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Lecture 05: The Writing Process

NOTE-MAKING ( ANNOTATING )

To get the most out of the time that you spend reading, it is essential to develop effective note-making skills.
Good notes can help you to:
 organise your ideas  think critically about what you read
 keep focused while reading  analyse a text
 keep a record of what you read so you can  engage more effectively with what you read
locate it again  draw links to other research
 keep a record of what you thought while you  draw conclusions
are reading  highlight areas you need to develop further

NOTE-TAKING

Note-taking is the practice of recording information coming from another source such as a speaker or a written text.
Note-taking is not just about writing down everything one hears or reads. It is a process of reviewing, connecting,
and synthesizing ideas from a lecture or a text.

FIVE R’s OF NOTE-TAKING


1. Record: During the lecture, write all meaningful information legibly.
2. Reduce: After the lecture, write a summary of the ideas and facts using key words as cue words.
3. Recite: Without looking at your notes or the text, recite all the information in your own words.
4. Reflect: Think about your own opinions and ideas as you read over your notes. Raise questions, then try to
answer them. Record these original ideas, review them regularly, and use them when answering exam
questions, during class discussions, & when writing papers.
5. Review: Before reading or studying a new material, take ten minutes to review your older notes. Skim over
the main ideas and details. This will enhance your retention of old material while adding new material to your
memory. - Pauk, W. (1989). How to Study in College (4th Ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin

TIPS IN RECOGNIZING IMPORTANT POINTS IN A LECTURE:


º Listen well to the overview of the main points in the Introductory Remarks.
º Anticipate signal words & phrases: “There are four main types of…,” “To sum up…,” or “A major reason
why…”
º Repeated words or concepts are often important.
º Anticipate non-verbal cues like pointing gestures and vocal emphasis that indicate important points.
º Pay attention to the final remarks that often provide a summary of the important points of the lecture.

PRACTICAL STEPS TO IMPROVE NOTE-TAKING IN CLASS:


º When listening to conceptual information, focus on the main points the professor makes, rather than writing
down every word the professor says.
º When listening to factual information, transcribe most of the lecture verbatim.
º Jot down keywords, dates, names, etc. that you can later go back to define or explain.
º Make your notes concise by using abbreviations, symbols, bullets, and phrases.
º Write visually clear and structured notes that you can easily read and make sense later.
º Write down your questions, comments, or reactions that you want to follow-up on later after the lecture.
º Be consistent with the structure of your notes.

OUTLINE

An outline is a skeletal framework or a map of a reading material, an essay, etc. It shows what information
each section or paragraph will contain, and in what order. It is a tool used to organize written ideas about a
topic or thesis into a logical order. Outlines arrange major topics, subtopics, and supporting details. Writers use
outlines when writing their papers to know which topic to cover, and in what order

IMPORTANCE OF OUTLINING IN WRITING


If the outline would be written first before the essay, the outline serves as a guide. It allows a writer to
categorize the main points, to organize the paragraphs into an order that makes sense, and to make sure that
each paragraph/idea can be fully developed. Essentially, an outline helps prevent a writer from getting stuck
when performing the actual writing of the essay.

TYPES OF OUTLINE
1. Topic Outline – provides a quick overview of topics in an essay; uses words, phrases, and clauses
2. Sentence Outline – type of outline wherein the thesis statement and the topic sentence of each
supporting paragraph are fully written out

OUTLINE LEVELS & DESIGNATIONS


1
The Basic Form on an outline is this :
º The major ideas or the 1st level ideas are designated with capital Roman numbers.
º The 2nd level ideas or the sub-points indented and are designated with capital letters.
º Sub-points under the capital letters or the 3rd level ideas, are indented & designated w/ Arabic numbers.
º The 4th level ideas are indented and designated with small letters
º The 5th level ideas are indented and designated with small Roman numbers

How to Make an Outline


1. Place the thesis statement or the governing idea at the beginning.
2. List the major points that support your thesis. Label them with Roman Numbers.
3. List supporting ideas for each major point.
4. If applicable, continue to sub-divide each supporting idea until the outline is fully developed.

Rules in Making an Outline


1. Logical Arrangement
An outline, whether a sentence or a topic outline, is divided into main points and subpoints.
Subpoints always go under the main points of which they are a part and which they support.
I. The executive branch
A. The President
B. The Cabinet
2. Minimum of Two Subpoints Per Outline Level
Do not use single subpoints in an outline. When you divide anything, you always have at least two
parts. Thus, if there is a 2nd level A., there should be a 2nd level B.; a 3rd level 1. should be followed by a
3rd level 2.
If you think that you have only one subtopic, include it in the topic above.
Instead of writing : I. Large, sparsely populated states are hard for salesmen to cover.
A. Montana is one of these states.
II. Small ….
Write : I. Large, sparsely populated states like Montana are hard for salesmen to cover.
II. Small …
3. Consistency in Form
In a topic outline, all entries should be words, phrases, or clauses.
In a sentence outline, all entries should be sentences.
In other words, as much as possible, do not combine words / phrase / dependent clauses with
sentences in an outline.
4. Capitalization
Whether it’s a topic outline ( whose outline entries are words, phrases, and dependent ) or a sentence
outline (whose outline entries are sentences ), always capitalize the first word of each outline entry and
other words that would naturally be capitalized like particular names.
5. Indention and Alignment
Indent and align headings of the same rank.
Designations of the same type should be aligned with one another
ex. all Roman numbers should be aligned with one another, all capital letters should be aligned
with one another , and so on
Corresponding letter designations or number designations should be aligned vertically. If a subtopic is
too long for one line, the second line should line up under the first word of the line above. Do not write
directly under the designation when a line runs over; that is, use hanging indents.

THE WRITING PROCESS

STEP 1: PREWRITING    Write sentences and paragraphs even if they


   Be sure you understand the writing are
assignment. not yet perfectly constructed.
   Decide on a topic to write about.    Read what you have written and check if it
   Consider who will read your work. says
   Brainstorm ideas about the subject / topic. what you mean.
   Write some more.
STEP 2: RESEARCH    Repeat the process of reading and writing
  List places where you can find information. until you’ve said everything you want to say.
   Do your research.
   Make an Outline to help organize your STEP 4: REVISING
research.   Read what you have written again.
   Rearrange words, sentences, or paragraphs.
STEP 3: DRAFTING    Take out or add parts.
  Write the info. you researched into your own words.    Do more research if needed.
2
   Replace overused and unclear words.    Check spelling, capitalization, and
   Read your writing aloud to ensure that the punctuation.
thought flows smoothly.    Change incorrectly used and unclear words.
   Ensure that you are using the required style
STEP 5: EDITING AND PROOFREADING        of
Ensure that all sentences are complete. formatting

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