to foreign merchants almost without
restriction. The demand for Philippine sugar and abaca (hemp) grew apace, and the volume of
exports to Europe expanded even further after the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869.

The growth of commercial agriculture resulted in the appearance of a new class. Alongside the
landholdings of the church and the rice estates of the pre-Spanish nobility there arose
haciendas of coffee, hemp, and sugar, often the property of enterprising Chinese-Filipino
mestizos. Some of the families that gained prominence in the 19th century have continued to
play an important role in Philippine economics and politics.

Not until 1863 was there public education in the Philippines, and even then the church
controlled the curriculum. Less than one-fifth of those who went to school could read and write
Spanish, and far fewer could speak it properly. The limited higher education in the colony was
entirely under clerical direction, but by the 1880s many sons of the wealthy were sent to Europe
to study. There, nationalism and a passion for reform blossomed in the liberal atmosphere. Out
of this talented group of overseas Filipino students arose what came to be known as
the Propaganda Movement. Magazines, poetry, and pamphleteering flourished. José Rizal, this
movement’s most brilliant figure, produced two political novels—Noli me tangere (1887; Touch
Me Not) and El filibusterismo (1891; The Reign of Greed)—which had a wide impact in the
Philippines. In 1892 Rizal returned home and formed the Liga Filipina, a modest reform-minded
society, loyal to Spain, that breathed no word of independence. But Rizal was quickly arrested
by the overly fearful Spanish, exiled to a remote island in the south, and finally executed in
1896. Meanwhile, within the Philippines there had developed a firm commitment to
independence among a somewhat less privileged class.

Shocked by the arrest of Rizal in 1892, these activists quickly formed the Katipunan under the
leadership of Andres Bonifacio, a self-educated warehouseman. The Katipunan was dedicated
to the expulsion of the Spanish from the islands, and preparations were made for armed revolt.
Filipino rebels had been numerous in the history of Spanish rule, but now for the first time they
were inspired by nationalist ambitions and possessed the education needed to make success a
real possibility.

POST-ASSESSMENT 7
Answer the following questions. Use a separate sheet of long bond paper for your answers.
1. Discuss how Spain influence in the Filipino by their government?
2. How our National heroes influence our countrymen become patriotic?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Learning Task 8: Week No.9 (November 9-13, 2020)

TOPIC
Filipino Revolts

TOPIC OVERVIEW
The students will be able to learn about Propaganda Movement and Katipunan,
Philippine Revolution, Second Revolutionary Government, Surrender of Spain, Women of
the Revolution, Women of the Revolution, Periodicals of Revolution, and Spanish
Governor Generals of the Philippines.

DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this task, the students should be able to:

1. explain how the Filipino revolt to Spain;
2. identify the women of revolution;
3. discuss the significance of KKK; and
4. enumerate the Spanish Governor Generals of the Philippines.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
PRE-ASSESSMENT 8
Answer the following questions. Use a separate sheet of long bond paper for your answers.
1. Why does the Filipino revolt against Spain?
2. What is the significance of KKK? How it is managed by their leaders?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
CONTENT DEVELOPMENT
Filipino Revolts

Causes: Heavy Taxes imposed, force labor, illegal land possession, monopoly, religious
freedom, oppression and exploitation of the foreigners
1. Tondo Conspiracy (1687-1588) – Objective: To regain freedom from Spain lead by Magat
Salamat, Agustin de Legaspi, Juan Banal, Pedro Balingit
2. Revolt of Magalat (1595)– Objective: Disillusionment with Spanish rule and Opposition of
Tribute (Tuguegarao, Cagayan)
3. Ladia Conspiracy (1543) – Objective: Restoration of Barangaic Political Set-up lead by Pedro
Ladia
4. Revolt of Maniago (1660-1661) – Objective: To free and Independent from Spain and Force
Labor (Pampanga) – Francisco Maniago/ Cavite Filipino Revolts
5. Revolt of Malong (1660-1661) – Causes: Spanish Oppressive impositions, Force Labor
(Andres Malong) - Pangasinan
6. Revolt of Bancao (1622) - Disillusionment with Spanish rule / Religious (Leyte)
7. Revolt of Sumuroy (1649-1650) –Defiance of the order given by Gov. General Fajardo
(Agustin Sumuroy) - Cavite
8. Silang Revolt – (Ilocos) Force Labor, Expulsion of Spaniards and Spanish Mestizos – lead by
Diego and Gabriela Silang
9. Palaris Revolt (1762-1764) – lead by Juan Dela Cruz Palaris, end the payment of tributes
(Pangasinan)
10. Igorot Revolt (1601) – Opposition to the attempts of the Spaniards to convert them to
Christianity
11. Gaddang Revolt (1621) – Revolted against Encomenderos and government officials
12. Tamblot Revolt (1621-1622) – Religious motive (Bohol)
13. Dagohoy Revolt (1744-1829) – Francisco Dagohoy – refusal of Father Gaspar Morales friar
curate of the town of Bohol to give Christian burial to the brother of Francisco Dagohoy
14. Tapar Revolt (1663) – Modification of Christianity
15. Basi Revolt (1807) – government imposition of the monopoly on wine (basi)
16. Cavite Revolt (1822) – Injustices committed by the rich landowners against the helpless
farmers – Luis de los Santos and Juan Silvestre
17. Hermano Pule Revolt (1832-1841) – Religious causes “Confradia de San Jose (Tayabas,
Quezon)

Propaganda Movement and Katipunan

• Causes of Nationalism
– New idea from abroad about the freedom and the rights of men
– Opening of Suez Canal – Race prejudice against Filipino priests
– The Spanish Revolution of 1868
– Martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za

• Propaganda Movements
– La Solidaridad – founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena and 1st Editor (1889) and purchased by
Marcel H. Del Pilar
– La Liga Filipina – founded by Jose P. Rizal (Noli Me Tangere/ Touch Me Not and El
Filibusterismo/ The Reign of Greed)

Kataastaasan Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) founded by

Andres Bonifacio on July 7, 1892 at Azcarrga St. (Claro M. Recto Avenue, Tondo, Manila)
– Unite the Filipinos into one solid nation
– To fight for Philippine Independence
– Civic. Moral and Political

• Government:
– Supreme Council (Central Government)
– Provincial Council
– Popular Council
– Judicial Council

• Members:
– 1st Grade (Katipon) –Anak ng Bayan
– 2nd Grade (Kawal) - Gom-Bur-Za
– 3rd Grade (Bayani) – Rizal

• Literature of Katipunan:
– Decalogue of KKK (A. Bonifacio)
– Pag-ibig sa Tinubuan Lupa (A. Bonifacio)
– Kartilla (E. Jacinto)
– Kalayaan (E. Jacinto) Official Newspaper of KKK
– A la Patria (E. Jacinto)

• Discovery of Katipunan
– Teodoro Patiño told his sister Honoria about the plot
– Honoria told to a Visayan Nun everything
– Visayan Nun told everything to Father Mariano Gil

Philippine Revolution

• Cry of Pugadlawin- August 26, 1896

• Causes of the Revolution – Abuses of Spanish Officials and priests – Persecution of Filipino
leaders who defended the rights of their fellow countrymen – Filipinos desire to regain their
freedom – Discovery of KKK.

• First Battle took place at San Juan del Monte on Sunday August 30, 1896.

• Governor General Ramon Blanco declared a state of war in 8 provinces: Pampanga, Laguna,
Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Tarlac, Manila and Nueva Ecija.

• Rivalry between Aguinaldo and Bonifacio.

• Magdiwangs (Bonifacio) and Magdalos (Aguinaldo).

• TejerosAssembly: March 22, 1897 – wanted to settle controversy between two factions.
– They elect officials representing the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines
– Emilio Aguinaldo elected as President
– Andres Bonifacio Elected as Interior Secretary
– But Daniel Tirona protested on Bonifacio’s elections
– Bonifacio declared the election is null and void

• Death of Bonifacio: Gen. Aguinaldo ordered to imprison Andres Bonifacio and his brothers
• The Revolutionary Government tried Bonifacio and his brother Procopio and sentenced to die
• But President Aguinaldo reduced it to life imprisonment.
• But he was pressured to cancel that order and to execute Bonifacio
• May 10, 1897 Andres and Procopio were shot by Aguinaldo’s soldiers under the command of
Major Lazaro Makapagal at Mt. Buntis, Maragondon

• Biak-na-Bato Republic
– San Miguel, Bulacan
– Made a Constitution copied the Cuban Constitution (IsabeloArtacho and Felix Ferrer)
– Pact of Biak-na-Bato (Gov.Gen. Primo de Rivera and Pedro Paterno of the Philippine
Government)
– Exile of E. Aguinaldo
– Spain pay an amount of Php 800,000 to be given in three installments
- Php 400,000upon the departure of Aguinaldo, Php 200,000
– the surrender of arms and Php 200,000 amnesty to the rebels
– Additional Php 900,000 would be given to Civilian Filipinos affected by the revolution

• No Peace after Biak-na-Bato Truce

• Why America come to the Philippines
– The Spanish-American War
– American Bases
– The Policy of Manifest Destiny
– The Filipino Invitation

• The Battle of Manila Bay

–Americans won over Spanish Navy (May 01, 1898) Lead by Admiral Patricio Montojo of Spain
and Admiral George Dewey of USA

• The Return of Aguinaldo –McCullough Dewey’s dispatch ship and arrived in Cavite on May
19, 1898. Aguinaldo and Dewey agreed to fight together the Spaniards

The Coming of America

• Dictatorial Government was declared by Emilio Aguinaldo lasted from May 24, 1898.
• Declaration of Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898 ay Kawit, Cavite
• Rianzares Bautista read the Declaration of the Philippine Independence
• The Philippine Flag also displayed and the Philippine National Anthem was played

Second Revolutionary Government – declared as Aguinaldo’s adviser Apolinario Mabini

advised Pres. Aguinaldo – June 23, 1898
– Mabini issued a decree of June 23 for the creation of Congress to draft the Philippine
Constitution
– Reorganization of the Government in Provinces

Surrender of Spain
• Governor General Fermin Jaudenes and Wesley Meritt agreed for a Mock Battle and Spain
paid by USA of Php 20 Million US Dollar in Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898
Women of the Revolution
– Melchora Aquino/ Tandang Sora – Grand old Woman of Balintawak, Mother of Katipunan
– Gregoria Montoya – Joan of Arc of Cavite
– Agueda Kahabagan – Joan of Arc of Santa Cruz, Laguna
– Teresa Magbanua – Joan of Arc of Visayas
– Trinidad Tecson – Mother of the Biak-na-Bato
– Nazaria Lagos – Florence Nightingale of Panay
– Patronicia Gamboa – Heroine of Jaro, Ilo-ilo
– Marcella Agoncillo – sewed the Philippine National Flag

• Periodicals of Revolution
– El Heraldo dela Revolution
– Indice Official / Gaceta DE Filipinas
– La Independencia – Antonio Luna
– La Republica Filipina – Pedro Paterno
– La Libertad – Jose Zulueta
– Ang Kaibigan nang Bayan
– El Nuevo Dia – Sergio Osmeña
– El Pueblo – Vicente Sotto

Spanish Governor Generals of the Philippines

• Miguel Lopez de Legazpi – 1 st Governor General of the Philippines
• Guido de Lavesares – 2 nd Governor General of the Philippines
• Archbishop Francisco dela Cuesta – 1 st Archbishop- Gov. General
• Cristobal Fellez de Almanza – 1 st Royal Audiencia – Gov. General
• Archbishop Manuel Rojo – Gov. General during the British Colonization
• Narciso Claveria – Surnames of the Filipinos
• Jose Basco Vargas – Tobacco Monopoly
• Jose Lemery e Ibarrola Ney Gonzales – birth of Jose P. Rizal
• Carlos Maria Dela Torre – Introduced the Liberalism in the Philippines
• Fernando Primo de Rivera – signed the Biakna-Bato Pact
• Emilio y Terrero – read the Noli Me Tangere open minded
• Eulogio Despujol – He ordered the exile of Jose P. Rizal
• Ramon Blanco – declared the Matial Law in 8 Provinces
• Camilo de Polavieja – ordered the death sentence of Rizal
• Diego delos Rios - Last Governor General

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
POST-ASSESSMENT 8
Answer the following questions. Use a separate sheet of long bond paper for your answers.
1. Discuss how the Filipino fought against Spanish government?
2. Identify the Spanish Governor Generals of the Philippines.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Learning Task 9: Week No. 10 (November 16-20, 2020)
TOPIC
The First Philippine Republic and Filipino-American War

TOPIC OVERVIEW
The students should be able to learn about Filipino General of the War, American
Invasion, the period of U.S. influence, Philippines as an American Colony, and Our
American Heritage.

DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this task, the students should be able to:

1. explain the American invasion in the Philippines;
2. discuss the strategies used by the Filipinos in fighting against America;
3. identify the generals of war during Spanish and American Occupation; and
4. enumerate the U.S influence in the Philippines.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
PRE-ASSESSMENT 9
Answer the following questions. Use a separate sheet of long bond paper for your answers.
1. Why America colonized the Philippines?
2. How does the Filipino fight United States of America?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
CONTENT DEVELOPMENT
The First Philippine Republic and Filipino-American War
• Malolos Congress
– September 15, 1898
– President of Malolos Congress Pedro Paterno
– Malolos Constitution by Felipe G. Calderon
– Approved by Congress on November 29, 1898

• First Philippine Republic

– January 23, 1899 inauguration of the First Philippine Republic
– Emilio Aguinaldo as First Philippine Government

• Filipino American War

– Private Robert W. Grayson of First Nebraska Volunteers shot and killed a Filipino Soldier at
San Juan Bridge
– First American War on Asian soil
– By winning this was, the US became a world power
– February 05, 1899- American navy bombarded the Filipino positions in Manila
– Filipinos lost ground to the superior forces of US- retreated to provinces
– March 31, 1899 – Malolos captured by Americans, Aguinaldo fled to Pampanga, Nueva Ecija
and to Northern Luzon
– In Negros: Generals Aniceto Lacson and Juan Araneta organized the Republic of Negros –
American Government toppled it
– In Battle of San Mateo Rizal: December 19, 1899 – General Henry C. Lawton killed by Filipino
troops (General Licerio Geronimo)
– Aguinaldo ordered the Filipinos to fight a guerilla warfare, Filipino forces were divided into
small groups – Capture of Aguinaldo: Palanan, Isabela by General Frederick Funston on
March 23, 1901 and Aguinaldo was taken to Manila and took his oath of allegiance to the US
on April 16, 1902
– Miguel Malvar fought on Batangas until April 16, 1902
– Macario Sakay – try to establish Republic of Southern Tagalog
– Simeon Ola of Albay Province gave up on September 25, 1903

Filipino General of the War

• Antonio Luna – Luzon
• Tomas Mascarado, Maximo Hizon and Sevillano Aquino in Central Luzon
• Miguel Malvar in Batangas
• Juan Cailles in Laguna
• Mariano Trias in Cavite
• Paciano Rizal, Pantaleon Garcia and Artemio Ricarte in Luzon
• Vito Belarmino and Jose Paua in Bicol
• Martin Delgado, Teresa and the Magbanua brothers (Pascual and Elias) in Ilo-ilo
• Vicente Lucban in Samar
• Simeon Ola in Albay
• Gregorio del Pilar - Tirad Pass

The American Invasion

In August 1896, Spanish friars uncovered evidence of the Katipunan’s plans, and its leaders
were forced into premature action. Revolts broke out in several provinces around Manila. After
months of fighting, severe Spanish retaliation forced the revolutionary armies to retreat to the
hills. In December 1897 a truce was concluded with the Spanish. Emilio Aguinaldo, a municipal
mayor and commander of the rebel forces, was paid a large sum and was allowed to go to Hong
Kong with other leaders; the Spanish promised reforms as well. But reforms were slow in
coming, and small bands of rebels, distrustful of Spanish promises, kept their arms; clashes
grew more frequent.
Meanwhile, war had broken out between Spain and the United States (the Spanish-American
War). After the U.S. naval victory in the Battle of Manila Bay in May 1898, Aguinaldo and his
entourage returned to the Philippines with the help of Adm. George Dewey. Confident of U.S.
support, Aguinaldo reorganized his forces and soon liberated several towns south of Manila.
Independence was declared on June 12 (now celebrated as Independence Day). In September
a constitutional congress met in Malolos, north of Manila, which drew up a fundamental law
derived from European and Latin American precedents. A government was formed on the basis
of that constitution in January 1899, with Aguinaldo as president of the new country, popularly
known as the “Malolos Republic.”

Meanwhile, U.S. troops had landed in Manila and, with important Filipino help, forced the
capitulation in August 1898 of the Spanish commander there. The Americans, however, would
not let Filipino forces enter the city. It was soon apparent to Aguinaldo and his advisers that
earlier expressions of sympathy for Filipino independence by Dewey and U.S. consular officials
in Hong Kong had little significance. They felt betrayed.

U.S. commissioners to the peace negotiations in Paris had been instructed to demand from
Spain the cession of the Philippines to the United States; such cession was confirmed with the
signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. Ratification followed in the U.S. Senate
in February 1899, but with only one vote more than the required two-thirds. Arguments of
“manifest destiny” could not overwhelm a determined anti-imperialist minority.

By the time the treaty was ratified, hostilities had already broken out between U.S. and Filipino
forces. Since Filipino leaders did not recognize U.S. sovereignty over the islands and U.S.
commanders gave no weight to Filipino claims of independence, the conflict was inevitable. It
took two years of counterinsurgency warfare and some wise conciliatory moves in the political
arena to break the back of the nationalist resistance. Aguinaldo was captured in March 1901
and shortly thereafter appealed to his countrymen to accept U.S. rule.

The Filipino revolutionary movement had two goals, national and social. The first goal,
independence, though realized briefly, was frustrated by the American decision to continue
administering the islands. The goal of fundamental social change, manifest in the nationalization
of friar lands by the Malolos Republic, was ultimately frustrated by the power and resilience of
entrenched institutions. Share tenants who had rallied to Aguinaldo’s cause, partly for economic
reasons, merely exchanged one landlord for another. In any case, the proclamation of a republic
in 1898 had marked the Filipinos as the first Asian people to try to throw off European colonial
rule.

The period of U.S. influence

The juxtaposition of U.S. democracy and imperial rule over a subject people was sufficiently
jarring to most Americans that, from the beginning, the training of Filipinos for self-government
and ultimate independence—the Malolos Republic was conveniently ignored—was an essential
rationalization for U.S. hegemony in the islands. Policy differences between the two main
political parties in the United States focused on the speed with which self-government should be
extended and the date on which independence should be granted.
In 1899 Pres. William McKinley sent to the Philippines a five-person fact-
finding commission headed by Cornell University president Jacob G. Schurman. Schurman
reported back that Filipinos wanted ultimate independence, but this had no immediate impact on
policy. McKinley sent out the Second Philippine Commission in 1900, under William Howard
Taft; by July 1901 it had established civil government.

In 1907 the Philippine Commission, which had been acting as both legislature and governor-
general’s cabinet, became the upper house of a bicameral body. The new 80-member
Philippine Assembly was directly elected by a somewhat restricted electorate from single-
member districts, making it the first elective legislative body in Southeast Asia. When Gov.-
Gen. Francis B. Harrison appointed a Filipino majority to the commission in 1913, the American
voice in the legislative process was further reduced.

Harrison was the only governor-general appointed by a Democratic president in the first 35
years of U.S. rule. He had been sent by Woodrow Wilson with specific instructions to prepare
the Philippines for ultimate independence, a goal that Wilson enthusiastically supported. During
Harrison’s term, a Democratic-controlled Congress in Washington, D.C., hastened to fulfill long-
standing campaign promises to the same end. The Jones Act, passed in 1916, would have fixed
a definite date for the granting of independence if the Senate had had its way, but the House
prevented such a move. In its final form the act merely stated that it was the “purpose of the
people of the United States” to recognize Philippine independence “as soon as a stable
government can be established therein.” Its greater importance was as a milestone in the
development of Philippine autonomy. Under Jones Act provisions, the commission was
abolished and was replaced by a 24-member Senate, almost wholly elected. The electorate was
expanded to include all literate males.

Some substantial restrictions on Philippine autonomy remained, however. Defense and foreign
affairs remained exclusive U.S. prerogatives. American direction of Philippine domestic affairs
was exercised primarily through the governor-general and the executive branch of insular
government. There was little more than one decade of thoroughly U.S. administration in the
islands, however—too short a time in which to establish lasting patterns. Whereas Americans
formed 51 percent of the civil service in 1903, they were only 29 percent in 1913 and 6 percent
in 1923. By 1916 Filipino dominance in both the legislative and judicial branches of government
also served to restrict the U.S. executive and administrative roles.

By 1925 the only American left in the governor-general’s cabinet was the secretary of public
instruction, who was also the lieutenant governor-general. This is one indication of the high
priority given to education in U.S. policy. In the initial years of U.S. rule, hundreds of
schoolteachers came from the United States. But Filipino teachers were trained so rapidly that
by 1927 they constituted nearly all of the 26,200 teachers in public schools. The school
population expanded fivefold in a generation; education consumed half of governmental
expenditures at all levels, and educational opportunity in the Philippines was greater than in any
other colony in Asia.

As a consequence of this pedagogical explosion, literacy doubled to nearly half in the 1930s,

and educated Filipinos acquired a common language and a linguistic key to Western civilization.
By 1939 some one-fourth of the population could speak English, a larger proportion than for any
of the native dialects. Perhaps more important was the new avenue of upward social
mobility that education offered. Educational policy was the only successful U.S. effort to
establish a sociocultural basis for political democracy.

American attempts to create equality of economic opportunity were more modest and less
successful. In a predominantly agricultural country the pattern of landownership is crucial. The
trend toward greater concentration of ownership, which began in the 19th century, continued
during the American period, despite some legal barriers. Vast American-owned plantations were
forestalled, but legal restrictions had little effect on those politically well-connected Filipinos who
were intent on amassing fortunes. The percentage of farmers under share tenancy doubled
between 1900 and 1935, and the frustration of the tenants erupted in three small rebellions in
central Luzon during the 1920s and ’30s.

Nor was U.S. trade policy conducive to the diffusion of economic power. From 1909 the Payne-
Aldrich Tariff Act allowed free entry of Philippine products into the U.S. market, at the same time
U.S. products, mostly manufactured, were exempted from tariff in the Philippines. The free flow
of U.S. imports was a powerful deterrent to Philippine industrial growth. Export agriculture,
especially sugar, prospered in the protected U.S. market. Owners of mills and large plantations
profited most, thus reinforcing the political dominance of the landed elite.

American preparation of the Philippines for democratic self-government suffered from

an inherent contradiction, perhaps not recognized at the time. Transferring governmental
responsibility to those capable of undertaking it was not consistent with building a social and
economic base for political democracy. Self-government meant, of necessity, assumption of
power by those Filipinos who were already in positions of leadership in society. But those men
came for the most part from the landed elite; preservation of their political and economic
position was incompatible with equalizing opportunity. Even the expansion of an educated
middle class did not necessarily result in a transformation of the pattern of power. Most middle-
class aspirants for political leadership adjusted to the values and the practices of the existing
power elite.

Filipino leaders quickly and skillfully utilized the opportunities for self-government that the
Americans opened to them. The Filipino political genius was best reflected in an extralegal
institution—the political party. The first party, the Federal Party, was U.S.-backed and stressed
cooperation with the overlords, even to the point of statehood for the Philippines. But when
openly nationalist appeals were allowed in the 1907 election, the Nacionalista Party, advocating
independence, won overwhelmingly. The Federalists survived with a new name, Progressives,
and a new platform, ultimate independence after social reform. But neither the Progressives nor
their successors in the 1920s, the Democrats, ever gained more than one-third of the seats in
the legislature. The Nacionalista Party under the leadership of Manuel Quezon and Sergio
Osmeña dominated Philippine politics from 1907 until independence.

More significant than the competition between the Nacionalistas and their opposition was the
continuing rivalry between Quezon and Osmeña. In fact, understanding this personality conflict
provides more insight into the realities of prewar Philippine politics than any examination of
policy or ideology.

In 1933 the U.S. Congress passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act, which set a date for Philippine
independence. The act was a fulfillment of the vague pledge in the Jones Act; it was also
responsive to the demands of a series of “independence missions” sent to Washington by the
Philippine legislature. But this unprecedented transfer of sovereignty was decided upon in the
dark days of the Great Depression of the 1930s—and with the help of some incongruous allies.
The Depression had caused American farm interests to look desperately for relief, and those
who suffered real or imaginary hurt from the competition of Philippine products sought to
exclude those products. They had already failed in a direct attempt to amend the tariff on
Philippine imports but found that the respectable cloak of the advocacy of independence
increased the effectiveness of their efforts. Tied to independence was the end of free entry into
American markets of Philippine sugar, coconut oil, rope, and other less important items. That
those economic interests were able to accomplish what they did is partly explainable by the fact
that their political clout was great compared with that of the small group of American traders and
investors in the Philippines.

The Philippine legislature rejected the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act, apparently as a result of the
Osmeña-Quezon feud, much to the displeasure of American officialdom. But, when Quezon
came to Washington the following year to work for a new bill, the same alliance of forces in the
U.S. Congress obliged by producing the almost identical Tydings-McDuffie Act. Endorsed by
Quezon and accepted with alacrity by the Manila legislature, it provided for a 10-year
commonwealth during which the U.S. would retain jurisdiction over defense and foreign affairs.
Filipinos were to draft their own constitution, subject to the approval of the U.S. president.

A constitutional convention was quickly elected and a constitution (which bore a strong

resemblance to its U.S. model) framed and approved by plebiscite and by Pres. Franklin D.
Roosevelt. The last governor-general, Frank Murphy, became the first high commissioner, with
more of a diplomatic than a governing role. The commonwealth was inaugurated on November
15, 1935. The Nacionalista Party patched up its internal quarrels and nominated Quezon for
president and Osmeña for vice president. They were elected overwhelmingly.

The commonwealth period was intended to be devoted to preparation for economic and political
independence and perfection of democratic institutions. But even before the tragic events of
World War II, the transition did not run smoothly.

Philippines as an American Colony

• Philippine Territory in American Times:

– The island archipelagos of Marianas, Carolines and Palaus in the South Pacific no longer part
of the Philippines
– Mindanao and Sulu became part of the Philippines (through the Bates Treaty)
– Interior Mountain region of Luzon were also included

• American Policies:
– The Americans said they would ho as soon as the Filipinos could stand on their own as a free
nation.
– Americans were kinder and more generous than other colonial powers
– Filipinos adopted American ways very well (Brown Americans)

• American Colonial Government:

– Military Government (August 14, 1898 – July 04, 1901)
– Gen. Wesley Merrit, Gen. Elwell Otis and Gen. Arthur MacArthur
– Civil Government (July 04, 1901 – August 1902)
– The Philippine Commissions
– Schurman Commission (1899) (Dr. Jacob Schurman)
– Taft Commission (1890-1916) – William Howard Taft – organized the Civil Government in the
Philippines
– Spooner Act – Establishment of Civil Government in the Philippines
• American Governor-General: (1901-1935)
– July 04, 1901 the civil government was inaugurated and William Howard Taft became the first
American Governor-General and Frank Murphy the last
• The Americans shared power with the Filipinos unlike Spanish
• The Americans train our people in democracy and self-rule
• At first Filipinos are only appointed to local government as the war ended Filipinos can
participate and were elected in free elections
• 1901- Cayetano Arellano was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
• 1903- Gregorio Araneta became the first Cabinet Secretary

• Philippine Bill of 1902 or Cooper Law on July 01, 1902 – was passed to create the
Philippine Assembly

• Philippine Assembly:
– July 30, 1907 the first free national elections were held
– Philippine Assembly was inaugurated in Manila Grand Opera House on October 16, 1907 and
Sergio Osmeña was elected as Speaker
– First all-Filipino lawmaking body during the American era
– Helped the Philippine Commission making laws for the colony
– Philippine Commission acted like the upper house and assembly acted as lower house

• Philippine Legislature:
– Inaugurated at Manila on October 16, 1616
– 2 Houses; the House of Representative and Senate
– Manuel L. Quezon Elected as Senate President
– Sergio Osmeña elected as House Speaker

Significant Laws acted under America

• Kiram-Bates Treaty – sovereignty of US over the whole archipelago of Sulu and its
dependences is acknowledge
• Payne-Aldrich Act (1909) –partial free trade of US and Philippines
• Underwood Simons Tariff Law – allowing an open trade between the Philippines and Us
(October 13, 1913)
• Reconcentration Act – provided for the zoning of inhabitants of a town known to have thieves/
outlaws
• Sedition Law (1901) – provided that Filipino advocating independence or separation from US
would be punished severely by death or imprisonment
• Brigandage Act – proving for severe penalty those who steal carabao
• Gabaldon Act/ Law – Establishment of Barrio schools (Isauro Gabaldon)

Economic Progress under America

• New Land Policy
– Friar lands were resold to Filipino farmers
– Taft colonial administration bought these friar lands and resold to the Filipino farmers
– Homestead Act in 1924 allowed any Filipino to own up to 24 hectares of public land – All lands
had to be registered and their owners got Torrens titles

• Agricultural Increase
– 1902 the Bureau of Agriculture became the first government agency in the new American
Colony
– 1903 the American Congress sent a $3 million emergency fund to support rice and carabaos
from other Asian countries
– Modern farm tools from US were introduced

• Free Trade with America

– Philippine products, copra, sugar, cigars hemp, etc. were sold to the Americans
– American products, cars, radios, appliances, cigarettes, etc. were bought by the Filipinos

• New Industries
– Manila and other cities and towns sprang up hundreds of factories to make coconut oil, cigars
and cigarettes, sugar rope and textiles
– Mining and fishing became big industries
– Household cottage industries also boomed
– Developed the coconut and hemp industries
– Tobacco were also developed
• Improvement of Transportation and Communications
– Automobile, electric street car, airplane, telephone, wireless telegraph, radio and movie were
introduced
– American developed our railroads in Luzon, Cebu and Panay
– Pier 7 in Manila became the largest port in Asia
– Manila became the center of air travel in Asia
– The Kennon Road opened Baguio and the Mountain Province to travel

• New Banks
– 1906 Postal Saving Bank was opened
– Philippine National Bank established in 1906

• Economic Problems
– We sold our raw materials cheap and bought expensive manufactured goods from America
– Colonial Mentality became worse
– Labor and peasant unrest spread in the 1920’s and 1930’s
– The world depression hit the poor masses worst of all
– American capitalists and businessmen controlled the new companies

• Significant American Administrators

– Wesley Merritt – 1 st American Military Governor
– Arthur MacArthur – last American Military Governor
– William Howard Taft – 1 st American Civil Governor
– Frank Murphy – Last American Civil Governor/ 1ST High Commissioner
– Paul V. McNutt - last High Commissioner

Our American Heritage

• Religious Freedom
– Filipinos became free to choose their own religion
– American Influences: Methodists, Baptists, Episcopalian, Pentecostals, etc.
– Filipinized Catholicism: Isabelo delos Reyes and Gregorio Aglipay
– Philippine Independent Church (Alipayananism)
– Felix Manalo of Iglesia ni Cristo (1914)

• Free Education
– All children could study in schools
– The brightest children from poor families could go as far as university
– First American Teachers are soldiers
– 1901, the first batch of professional teachers came from the US onboard the US Army Ship
Thomas - Thomasites

• Better Health
– Filipinos enjoyed better health and hygiene
– Death rate fell/ Americans introduced the use of the flush toilet

• English Language
– Filipinos learned the English Language
– English became the official language of the government and business
– Filipinos adopted the names like John, Bobby, Mary, Lily, Rosie, Mark
– New Filipino writers mastered the English Language: Carlos P. Romulo
– won the Pulitzer Prize for Journalism 1942

• Free Press
– 1930’s the Philippines had fastest press in Asia
– Filipino journalists championed independence and reported freely about the government
– Manuel L. Quezon founded The Philippine Herald (1920)
– Ramon Roces founded the “The Graphic”
– Sergio Osmeña – Nuevo Diaz in Cebu (1900)
– Rafael Palma and Teodoro Kalaw – El Renacimiento
– Alejandro Roces, Sr. - La Vanguardia

• Diet and Dress

– Cornflakes, oat meal, ham, egg sandwiches, hamburgers, hot dogs, pan americano, tomato
catsup, mayonnaise, beefsteak, apple pie, ice cream and chewing gum
– Men worn trousers with belt and suspenders, polo shirts and tennis shoes
– Women dressed in fancy hats, shirt and blouse, high heeled shoes, silk stockings and make-
up

• Democratic Family and Social Classes

– Old customs of addressing elders with “po”, “opo”, “ate”, “kuya” or kissing the hands of parents
and elders (mano po) – were gone
– Uses “hi” in greetings
– Filipinos celebrating holidays like 4th of July, Labor Day, Thanksgiving Day, Halloween, and
Valentine’s Day

• Women’s Rights
– Women enjoyed greater rights (September 17, 1937)
– They were free to work in an office, study with men in co-ed schools and date without
chaperones
– First Asian women vote and hold public office were the Filipinas in 1937

• Recreations
– Basketball, baseball, football, volleyball, calisthenics, boxing, billiards, poker, bowling, tennis
and badminton

• Movies and Entertainment

– First Movie house Cine Rizal (1903) at Tondo, Manila
– Cine Ideal (Roces brothers) in 1903
– First local film “La Vida de Dr. Rizal” by Edward Meyer Gross
– Zarzuela and Mor-moro replaced by Vodavil/ vaudeville

• Music and Dance

– American Jazz
– Boogie-woogie
– Fox trot

• Houses
– Small apartments
– New bungalows, chalets, two story concrete houses and earthquake proof building were built

• Arts
– Guillermo Tolentino

• Freedom Theater and Literature

– Tagalog zarzuelas became popular like Tanikalang Ginto of Juan Abad and Kahapon, Ngayon
at Bukas by Aurelio Tolentino
– “Bayan ko” also popular
– Amado V. Hernandez
– Lope K. Santos Banaag at Sikat (1935)

• Peasant Revolts and the Communist Party

– There were peasant revolt in Nueva Ecija, Ili-ilo, Negro Occidental, Pangasinan, Laguna and
Bulacan
– Sakdalista lead by Benigno Ramos – May 02, 1935
– All revolt failed
– The Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) was founded in Manila by Crisanto Evangelista
on August 26, 1930

• Political Campaign for Independence

– Jones Law (1916) granted independence as soon as a stable government be establish therein
– With 3 branches of Government, Bill of Rights and Council of State (Wilson Admin)
– 1932 American Congress passed the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law (HHC)
– It was the first Philippine Independence Law passed by the United States (thru the initiative of
Os-Rox Mission)
– It was now approved by the Philippine Legislature
– It was rejected by Philippine Legislature on October 17, 1933
--Tydings-McDuffie Law (1934) signed by FD Roosevelt with revision from HareHawes-Cutting
Law
– Retention naval reservation and fueling stations
– Drafting a new constitution

• The 1935 Philippine Constitution

– July 10, 1934 202 delegates were elected to a constitutional convention
– Claro M. Recto as the President of the Convention
– February 8, 1935 the new constitution was approved by the majority of the delegates
– March 23, 1935 Pres. FD Roosevelt signed the Philippine Constitution
– May 4, 1935 Filipino people ratified the constitution

• The Commonwealth of the Philippines

– A semi-independent (autonomous) government of Filipinos under American Colony
– September 17, 1935 first national election under Commonwealth Government
– Manuel L. Quezon, Emilio Aguinaldo and Bishop Gregorio Aglipay run for the presidency
– Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña elected as President and Vice-President respectively
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

POST-ASSESSMENT 9
Answer the following questions. Use a separate sheet of long bond paper for your answers.
1. Identify the Generals of War during Spanish and American Occupation.
2. What are the influence of U.S.A. in the Philippines?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Learning Task 10; Week No.11 (November 23-27, 2020)
TOPIC
Japanese Invasion

TOPIC OVERVIEW
The students should be able to learn about the Commonwealth exile, fall of Bataan
and Corregidor, Death March, Japanese military occupation, Liberation of Philippines,
and the end of second World War.

DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the course, the students should be able to:
1. explain the Japanese invasion in the Philippines;
2. discuss how the Filipino and America fought against Japan and
3. evaluate the commonwealth exile.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
PRE-ASSESSMENT 10
Answer the question and use a separate sheet of long bond paper for your answers.
1. How Japan colonized the Pacific?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
World War II - Japanese Invasion
• Second World War was the war between the allied nations (US, Britain, China, France and
Union Soviet) and the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan)
• It started in Europe when Adolf Hitler troops attacked on September 1, 1939
• December 08, 1941 (Pacific Time) Japan made a sneak attacks on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii,
United States
• Few hours later, Japanese fighter planes appeared in Philippine skies
• They bombed Davao City, Tuguegarao, Baguio, Iba, Tarlac, and Clark Air Field
• Manila and Nichols (Villamor Airbase) bombed
• Japanese troops landed in Aparri and Vigan in Northern Luzon, at Legaspi in Bicol, Davao City
in Mindanao and Lingayen in Tayabas Luzon
• General Douglas MacArthur, the commander of US Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE),
could not stop the Japanese invasion

Japanese aggression in China prompted much attention to military preparedness. Nearly one-

fourth of the national budget was devoted to defense. Gen. Douglas MacArthur, retiring as army
chief of staff in Washington, was called by President Quezon to direct plans and preparations.
Meanwhile, agrarian unrest festered, and leftist political activity grew. Quezon pushed significant
reform legislation through the National Assembly, but implementation was feeble, despite the
rapid accumulation of power in his hands.

• The Commonwealth in Exile

– President Roosevelt wired Pres. Quezon to escape to the United States
– President Quezon, his family, and War Cabinet secretly left Corregidor by submarine on
February 20, 1942 to October 3, 1944, the Commonwealth Government went in Exile at
Washington, DC
– President Quezon died of illness on August 1, 1944 and he was succeeded by Vice President
Osmeña • I Shall Return
– General Douglas MacArthur was also ordered to leave by Pres. Roosevelt
– But when he landed in Australia on March 17, 1942, MacArthur told to the world “I shall return”

• The Fall of Bataan and Corregidor

– Bataan: April 09, 1942 headed by Gen. Eduard P. King – Corregidor: May 06, 1942 headed by
Gen. Jonathan Wainwright – Visayas and Mindanao: May 10, 1942 headed by Gen. William
Sharp.

The Japanese attack of the Philippines on December 8, 1941, came at a time when the U.S.
military buildup had hardly begun. Their advance was rapid; before Christmas, Manila was
declared an “open city,” while Quezon and Osmeña were evacuated to MacArthur’s
headquarters on Corregidor Island. Despite a desire, at one point, to return to Manila in order to
surrender, Quezon was persuaded to leave the Philippines in March 1942 on a U.S. submarine;
he was never to return. Osmeña also went. Filipino and American forces, under Gen. Jonathan
M. Wainwright, surrendered in May. An Executive Commission made up of more than 30
members of the old Filipino political elite had been cooperating with Japanese military
authorities in Manila since January.

• Death March
– One of the cruelest atrocities by the Japanese
– Some 62,000 Filipino soldiers and 11,000 American troops were forced to March from 7 to 11
days without food, water or medicine
– They marched 120 kilometers from Mariveles, Bataan to Camp O’Donnell in Capas, Tarlac

• Japanese Military Occupation

– January 2, 1942 to July 5, 1945
– January 3, 1942- the Japanese Military Administration was set up in Manila
– Head by General Yoshihida Hayashi and General Takazi Wachi
– Japanese declared Martial Law
– Imposed curfew black-outs, rationing and censorship
– They punished Filipinos for any hostile acts against Japanese soldiers
– One Japanese is equivalent to 10 Filipinos
– They banned the shortwave radio so we could not hear news from abroad
– They circulated money with Japanese script
– They called this as “Mickey Mouse Money”
The Executive Commission lasted until September 1943, when it was superseded by an
“independent Philippine Republic.” The president, chosen by the Japanese, was José Laurel,
former associate justice of the commonwealth Supreme Court and the only Filipino to hold an
honorary degree from Tokyo Imperial University. More than half of the commonwealth Senate
and more than one-third of the House served at one time in the Japanese-sponsored regime.
Yet collaboration with Japan was neither as willing nor as widespread as elsewhere in
Southeast Asia.

Even before the fall of Bataan Peninsula to the Japanese in April 1942, guerrilla units were
forming throughout the Philippines. Most were led by middle-class officers and were
enthusiastically pro-United States; in central Luzon, however, a major force was the
Hukbalahap, which, under communist leadership, capitalized on earlier agrarian unrest. Though
in a number of instances collaborators secretly assisted guerrillas, many guerrillas in the hills
were bitter against those who appeared to benefit from the occupation. The differences between
the two groups became an important factor in early postwar politics.

Soon after the U.S. landings on Leyte in October 1944, commanded by MacArthur, civil
government was returned to the commonwealth, at least in name. Sergio Osmeña, who had
become president in exile on the death of Quezon in August, had few resources to deal with the
problems at hand, however. Osmeña’s role was complicated by the fact that MacArthur chose to
lionize Manuel A. Roxas, a leading collaborator who had also been in contact with U.S. military
intelligence. As president of the Senate, Roxas became, in effect, MacArthur’s candidate for
president. Roxas was nominated in January 1946 in a separate convention of the “liberal wing”
of the Nacionalista Party, as it was first called. Thus was born the Philippines’ second major
political party, the Liberals.

Osmeña, though he had the advantages of incumbency, was old and tired and did not fully use
the political tools he possessed. In April Roxas was elected by a narrow margin. The following
month he was inaugurated as the last chief executive of the commonwealth, and on July 4,
1946, when the Republic of the Philippines was proclaimed, he became its first president.

• Propaganda War
– Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (Kalibapi) agency of Japanese propaganda
– The only political party allowed during Japanese Occupation

• The Collaborators
– Most Filipinos had to collaborate with the Japanese during the war
– Japanese controlled food, medicine and other supplies
– Makapili – Makabayang Katipunan ng mga Pilipino

• Guerilla Warfare
– Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon (HukBaLaHap/ Huks) Headed by Luis Taruc

• Japanese Atrocities
– Deaths of Filipino Soldiers and Civilians: 1,111,998
– Damage to property, goods and services: USD 6,411,732,000
– Murder, torture and rape of civilians
– Looting, burning and destruction of property
– Rape, sex slaves
– Cruel Kempeitai (Japanese Military Police)

• Liberation of the Philippines

– October 20, 1944 the American liberation forces landed in Palo, Leyte with 650 ships and four
army divisions
– Gen. MacArthur retuned as he promised
– New US Air Force fighter planes shot down the Japanese kamikaze pilots
– The US Navy won the big battle of Leyte Gulf on October 23-26, 1944
– February 1945 the Battle in Manila ended and liberated the City on February 23, 1945
– July 05, 1945 General MacArthur announced the liberation of the Philippines

• End of the Second World War

– May 7, 1945 the war in Europe ended
– Germany surrendered to the Allied Forces (V-E Day in Europe)
– August 06, 1945 the first atomic bomb was dropped at Hiroshima
– August 09, 1945 another atomic bomb dropped in Nagasaki
– Japanese surrendered on August 15, 1945 – V-J Day

• Restoration of the Commonwealth

– February 22, 1945 – President Osmeña installed at Malacañan Palace after the liberation of
Manila

• Japanese Administrators
– Masaharu Homma – 1 st Japanese Military Governor
– Tomoyoki Yamashita – Last Japanese Military Governor
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
POST-ASSESSMENT 10
Answer the following questions. Use a separate sheet of long bond paper for your answers.
1. Discuss how the Filipino and America fought the Japanese forces?
2. Explain the Commonwealth exile.
 NORZAGARAY COLLEGE
Municipal Compound, Brgy. Puoblacion
Norzagaray, Bulacan

MIDTERM EXAMINATION IN HISTORY

Direction: Read the questions before you answer. Avoid erasures and follow instructions carefully.
Name:________________________ Date:_______________
Year & Section;_________________
Test I. Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the 14. _________________ (1663) – Modification of
correct answer. Christianity.
15. _________________ (1807) – Government
1. They are made up of the kinship of the ancient imposition of the monopoly on wine (basi).
datus, nobility, encomenderos, teachers and other 16. _________________ (1687-1588) – Objective: To
professionals and local officials. regain freedom from Spain lead by Magat Salamat,
a. Middle Class b. Principalia Agustin de Legaspi, Juan Banal, Pedro Balingit.
c. Chinese Mestizos d. Insulares 17. _________________ (1595)– Objective:
Disillusionment with Spanish rule and Opposition of
2. They are mixed races of Chinese, Filipino and Tribute (Tuguegarao, Cagayan)
Spanish. 18. ______________ (1543) – Objective: Restoration
a. Chinese Mestizos b. Middle Class of Barangaic Political Set-up lead by Pedro Ladia.
c. Timawa d. Insulares 19. ______________ (1660-1661) – Objective: To
free and Independent from Spain and Force Labor
3. They are Filipinos who studied abroad. (Pampanga) – Francisco Maniago/ Cavite Filipino
a. Middle Class b. Principalia Revolts
c. Illustrados d. Peninsulares 20. ______________ (1660-1661) – Causes: Spanish
Oppressive impositions, Force Labor (Andres
4. They are pure Spanish blood born in Spain. Malong) - Pangasinan
a. Middle Class b. Principalia 21. ______________ (1622) - Disillusionment with
c. Illustrados d. Peninsulares Spanish rule / Religious (Leyte)
22. _____________ (1649-1650) –Defiance of the
5. They are pure Spanish Blood born in the order given by Gov. General Fajardo (Agustin
Philippines. Sumuroy) - Cavite
a. Middle Class b. Principalia 23. ______________ (Ilocos) Force Labor, Expulsion
c. Timawa d. Insulares of Spaniards and Spanish Mestizos – lead by Diego
and Gabriela Silang
6. They are ordinary Filipino during Spanish Colonial 24. ______________ (1762-1764) – lead by Juan
period and also called freemen. Dela Cruz Palaris, end the payment of tributes
a. Chinese Mestizos b. Principalia (Pangasinan)
c. Timawa d. Insulares 25. ______________ (1601) – Opposition to the
attempts of the Spaniards to convert them to
7. The Filipinos from 16 to 60 years old were forced Christianity
to work for the government. At first, it lasted for 40
days and reduced to 15 days in 1884. B. Women of the Revolution
a. Bandala b. Polo 26.__________________– Mother of the Biak-na-
c. Encomienda d. Tribute Bato.
27.__________________– Florence Nightingale of
8. The money from the tribute upon certain Panay.
conquered territory. It was given by the King to a 28. __________________– Heroine of Jaro, Ilo-ilo.
Spanish conquistador as reward for his services. 29. __________________-- sewed the Philippine
1591 there were 267 encomiendas in the Philippines. National Flag.
a. Bandala b. Polo 30. __________________– Grand old Woman of
c. Encomienda d. Tribute Balintawak, Mother of Katipunan.
31.__________________ – Joan of Arc of Cavite.
9. This was the residence tax. Each family paid one 32.___________________ – Joan of Arc of Santa
peso per year. A single person paid one-half peso. It Cruz, Laguna.
can be paid in Cash or in good. It was replaced in
1884 by Cedula Tax.
a. Bandala b. Polo
c. Encomienda d. Tribute 33. __________________– Joan of Arc of Visayas.

10. An indirect tax imposed on the Filipino farmers
who were required to sell their products to the
government.
a. Bandala b. Polo
c. Encomienda d. Tribute
Test II. Identification. Identify the following;
A. Filipino Rvolts
11. _______________ (1621) – Revolted against
Encomenderos and government officials.
12. _______________ (1621-1622) – Religious
motive (Bohol).
13. _________________1744-1829) – Francisco
Dagohoy – refusal of Father Gaspar Morales friar
curate of the town of Bohol to give Christian burial
to the brother of Francisco Dagohoy.
C. Spanish Governor Generals of the Philippines
34._________________- 1 st Archbishop- Gov.
General.
35._________________- 1 st Governor General of
the Philippines.
36. ________________- Introduced the Liberalism in
the Philippines.
37._________________- Last Governor General.
38._________________- He read the Noli Me
Tangere open minded.
39._________________- He signed the Biakna-Bato
Pact.
40._________________- 2nd Governor General of
the Philippines.
Test III. Enumeration. Enumerate the following:
A. Periodicals of Revolution
41.________________________
42.________________________
43.________________________
44.________________________
45.________________________

B. Filipino General of the War during Spanish and

American Occupation

46._______________________
47._______________________
48._______________________
49._______________________
50._______________________

C. Significant American Administrators

51.______________________
52.______________________
53.______________________
54.______________________
55.______________________

D. Significant Laws acted under America

56.______________________
57.______________________
58.______________________
59.______________________
60.______________________

Test IV. Essay. Discuss the following:

61-70. What are the Influences of America in the
Philippines? Give 5 examples.

71-80. Discuss Japanese Military Occupation

Prepared by:

Paul Mark B. Cajayon

Instructor

Noted by:

Maria Vanessa S. Mendoza, MBA

Dean, College of Hospitality Management