SPACE RACE

SPACE RACE 1.0 SPACE RACE 2.0 SPACE RACE 3.0

expeditions and settlements on the other planets

and their moons
Began on August 2, 1955
ΚDQN­HMEHMHSX

world viewer
establishing mining and fueling outposts, par-
October 4, 1957, orbiting of Sputnik 1,By ticularly in the asteroid belt.
The Soviet Union
Virgin Galactic
spaceship 2 + white knight 2

July 20, 1969, US landing of the first

humans on the Moon with Apollo 11, Race was space tourism Blue Origin

XCOR Aerospace

in its Peak
Lynx Mark II

Left a legacy of Earth communications and

weather satellites, and continuing human effectively reuse the rockets or space craft like
space presence on the International Space aeroplanes
Station broader space industry, which is worth about $400
Spawned pioneering efforts to launch billion today, will double to $805 billion by 2030
artificial satellites when accounting for these innovations.
In 1966, NASA’s budget represented 4.41
percent of the total federal budget Revolutionizing long distance travel

Launch grows cheaper

Satelite launch cost is set to reduce to one fourth by 2040
No. Of satelites launches

600 80

450 60
Cost of launches

~8% CAGR
300 40

150 20

0 0
2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

2040

Satelite launches Million $\ Launch

Source : Space investment implicaltion of the final frontier a report by Morgan Stanley on November 2017 (Amount in US $)
 mars

moon orbital period - 27 Days

Orbital radius- 3,85,000 km

(HEO)
High Earth orbit

11000 km/h Gravey

ard o
rbits
EO)
rbit (G
o 20 hours
ial
ator
qu
se
(MEO)

ou Galileio
on
chr 15 hours
n Compass Meo Satellites
sy
eo
G

GPS

10 hours Iridium
15000 km/h
Orbital speed
Orbital period

5 hours
Iridium
20000 km/h
Hubble Telescope

ISS
25000 km/h
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Medium Earth orbit

40000 30000 20000 10000 km 10000 20000 30000 km

Radius of orbit
Height Above sea level
Artificial Gravity

10
centrifugal force act as AG
9
.2g
8 .5g
7 1g
6
5

4
3

2
rotation
1

10 100 1000
radius from center(m)
1000
Centripetal force: Unlike real gravity, which pulls towards a center of the planet, 5 1
the centripetal force pushes towards the axis of rotation. For a given angular veloci-
ty the amount of artificial gravity depends linearly on the radius. With a small
radius of rotation, the amount of gravity felt at one's head would be significantly
different from the amount felt at one's feet. This could make movement and changing

0.0
body position awkward. In accordance with the physics involved, slower rotations or

1 g
larger rotational radii would reduce or eliminate this problem. Similarly the linear
Comfort

35
velocity of the habitat should be significantly higher than the relative velocities
with which an astronaut will change position within it. Otherwise moving in the direc- Zone

g
tion of the rotation will increase the felt gravity (while moving in the opposite
direction will decrease it) to the point that it should cause problems.

Rotational 4
100
Radius (m)

6 2
m/
s
ri
m

4 rpm
sp 3
ee
d
10
1 2 3 5 4 0.1 1 10
Angular Velocity (rpm)
 Nautilus-X Case study 1

Nautilus-X (Non-Atmospheric Universal Transport Intended for Lengthy United States

Exploration) rotating wheel space station concept developed by engineers Mark Holder-
man and Edward Henderson of the Technology Applications Assessment Team of NASA.

The concept was first proposed in January, 2011 for long-duration (1 to 24 months)
exo-atmospheric space journeys for a six-person crew. In order to limit the effects
of microgravity on human health, the spacecraft would be equipped with a centrifuge.

The design was intended to be relatively inexpensive by manned spaceflight standards,

as it was projected to only cost US$3.7 billion. In addition, it was suggested that
it might only need 64 months of work

centrifuge

ISS centrifuge demonstration

In order to assess and characterize influences and effects of the centrifuge relative to human reactions,
mechanical dynamic responses and influences, the demonstration of a similar centrifuge first would be
tested on the ISS.

If produced, this centrifuge would have been the first in-space demonstration of sufficient scale for
artificial partial-g effects.[1] The demonstrator would be sent using a single Delta IV or Atlas V launch-
er. The full cost of such a demonstrator would be between US$83 million and US$143 million.
Conceptual space habitate in AG Case study 2

O'Neill cylinders 2001:a space odyssey

Interior view of an O'Neill cylinder A Stanford torus interior

CASE STUDY 3
International Space Station
SATCAT no.-25544
Call sign-Alpha, Station
Crew-Fully crewed: 6

Launch-20 November 1998; 20 years ago

Launch pad-Baikonur 1/5 and 81/23
Kennedy LC-39
Massʲɫɨɰřɮɩɬ‰ſɰɩɬřɪɪɬŽ„ƀ
‡‰–ŠŞɮɩŜɯſɩɪɰˆ–ƀ
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‡‹‰Š–ʲɩɥſɭɭˆ–ƀ
Pressurised volumeŞɰɪɨŜɬɮɪſɪɩřɯɰɯ…—ˆ–ƀ

Atmospheric pressureŞɨɥɨŜɪƒſɩɰŜɰ‹‰ŚɨŜɥƒ–ƀ

PerigeeŞɫɥɯſɩɬɪŜɬ‹ƀ
ApogeeŞɫɨɥſɩɬɫŜɯ‹ƀ
Orbital inclinationŞɬɨŜɭɫʸ
Orbital speedŞɮŜɭɭŵ•
ſɩɮřɭɥɥŵŠŚɨɮřɨɥɥ’Šƀ
Orbital periodŞɰɩŜɭɯ‹—–‡•
Orbits per dayŞɨɬŜɬɫ
Orbit epochŞɨɫƒ›ɩɥɨɰɨɪśɥɰśɩɰƃɪƄ
Days in orbitŞɩɥ›‡ƒ”•řɮ‘–Š•řɨɨ†ƒ›•
ſɨ —Ž›ɩɥɨɰƀ
Days occupiedŞɨɯ›‡ƒ”•řɮ‘–Š•řɩɰ†ƒ›•
ſɨ —Ž›ɩɥɨɰƀ
No. of orbitsŞɨɨɭřɨɮɯƒ•‘ˆƒ›ɩɥɨɰƃɪƄ
Orbital decay-2 km/month
 ‘ˆ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘
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 ‡š–”‡ ‘„‹Ž‡ƒ•‡›•–‡

‘‹• European Robotic Arm ‘„‹Ž‡”ƒ•’‘”–‡”
ſŞɩƀ ſƀ
Zarya
Zvezda FGB
‡”˜‹…‡‘†—Ž‡ Canadarm2 ɥ”—•• ɨ”—••‡‰‡–
‘”–
Şɨ Segment
ɨ”—•• Š‘–‘˜‘Ž–ƒ‹…
‹”•ſŞɨƀ Segment Arrays
Ş ELC-3
Nauka Ž’Šƒƒ‰‡–‹…
—Ž–‹’—”’‘•‡ Spectrometer
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ELC-1 ”ƒ“—‹ŽŽ‹–›
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Segment ELC-4 Node 3 ɪŵɫ”—••‡‰‡–•
Cupola
ɬ”—••
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Starboard Şɪ
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Node 1 ƒ„ Columbus  Zenith
European Lab Şɩ ˆ– ‘”–
Şɩ
Harmony
Elements Currently on Orbit
Node 2
Ž‡‡–•‡†‹‰—••‹ƒƒ—…Š Starboard
Forward
Ž‡‡–•‡†‹‰ƒ—…Š Nadir
 •‹’Ž‹ˆ‹‡†…‘ˆ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘

Russian
docking port

Solar array Zvezda DOS-8 Solar array

(service module)

Russian Poisk (MRM-2) Pirs Russian

docking port airlock airlock docking port

Nauka lab European

to replace Pirs robotic arm

Solar array (retracted) Zarya FGB Solar array (retracted)

(first module)

Rassvet Russian
(MRM-1) docking port
PMA 1

Cargo spacecraft Leonardo BEAM

berthing port cargo bay habitat

Quest Unity Tranquility

airlock Node 1 Node 3
ESP-2 Cupola

Solar array Solar array Heat radiator Heat radiator Solar array Solar array

ELC 2, AMS Z1 truss ELC 3

S5/6 Truss S3/S4 Truss S1 Truss S0 Truss P1 Truss P3/P4 Truss P5/6 Truss

ELC 4, ESP 3 ELC 1

Dextre Canadarm2
robotic arm robotic arm
Solar array Solar array Solar array Solar array

ESP-1 Destiny
laboratory
Kibǀ logistics
cargo bay
Cargo spacecraft PMA 3
berthing port docking port
Kibǀ
robotic arm

External payloads Columbus Harmony Kibǀ Kibǀ

laboratory Node 2 laboratory external platform
PMA 2
docking port
IDA 2
docking adapter

unpressurised superstructure
pressurised sections accessible
by the crew without using spacesuits
Other unpressurised components
 electrical power storage Propulsion guidance to the ISS Connects modules and -joins the -used when
during the initial
stage of assembly. visiting vehicles Russian side Space Shuttle
of the o r b i t e r s
station with docked at the
the US side station.

Launch date-20
November 1998 Launch date-4 December
Launch 1998
vehicle-Proton-K Launch vehicle-Space
Mass-19,323 Shuttle Endeavour
kilograms(42,600 lb) Docked 6 December 1998
Length-12.56 metres Mass-11,612 kilograms
(41.2 ft) (25,600 lb)
Diameter-4.11 metres Length-5.47 metres
(13.5 ft) (17.9 ft)
Diameter-4.57 metres
(15.0 ft)

Launch date- July 12,

2000
Mass-20,320 kg
Length-13.1 m
Diameter-4.35 m
Living volume-75.0 m3 living quarters station's life
for two crew members support systems

Launch date- October

11, 2000 generates essential
Mass-8,755 kg electricity
Length-4.6 m
Diameter-4.2 m
electrical wiring

communications
equipment

setting the stage for

the future addition of
the station's major
trusses or backbones Launch date- November
30, 2000
Mass-15,824 kg
Length-18.3 m
Diameter-10.7 m
 Launch date-7 February
2001
Launch vehicle-Space
Shuttle Atlantis
Docked-10 February 2001
Mass-14,515 kilograms
Length-8.4 m(28 ft)
Diameter-4.2 metres (14
ft)

Launch Date-March 13, 2001

Lenth 2.4 metres
Width 0.46 metre

Moves equipment and

supplies around the
station
Material-aluminium and
steel
Length-5.5 m
Diameter- 4 m
supports astronauts Mass-6,064 kilograms
working in space Volume-34 cubic meters
(1,200 cu ft)
Launch date- September
14, 2001 one docking port for
Mass- 3,580 kg Soyuz and Progress
Length-4.91 m spacecraft
Diameter-2.55 m
Living volume-13 cubic
Launch date-April 8,
metres
2002
Mass-13,971 kg
allows egress and Length-13.4 m
ingress for Diameter-4.6 m center backbone
spacewalks of the Space Station

Transports unpressurized
cargo
flow 290 kg (637 lb) of inside the Space Shuttle's
anhydrous ammonia through cargo bay.
three heat rejection
radiators

Launch date-September Launch date-December 9, Launch date-June 8,

9, 2006 2006 2007
Mass-15,824 kg Mass-1864 kg Mass-15,824 kg
Length-13.7 m Length-3.37 m Length-13.7 m
Diameter- 4.8 m Diameter- 4.55 m Diameter-10.7 m
mechanical, power and
data interfaces
Launch date-August 8, Launch date -August 14,
2007 2007
Mass-1818 kg Length - 8.5 feet
Length-3.37 m Width - 14 feet
Diameter- 4.55 m

four racks that provide

electrical power, plus
electronic data

Launch date-October 23,

2007
Mass-14,288 kg six Common Berthing
Length-7.2 m Mechanisms (CBMs).
Diameter-4.4 m

Length-7 m (23 ft) -designed to handle Orbital

Diameter-4.5 m (15 ft) replacement units
Total mass-10,300 kg -able to carry them to and
Total payload mass- 2,500 kg from worksites and install
Total on-orbit mass-12,800 kg replacements when failures
occur.

ten active International

Standard Payload Racks (ISPRs)

Launch date- Pressurized module

March 11, 2008 Length- 11.19 m (36.7 ft)
Fluid Science Laboratory Diameter-4.39 m (14.4 ft)
Mass-3664 pounds
-European Physiology Modules Mass-15,900 kg (35,100 lb)
Length- 3.5 m
(EPM) Experiment logistics module
-Biolab Length-4.21 m (13.8 ft)
-European Drawer Rack (EDR) Diameter-4.39 m (14.4 ft)
-European Stowage Rack Mass-8,386 kg (18,488 lb)
 Launch date-March 15, 2009
Mass-15,824 kg
Length-13.7 m
Diameter-10.7 m

docking port for

Soyuz and Progress
Launch date-November 10, spacecraft
2009
Mass-3670 kg ± 50 kg
Maximum hull diameter-2.55
m
Pressurized volume-14.8 m3
Habitable volume-10.7 m3 an airlock for electrical power
spacewalks

command and data

handling services Launch date -16 November,
Launch date 16 November, 2009
2009 Mass -13,400 lbs
Mass 13,840 lbs

observation and work

area

Overall height - 1.5 m

Maximum diameter- 2.95 m
Recycles waste water Launch mass- 1,805 kg
On Orbit mass- 1,880 kg

external viewing of
Earth, celestial
exercise, storage, and robotics work objects and visiting
vehicles
 Launch date-February 24,
2011
Mass-4,082 kg
Length-6.6 m
Diameter-4.57 m
Living volume-31 m³

cargo storage

Used for storage of spares, supplies

and waste on the ISS
a docking port for
visiting spacecraft

Launch date-16 May 2011

Mass-6,717 kg

Measures antimatter in cosmic

rays,understand the formation of the
Universe and search for evidence of
dark matter

Launch date-24 February

2011
Mass- 8,235 lbs

Launch date-April 8, 2016

Mass-1,413.0 kg
Length-4.01 m
Diameter-3.23 m
Living volume-16.0 m³

experimental program in an
effort to test and validate
expandable habitat technology.
Habitation REFERENCE GUIDE TO THE ISS
HOW THE CREW LIVES
81 HABITATION

Habitation Haircut in SM.

The habitable elements of the ISS are mainly a series of cylindrical modules. Accommodations—
including the waste management compartment and toilet, the galley, individual crew sleep
compartments, and some of the exercise facilities—are located in the Service Module (SM), Node
2, Node 3, and the U.S. Laboratory. Astronaut Shannon Walker uses a vacuum cleaner during
SM forward compartment. Shaving in SM. housekeeping operations in the Kibo laboratory. Playing keyboard in U.S. Lab.

node 3 jem
progress service module fgb node 1 u.s. lab node 2
Russian cosmonaut
Alexander Skvortsov
Astronauts Peggy Whitson, airlock columbus
Expedition 16 commander,
pictured in his and Pam Melroy, STS-120
crew quarters commander, add the STS-120
compartment. crew patch in the Unity node to
the growing collection of those
representing Shuttle crews
who have worked on the ISS. A
location in the Unity node serves
as one of the traditional posting
sites for the patches.

Astronaut Nicole
Canadian astronaut Stott exercises U.S. Lab Computer
Robert Thirsk is on the Combined Workstation.
photographed wearing Operational Load
a sleep mask in a Bearing External
sleeping bag located Resistance Treadmill
in the JEM Pressurized (COLBERT).
Module (JPM). SM transfer
compartment.

Interior of Node 1.

Stowed food trays in FGB.

Japanese astronaut U.S. Lab Window.

Soichi Noguchi
exercising on the
Toilet in waste Advanced Resistive
management Exercise Device
Canadian astronaut Bob compartment. U.S./Joint Airlock. (ARED) in Node 1.
Thirsk shaving.

Astronaut Ed Liu prepares a meal in the SM’s galley. Stowage container in FGB. FGB Corridor and Stowage.
Environmental Control and REFERENCE GUIDE TO THE ISS
HOW THE CREW LIVES
‹ˆ‡—’’‘”–›•–‡ſƀ Temp.
Humid & Ai ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL 82
Controit y A i r Re r
CO2
l turn
U.S. Regenerative Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS)
CO2
Removal 1 Catalytic Reactor 12 Reactor Health Oxygen Generation Water Recovery Water Recovery
Waste Cabin Air Cabin Return System (OGS) Rack System Rack 1 (WRS-1) System Rack 2 (WRS-2)
Mgmt. Tr ace minant 2 Deionizer Beds Sensor
Cont aol 3 Digital Controller 13 Storage Tanks

Environmental Control and

nt r 4 Distillation 14 Urine Processor
Waste Products Air Cobassembly Assembly Pumps
2 8 14
Su 15
5 Electrolysis Cell 15 Volume reserved
Urine O2 14
ine Stack for later CO2

Life Support System (ECLSS)

Recover y Ur 12

Con
en n 6 Gas Separator Reduction System 6 17
O2 /N O x ygerat
io 7 Multifiltration 16 Water Processor
11
ns Gen 13

de
Processed Cont2rol Beds Delivery Pump
at Urine 1
e N2 r 8 Particulate Filter 17 Water Processor 18
le ate 3
t Wa t e r Pot abr ct W
9 Power Supply Pump &
3
uc Wate ssing Pr o d u 10 Product Water Separator
od o c e Tank 18 Water Processor
Pr
Earth’s natural life-support system provides the air we breathe, the water we drink,

Pr
11 Pumps & Valves Wastewater Tank 4
and other conditions that support life. For people to live in space, however, these 9 7

er
5 16
Regenerative environmental

at
w 10
functions must be performed by artificial means. The ECLSS includes compact and ste control life support in the = Process Water
Wa U.S. segment of the ISS. = Oxygen = Urine
powerful systems that provide the crew with a comfortable environment in which to = Hydrogen
(vented overboard) = Brine
Crew System = Humidity
live and work. = Potable Water Condensate
Potable Water Hand Wash/
The on-orbit ECLSS is
supplemented by an assortment
System Shaving
node 3 jem
of resupply vehicles provided by
service module fgb node 1 u.s. lab node 2
the international partnership. Elektron produces airlock Lithium Hydroxide
(LiOH) cartridge
columbus
oxygen from water
The U.S. Space Shuttle delivers through electrolysis; used for eliminating
vents hydrogen out CO 2 from air, backup
water (scavenged from the of the station. system.
water produced by the Shuttle
fuel cells and transferred
across to ISS in Contingency
Water Container (CWC)
bags), high-pressure O2 and
N2, and atmospheric gas. The
Russian Progress and European
Automated Transfer Vehicle Vozdukh absorbs
carbon dioxide
(ATV) deliver water and from crew. Airflow ventilation
fan.
atmospheric gas. The Japanese Crew
breathes Carbon Dioxide Astronauts
H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) Freshwater in air and Removal Assembly share a
Storage Russian EDVs used to (CDRA) adsorbs meal at a
delivers water in CWC bags. Tanks. store and transport generates
carbon dioxide galley.
water. carbon
The ISS program is dioxide and from crew.
water vapor.
currently reviewing a high-
pressure gas delivery system for
post-Shuttle retirement. The
Nitrogen/Oxygen Resupply
Fans and filters circulate air
System (NORS) would provide and filter out contaminants.
capability to deliver high-
pressure O2 and N2 on any
vehicle with pressurized delivery
capability, including U.S.
The SKV,
Commercial Resupply System
(CRS) vehicles.
equivalent
to the U.S. ECLSS on the ISS provides the following functions:
CCAAs,
condenses
water vapor • Recycles wastewater (including urine) • Maintains total cabin pressure
from air. to produce drinking (potable) water and • Detects and suppresses fire
technical water (for flush and oxygen • Maintains cabin temperature
generation) and humidity levels
• Stores and distributes potable water • Distributes cabin air between
• Uses recycled water to produce oxygen for the ISS modules (ventilation)
crew
• Removes carbon dioxide from the cabin air The U.S. Regenerative Environmental Control
• Filters the cabin air for particulates and and Life Support System takes steps toward
microorganisms closing the water cycle; it takes humidity con-
• Removes volatile organic trace gases from the densate from the cabin air and urine from the
The Russian Condensate
cabin air crew and converts these into drinking water,
Solid Fuel Oxygen Water Processor is known • Monitors and controls cabin air partial pres- oxygen for breathing, and hydrogen.
Generator (SFOG), as the SRV-K, equivalent to Waste Hygiene Common Cabin Air
burns candles to the US WPA, processes the sures of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, Compartment (WHC) Assembly (CCAA)
produce oxygen as a condensate that is reclaimed collects urine and condenses water
backup system. by the SKV. methane, hydrogen, and water vapor waste for processing. vapor from air.
”‡™‡ƒŽ–Šƒ”‡›•–‡‡ƀŵ REFERENCE GUIDE TO THE ISS
HOW THE CREW LIVES
–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‡†‹…ƒŽ›•–‡ 83 CREW HEALTH CARE SYSTEM

Crew Health Care System

(CHeCS)/Integrated Medical
System
The Crew Health Care System (CHeCS)/Integrated Medical System is a suite of Defibrillator.

hardware on the ISS that provides the medical and environmental capabilities necessary
Cosmonaut Roman Romanenko and and Astronaut Michael Barratt perform
to ensure the health and safety of crewmembers during long-duration missions. CHeCS A Microbial Air Sampler (MAS) floats in front of Astronaut Leland Melvin exercises
a detailed checkout and inspection of the HMS CMRS (Health Maintenance
Japanese astronaut Koichi Wakata as he performs a on the Advanced Resistive Exercise
is divided into three subsystems: Surface Sample Kit (SSK) collection and incubation. Device (ARED). System/Crew Medical Restraint System) in the U.S. Lab. The boardlike CMRS
allows strapping down a patient on the board with a harness for medical
attention by the CMO who is also provided with restraints around the device.
Countermeasures System
(CMS)—The CMS provides
node 3 jem
the equipment and protocols
service module fgb node 1 u.s. lab node 2
for the performance of daily
airlock columbus
and alternative regimens
(e.g., exercise) to mitigate the
deconditioning effects of living
in a microgravity environment.
The CMS also monitors
crewmembers during exercise
regimens, reduces vibrations
during the performance of these Astronaut Nicole
Stott conducts
regimens, and makes periodic a water quality
fitness evaluations possible. Japanese Belgian astronaut Frank Microbial air sampler. EHS TOCA analysis using
astronaut DeWinne takes water (Environmental the Colorimetric
Koichi samples for ground Health Systems/ Astronaut Water Quality
analysis of contamination. Astronaut Shannon Total Organic Mike Fincke Monitoring Kit
Environmental Health Wakata
on the Walker exercises Carbon uses Cycle (CWQMK).
on the Combined Analyzer). Ergometer
System (EHS)—The EHS Treadmill
Operational Load with Vibration
Vibration
monitors the atmosphere for Isolation Bearing External Isolation
System Potable water Resistance Treadmill System
gaseous contaminants (i.e., (TVIS). sampler. (COLBERT). (CEVIS).
from nonmetallic materials
off-gassing, combustion
products, and propellants),
microbial contaminants (i.e.,
from crewmembers and station
activities), water quality,
acoustics, and radiation levels.

Health Maintenance
System (HMS)—The HMS
provides in-flight life support
and resuscitation, medical
care, and health monitoring Radiation Area
Monitor (RAM) SSK sample
capabilities. (Dosimeter). in the Waste
Hygiene
Acoustic Dosimeter. Compartment
(WHC).

Close-up
view of a
Surface
Sample Kit
(SSK) surface
slide.
Astronaut Bill Shepherd The Tissue Equiavlent Canadian astronaut Acoustics
Bob Thirsk with the Canadian astronaut
exercises on the Velo Proportional Counter (TEPC) measurement Robert Thirsk uses the
S0, Extravehicular Charged Particle Ergometer Bike. measures radiation dose and Sound Level Meter kit.
(SLM). Surface Sample Kit (SSK)
Directional Spectrometer (EVCPDS). dose equivalents. to collect and incubate Crew Health Care
microbiology samples. System (CHeCS) Rack.
 ‡•–‹› Columbus ‘†‡ɨސ‹–›

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ayload Facility remote manipulator
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”—‹‘‹ˆ‘”
mounting in Space
Shuttle

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Hatch and Berthing

‡…Šƒ‹• Endcone

Columbus Avionics ‘‹–‹”Ž‘…—‡•–

Rack NASA/Boeing

Cabin Air
Vent
“—‹
’‡
‘™‡”—’’Ž› – Lo Cabin Air
••‡„Ž›ſƀ ck
Rack
Crew
Lock

Battery Stowage
••‡„Ž›ſƀ Battery Charging Assembly ſBCAƀ

In-Flight R‡ºŽl nit ſRƀ ‘”‰‡†ŵƒ…Š‹‡†

Ž—‹—‘‡
Eštravehicular obility nit
ſEƀater Recharge Bag
Light
‘ŵ‘ˆˆ
Assembly

Window Assembly
ſɨ–‘’ƒ†ɭ•‹†‡
Common Berthing windows with
‡…Šƒ‹•ƒ† ‡‰–ŠŞɬŜɬſɨɯˆ–ƀ ˆ—•‡†•‹Ž‹…ƒƒ† ‡‹‰Š–ɨŜɬſɫŜɮˆ–ƀ
Node Hatch borosilicate glass
panes, window
Intravehicular heaters, and
Hatch ‹†–ŠŞɫŜɥſɨɪŜɨˆ–ƀ –Š‡”‹•–‘”•ƀ ‹ƒ‡–‡”ɪſɰŜɯˆ–ƀ
EVA Hatch
‹–”‘‰‡ƒ
‹–”‘‰‡ƒ
ƒ›Ž‘ƒ†ƒ–ƒ
”ƒ’’Ž‡
‹š–—”‡ſ
ƀ
Case study
 CASE STUDY 5
Problem Statement

Design brief

Phasing

Economics and People

Functional Allocation

Design concept

Life in the Community

Conclusion

New Venice Your Address In Space

Imagine...
It is the year 2070.
The existing space economy is thriving.
There are many facilities scattered across Cislunar
space providing services to space companies.
Colonies on the Moon and Mars have been running
continuously for at least a decade.
Lunar and asteroid ISRU produce enough surplus
material to be commercialized.
Humans are ready to begin deep space settlement.

Master Thesis Defense Suzana Bianco

May 3rd, 2018 sdbianco@uh.edu
 Problem 1
How to incorporate micro-gravity in comfortable, stimulating
living environments, breaking free from the usual concepts of
either adapting Earth to space or Humans to machines?

Problem 2
How to cater to the great diversity of functions and uses, each
with its unique requirements, restrictions and peculiarities
without interfering with each other?
Problem 3
How to change the status quo of space station assembly based on
chamber-to-chamber/corridor environments?
Location
Lunar Orbit

L4
Location
magnetos
Earth - Moo
th´s phe
Ear re
GEO • Stable orbit;

• Little to no at

• Little to no g

• No atmosphe

L3 L1 L2 • No orbital de

• Advantageou
LEO
• Convenient l

In this context, there is a growing

03
HEO

MEO
materials;

demand for a large space facility Van Allen

• Convenient l
where multiple space companies can Radiation Belts
• Simultaneou
conduct their activities and offer
their services, establish their
market,
In this and
context, there settledemand
is a growing their for aworkers.
large space
This thesis presents one concepttheir
facility where multiple space companies can conduct for L5:
activities and offer their services, establish their market, and Your address
such a facility :
settle their workers.
‡™ ‡‹…‡ —Ž–‹Ş†—•–”› ’ƒ…‡ in space!
This thesis presents one Outpost
concept for such a facility :
‡™ ‡‹…‡ ‹• ƒ ’Š›•‹…ƒŽ ƒ††”‡•• •Stable orbit
New Venice Multi-Industry Space Outpost
where companies can explore the •Little to no attitude control and orbit correction boosts
space needed
New Veniceenvironment.
is a physical address They
wherewill be able
companies can
to lease space on-board without the
explore the space environment. They will be able to lease •Little to no gravity gradient
space on-board without the cost and burden of constructing •No orbital debris;
cost and burden of constructing and
and launching their own space facilities. The community ż†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘—•Ɠˆ‘”–”ƒ˜‡Ž„‡–™‡‡ƒ”–Šŵ‘‘ŵ‹•Ž—ƒ”Ś
launching
village their
offers comfortable own forspace
amenities facili-
the employers and
•Convenient location for commercialization of lunar and asteroid
ties. Theandcommunity
visitors, village
is a popular tourist destination.offers
materials
comfortable amenities for the em-
•Convenient location for way-station for deep space
ployers and visitors, and is a popu-
•Simultaneous Earth and Moon gazing opportunities.
lar tourist destination.

02
 Concept Main Assumptions Main Assumptions

• Functional separation; • Year 2070; • Population: 400 people;

• Simultaneous activities; • Thriving cislunar economy; 87% working (economic or support activi-
• Balance of private vs public; • Advanced colonies on the Moon and Mars; ties) 13% visiting (tourists, training,
• Mix of launched modules and in-space construction; • Lunar and asteroid ISRU are producing surplus; students)
• Commercially operational from start, no interruption • Space contractors build and outfit structures in • 3 year permanence limit;
for growth; space; • Micro gravity environment;
• Future expansion capabilities; • Large inflatables are proven technology;
• Multiple circulation routes; • NASA’s SLS is the main large payload provider;
• Multiple escape possibilities. • New technologies in material and medicine offer
sufficient protection against cosmic radiation;

Economic Activities
Main Activities
Functional allocation
POPULATION
L5 Primary Activities Support Activities
ities Supp
Space mobility: Community:
ctiv ort
Shipyard Housing
y A Ac Visitors Cluster 1
de control and orbit correction boosts needed;
Spaceport Wellness im ar ti

vi
y gradient; Leisure

tie
Pr
Production:

s
drag; Manufacturing Management: Cluster 4 Cluster 2
Material processing Administration
Food/Water Operations
Energy
V for travel between Earth/Moon/Cislunar;
Logistics: Cluster 3
Research:
ion for commercialization of lunar and asteroid Maintenance
Education Supply
Research Security
ion for way-station for deep space;
Health Mobility 1
th and Moon gazing opportunities.
Entertainment:
Tourism
Sports
2 3 4
Ceremonial
Space Experience
Film studio 06

10 130-200 people/day
Cluster 1: Cluster 2: Cluster 3: Cluster 4: 50-129 people/day
Fuel depot Space mobility Housing Institutional
1-49 people/day
Heavy Industry Logistics Leisure Health
Emergency escape
Sensitive Industry Management Entertainment Production
Initial Growth

Phase 2 Phase 4
Phases
• Logistics • Research

• Shipyard • Space Health

• Temp housing • Institutional

• Temp housing

Phase 1 Phase 3

• Fuel depot • Spaceport

• Servicing • Light industries

• Ore processing • Nuclear power

• Heavy industries

Cluster configurat
Cluste
Community Growth

07

Phase 5 Phase 7

• Industry expansion • Tourism

• Remote operation support • Entertainment

• Shopping

Phase 6

• Food/water production

• Space commerce

Future expension
Future expansion
12 08
 Cluster
Cluster 1 3 W
Clusters
Clusters organization
organization Cluster 1 Workforce: 25 people Fuel depot: Workforce: 25 people
U

Fuel station and deposit

Systems Cargo Docks

Bays Traffic
Separate Spaceport control
production Security
Distribution
units
center
Systems Management
Hub Bridge
Shipyard Fuel depot
Separate Safe haven
production Maintenance Systems
units Housekeeping
workshop
Systems Satellite Industries:
Production or research requiring
Safe haven absolute isolation
Eating Ceremony
Health
Dock
Shops Hotel docks
Laboratories
center 14
Housing Community Manufactures Orion MPCV courtesy of NASA
Hub Cluster 2
complex center
Entertainment
Cluster 2 Workforce: 170 people
Main power Workforce: 170 people
Parks plant Food plant
Sports Systems Safe haven

on
Fitness
Cultural Cluster 2
Systems Water plant
Workforce: 170 people
FSatellite Industries:
configuration Production or research requiring
absolute isolation

Clusters configeration 14
Orion MPCV courtesy of NASA
uster 1: Cluster 1:
el depot Fuel depot Cluster 2 Workforce: 170 people Ufficio
avy Industry Heavy Industry Administrative offices and housekeeping
Mestre Colombo, Vesp
nsitive Industry Sensitive Industry Systems engineering, backup Breaking
Shipyard the
and maintenan
systems, control center warehouse.

Mestre Colombo, Vespucci, Polo Command

Ufficio
Cluster 2:
uster 2: Systems engineering, backup Shipyard and maintenance workshops, Command center, bridge, customs, airlock and
Space mobility Administrative offices and housekeeping
systems, control center warehouse. ceremonial venue
ace mobility
Logistics
gistics Management
anagement Mestre Colombo, Vespucci, Polo Command
Systems engineering, backup Shipyard and maintenance workshops, Command center, bridge, customs, airlock and
systems, control center warehouse. ceremonial venue
Cluster 3:
uster 3: Housing Guglie Rialto Solarium
using Leisure Transformers, electric panels and Node, welcome center Space gazing,
Entertainment batteries, airlock emergency escape
sure
tertainment Guglie Rialto Solarium Porto:
Cluster 4: Transformers, electric panels and
batteries, airlock
Node, welcome center Space gazing,
emergency escape
Spaceport, cargo bays, security, brig, morgue 15
Institutional
uster 4:
Health Guglie Rialto Solarium Porto:
titutional
alth
Production Transformers, electric panels and
batteries, airlock
Node, welcome center
13
Space gazing,
emergency escape
Spaceport, cargo bays, security, brig, morgue 15
oduction
13
 Pressurized cabs
Vaporetto
Cluster 4 Cluster44
Workforce: 110 people Cluster Workforce: 110 people
Workforce: 110 people
Pressurized cabs
Vaporetto
orce: 45 people
Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Vaporetto
Vaporetto
400 people Cluster 4 Workforce: 110 people Pressurized cabs
Pressurized cabs
Workforce: 45 people Cluster
Workforce:4110 people
Workforce: 110 people
Vaporetto
Users: 400 people
Cluster 3 Workforce: 45 people
Pressurized
Vaporetto cabs
Users: 400 people Pressurized cabs
Pressurized cabs

Galileo, Cassini Galileo, Cassini

Paglia, Scalzi
Paglia, Scalzi
Leased chambers Galileo, Leased
Galileo, chambers Nodes
Cassini
Cassini and leased
Paglia,
Paglia, chambers
Nodes and leased chambers
Scalzi
Scalzi
Galileo, Cassini Paglia, Scalzi
Leased
Leased chambers
chambers NodesNodes and leased
and leased chambers
chambers
Leased chambers Nodes and leased chambers
Galileo, Cassini Paglia, Scalzi
Galileo, Cassini Leased chambers
Paglia, Scalzi
Nodes and leased chambers
Leased chambers Nodes and leased chambers
Industrial Belt
Industrial Belt Belt
Industrial Be
Leased modules Industrial
Industrial
Leased modules
Belt
Leased modules
Leased modules
Murano, Giudeca, Lido Leased modules
Industrial Belt
Community Islands
Living, wellness,
Leased modules
entertainment and tourismW
Laguna Sicilia, Asti, Campania Industrial Belt
Solarium

16 Water treatment plant and fish culture Green houses, Food processing and packaging, waste Space gazing, emergency 17
Murano, Giudeca, Lido
management
Leased modules
escape

Laguna Sicilia, Asti, Campania Solarium

Community Islands Laguna Sicilia, Asti, Campania Solarium
Laguna
Water treatment plant and fish culture Sicilia, Asti, Campania
Green houses, Food processing and packaging, waste Space gazing, emergency 17
Solarium
Living, wellness, Water treatment plant and fish culture
Water treatment plant and fish culture
Green houses, Food processing and packaging, waste
management escape Space gazing, emergency
managementGreen houses, Food processing and packaging, wasteescape Space gazing, emergen
17
entertainment and tourismW Laguna management
Sicilia, Asti, Campania Solarium escape
Laguna Sicilia, Asti,
Water treatment plant and fish culture
Campania
Green houses, Food processing and packaging, waste
Solarium
Space gazing, emergency 17
Ufficio management escape
Water treatment plant and fish culture 16 Green houses, Food processing and packaging, waste Space gazing, emergency
Administrative offices and housekeeping management escape

LagunaHard Shell Modules Sicilia,

8m Asti, Campania 8m Solarium
cci, Polo Breaking
Command the Status Quo Water treatmentHard
plant andshell
fish culturemodules Green houses, Food processing and packaging, waste
management
Space gazing, emergency
escape
17
tatus Quo
workshops, Command center, bridge, customs, airlock and
ceremonial venue

4.3m
Access/Cafe/WC Access/Cafe/WC
Hard Shell modules
Hybrid modules

23m

23m
8.4m

All uses

Labs/Offices Labs/Offices
Porto:Pressure vessels
ISS Destiny Module
Spaceport, cargo bays, security, brig, morgue 15
Detached modules

Ufficio, Galileo, Cassini Mestre

Access/labs

Chamber Utility run Utility run

19
Equipment People Circulation

18
 Press
Pr
Pressure Envelopes

30.5m
25m
7m

6m
Hybrid modules Hybrid modules
Hybrid modules Assessment bubbles Equipment/ring access

Water Assessment bubbles

11m

11m
treatment tank Equipment/ring access
Equipment/ring access

8m
Equipment/ring access Water treatment tank

9.5m
Equipment/ring access Greenhouses
Greenhouses
Greenhouses Food production/waste
management
Quality lab

Laguna Sicilia, Asti, Campania

20

30.5m
25m
7m

6m
30.5m
25m
7m

6m
Equipment/ring access

Assessment bubbles Assessment bubbles

11m

11m
Equipment/ring access
Assessment bubbles
8m

Water treatment tank Water

9.5m
Greenhouses treatment tank
Water
treatment tank
Food production/waste Equipment/ring access
Equipment/ring access management
Quality lab

Detached modules
Laguna Sicilia, Asti, Campania
20
Vaporetto

17 Truss attachment Vaporetto

Detached modules
Detached modules Equipment/ring access
Equipment/ring access
17 11m Assessment bubbles

11m
Equipment/ring access
Assessment bubbles 8m Truss attachment Water treatment tank
11m

9.5m
11m
Equipment/ring access Greenhouses
8m

Water treatment tank Spa

9.5m
Greenhouses Food production/waste
management
Quality lab
Food production/waste
management
Quality lab
Laguna
Laguna Sicilia, Asti, Campania
20Sicilia, Asti, Campania

Docking truss with

vibration dampeners

Docking truss with

vibration dampeners

21 Inflatable modules similar to

B330 arranged in a ø 77m circle
Emergency escape
3 Vaporetto cabs Industrial
21 Inflatable modules similar to
B330 arranged in a ø 77m circle
belt pods 21
circling around the belt Emergency escape
3 Vaporetto cabs Industrial belt pods 21
circling around the belt
 e Envelopes
ssure Envelopes
Pressure Envelopes
Pressure envelopes Spaceport
Spaceport People Docking

SpaceportCommand center Docking ring People Docking

Circulation Airlock
Command center Docking ring
Circulation Airlock

8m
8m
11m
Airlock 11m
Airlock

Command center
Cargo bay Cargo bays
Command center
Cargo bay Service bays Service bays Cargo bays

Service bays Service bays

Docking ring Docking ring

Docking ring
Spaceport Community islands 22
Docking ring

Spaceport Community islands 22 Cargo bays

Viewport 76m
Cargo bays

Toilets Utility run

24
Utility run
Community Island
Pressure Envelopes Frame Thrower Radiators
Service/technical People Circulation

Material tanks Cargo bays Cargo bays

Viewport 76m
ressure Envelopes Spaceport Spinner Community islands
Frame Thrower
22
eport
Spinner
Community islands
Frame Thrower
Material tanks
22
Community Island
Individual living pods Projected sky Park/commons Projected sky

0 Frame Thrower
Frame printing
head
Toilets Utility run Utili
Community Island
Frame printing Individual living pods
Guide legs Secondary frame printing Service/technical People Circu
head head Radiators

Guide legs Secondary frame printing

head
Spinner

15m
Membrane spool Filament tanks
PLAN - A
Spinner
Expressway
Membrane spool Filament tanks Individual living pods Projected sky PLAN - B Park/commons Projected sky
Technical area

Membrane Park/commons
Technical area Expressway
Park/commons Individual living pods
Frame: Anhydrous glass fibers Filament

Filament: Anhydrous glass fibers

Membrane
Frame Arc length 76m
2
Frame: Anhydrous glass fibers Filament
Membrane: Woven basalt fibers
Filament: Anhydrous glass fibers Frame
Filament printing head 23
Membrane: Woven basalt fibers
Filament printing head 23 PLAN - A

Expressway
PLAN - B
Technical area

Park/commons
Technical
Utility run
area Expressway
Park/commons Toilets Utility run
Community Island
Service/technical People Circulation
Radiators

Arc length 76m

 0 Life in the Community Life in the Community
Technical area Park/commons Expressway Toilets Individual Park/commons
access living pods

1 Commissary Restaurant Cafe Commerce Exercise

Life in the Community
2

0
Expressway Commerce Restaurant Multi purpose Leisure Restaurant Expressway
1
Access arena Access
2 Cafe Leisure Restaurant Commissary

5 Expressway
Access
Commerce Restaurant Multi purpose
arena
Leisure Restaurant Plan
Expressway
Access
-A
Cafe Leisure Restaurant Commissary

5
Plan - A

Technical area Toilets Access Technical area

Technical area Toilets Access Technical area

10
10 Multi-purpose arena
Expands to allowMulti-purpose
multiple arena
types of activities such as:
Expands
space sports, performances,
to allow multiple
typestraining,
space experience, of activities such as:
public gatherings.
space sports, performances,
Technical area Park/commons Expressway space Individual
Toilets experience, training,
Park/commons
Frame Spheres for community access public gatherings.
living pods CommunityAccess
Island
Toilets Utility run Utility run
activities such as: Park/commons Expressway Access Park/commons
Commerce, restaurants, cafes, Life in the Community Radiators 26 Service/technical People Circulation
Commissary
exercise, leisure. Restaurant Cafe Commerce Exercise
Plan - B
Frame Spheres for community
activities
Technical such as:
area Park/commons Expressway Toilets Individual Park/commons Park/commons Expressway Access Access Park/commons
Commerce, restaurants, cafes,access
exercise, leisure.
Commissary Restaurant Cafe
living pods

Commerce Exercise Plan - B

26
Individual living pods Projected sky Park/commons Projected sky

Expressway Commerce Restaurant Multi purpose Leisure Restaurant Expressway Individual living pods

Access arena Access

Cafe Leisure Restaurant Commissary

Plan - A

15m
Expressway Commerce Restaurant Multi purpose Leisure Restaurant Expressway
Access arena Access
Cafe Leisure Restaurant Commissary PLAN - A

Plan - A Expressway
17 Emergency escape vehicl
PLAN - B
Technical area
Technical area Toilets Access Technical area
Park/commons
Technical area Expressway

na Technical area Toilets Access Technical area

Park/commons
24 “seated” people
2
ultiple
h as:
Arc length 76m
+ 3 people in health support
ances,
ena
ining,
multiple
.ch as:
mances, Autonomous standby for up
aining,
gs.
Park/commons Expressway Access Access Park/commons

Expressway Plan
Access -B Access
26
Park/commons Park/commons

Plan - B
26
 Individual Living Pods General
Individual living pods General

Systems Galley Strapped “seats”

General Hygiene

2.76m

1.65 - 2.02m
2.76m

1.65 - 2.02m
Fixing strap

Fixing strap
Internal finish
External finish panel
panel Internal finish 1.59-2.37
Health support 1.59-2.37
External finish
panel
panel
Deployed
2, 2.5 or 3m 2, 2.5 or 3m Modular borated
Pressure envelope
polypropylene board Modular borated
Emergency Egress frame structure Pressure envelope
frame structure polypropylene board

Volume: 8.30m³ - 14m³

Living pod frame
ISS volume ~3m³ Volume: 8.30m³ - 14m³ Living pod frame
Mechanical ventilation
Mechanical ventilation
192 single pods/Island ISS volume ~3m³ 29 Mechanical Exhaustion
Mechanical Exhaustion
576 single pods total
192 single pods/Island
Systems 7cm
7cm Power/data
Power/data
29
576 single pods total
Systems Galley Strapped “seats” Hygiene Living pod frame Utilities distribution
28
Emergency Egress Living pod frame Utilities distribution 30
Emergency Egress
Stowage

ECLSS
Systems
Health support Galley Strapped “seats” Hygiene
Deployed

Systems

Stowage
Health support Deployed
ECLSS

Systems
17 Emergency escape vehicles
o 6 days Undeployed
24 “seated” people Stowage
+ 3 people in health support

Autonomous standby for up to 6 days

ECLSS
Undeployed
31

17 Emergency escape vehicles

24 “seated” people 27
 Conclusion

Problem 1 Problem 2 Problem 3

How to incorporate micro-gravity in comfortable, How to cater to the great diversity of functions and How to change the status quo of space station assembly
stimulating living environments, breaking free from uses, each with its unique requirements, restrictions based on chamber-to-chamber/corridor environments?
the usual concepts of either adapting Earth to space or and peculiarities without interfering with each other?
Humans to machines?

• Abandon the minimalistic design approach that • Define clear functional allocation to avoid • Use modules with larger diameter, launch them
provides only the bare minimum for the astronauts. interference. using new generation rockets such as the SLS.

• Space is a harsh enough environment - the space
habitats don’t have to be.
• Create large open spaces to allow different internal
configurations.
0 areas to be closed off.
• Create visual diversity by making use of architectural
design principles.
• Break monotony in the design by incorporating
• Utilize detached modules to avoid direct contact
with outpost, but affording shirt-sleeve transfers
through pressurized cabs.
• Have module diameter large enough to allow private
• Create specific spaces for living/exercise/recreation
to keep people off the restricted areas.
^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ
• Use different types of modules - hard shells,
inflatables, hybrids, pressure vessels to allow flexible
station configurations.
• Further develop the pressure vessel concept to build
in space.
• Further develop the detached module concept to
make networks of modules not directly connected
^ƵďƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ tŽƌŬĨŽƌĐĞ

Population dŽƚĂů
ϭͲ^ƉĂĐĞŵŽďŝůŝƚLJ
ϯϱϬ
ϱϮ
to each other.
unusual elements. • Create clear public pathways through each module.
Shipyard
Fuel depot
Mechanical: maintenance/ repair / sattelite deployment
2
17
Spacecraft assembly 17
Planetary spaceport 1
Interplanetary spaceport 1
Spaceport
• Play with the possibilities - there is no gravity, make Cargo terminal
Space traffic control
4
10
3 - Production 59
Pharmaceuticals 4 Logistics Visitors
use of that! Manufacturing
Crystal growth
nanostructures
4
4 16% 13%
Spacecraft components 5
Textiles (composites) 4
Space
• Maintain a good balance of private/ public spaces.
Material processing Raw material processing 16
Mobility
32
Food production 16
Food/Water
WƌŝŵĂƌLJ

Water production 2
Energy Power generation/ exporting 3
Management 13%
2 - Research 59
Education
University 2 14%
Zero G training 2
Science 13
Technology 13
Research
Institutional 13

Health
Health
Space technology treatment
13
4
Community Production
4 - Entertainment 11 11% 15%
Hotel Hotel 7

31
Sports Space sports 0
Cerimonial
Marriage 1 Entertainment Research
Space experience
Burial
Zero g/playground
2
0
3% 15%
Film studio Film studio 0
5 - Community 45
Housing Housing 4
Medical 10
Wellness Fitness 2 13% Visitors
Eating 5
Commerce 15 87% Residents
Cultural 2
Leisure
Recreation 2 of which:
Parks 5
ŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ

6 - Administration 58 52% Primary

Administration Administration 37

Operations
Operations 6 48% Support
Engineering 8
Systems 6
7 - Logistics 66
Maintenance/ Repair 11
Maintenance
Supply
Security
Housekeeping
Supply/distribution
Security
34
5
13
E
Mobility Internal circulation 3