Gilbert Ryle David Hume
Scottish philosopher who believes in the idea of
behavior presented by the person, and that,
behavior is the reflection of our mind, and the
Rene Descartes
The Father of Philosophy who supported the
theory of Dualism - that humans have body
(extenza) and mind (cogito),
The nature of the mind (that is, a thinking, non-
extended thing) is completely different from that of
the body (that is, an extended, non-thinking thing).
In his view, the mind rules the body, and without it,
the body is nothing, like a machine without its main
components.
Popularized the line, “I think, therefore, I am” which
means “I am able to think, therefore I exist” – an
evident philosophical proof of existence
suggesting that someone who is able to think or
have thoughts necessarily exists.
First philosopher who viewed concept of self
in a systematic manner.
Believed that humans are dualistic, and is divided
into two parts: body (subject to decay/temporary)
and soul (immortal)
Believes that death is not the end of existence, but a merely
separation of soul from the body, and that;
“An unexamined life is not worth living”, which probably
means that without knowing the purpose why you existed, or
without discovering or knowing about yourself, which for him
is very imperative, your life is not worth living.
PLATO believed that…
humans have tripartite soul: the rational, spirted, and
the appetitive soul.
Defined rational soul as the logical component of the soul, attached
to the truth, facts, and evidences, and is molded by the reason and
intellect of a person
defined spirited soul as the one managing people’s emotions and
feelings
defined appetitive soul as the one possessing physical desires,
which must be controlled at all times (like eating and sex)
British philosopher who defined self as the
Empiricism – that a person’s awareness or
knowledge about oneself is dependent on their
manifestation of who we are.
He doesn’t believe that mind and body are two
separate entities
experiences in life
He viewed SELF as an accumulation of different
impressions, and does not exceed the physical
realm.
Once we encounter others, their perceptions
For him, there is no permanent self because
of what we do, how we act and behave
impressions of things are based from
will result to understanding of other
our experiences where we can create
people and establishing who
our ideas and knowledge.
we are.
Thus, it may improve
or totally be
replaced.
SELF
Activity I: A Summary on the Different
Philosophical Perspectives of Self
Immanuel Kant
For him, people have mind consisting of apparatuses,
(impression), which enables one to perceive the and
observe everything around them.
Established that the collection of impressions and
different contents is what it only takes to define a person
Claimed that the idea of self is not only an object that
perceives and reacts to whatever it is that we are
experiencing, we also have the capabilities to understand
beyond those experiences and be able to think and
have a clear identification of who we are and
establish a sense of self that is unique
and distinct from others. has…
Seconded Plato’s views that an individual is divided
into two aspects.
Viewed SELF in a spiritual manner
Believes in the concept of heaven- that when death
comes, the body is meant to vanish, but the soul is
the one capable of attaining immortality through
living with the Divine in heaven.
Supported Augustine’s
Christian View on SELF, while
incorporating ideas from Aristotle.
Believed that man is also composed of two parts-
the Hule (which means matter) and Morph (which
means form)
Claimed that the soul, or the form is capable of
existing apart from the living body after the
death of the body, for soul is incorruptible.
Said that our knowledge or awareness of
ourselves depends on what we have
experienced in life.
For him, the people have minds consistsing of apparatuses, impression, which enables them to perceive the and observe everything that is around them. He thinks that human mind has the
ability to organize the impressions that men get from the world. He established that the collection of impressions and different contents is what it only takes to define a person. For him, the
idea of self are not only an object that perceives and reacts to whatever it is that we are experiencing, we also have the capabilities to understand beyond those experiences and be able to think
and have a clear identification of who we are and establish a sense of self that is unique and disntinct from others.

Descartes – Father of modern philisiphy who also supported the theory of Dualism –that humans have body (extenza) and mind (cogito), and that the nature of the mind (that is, a thinking,
non-extended thing) is completely different from that of the body (that is, an extended, non-thinking thing), In his view, the mind rules the body, and without it, the body is nothing,
like a machine without its main components. He also popularized the line, “I think, therefor, I am” which means I am able to think, therefore I exist – an evident and philosophical proof
of existence suggesting that someone who is able to think or have thoughts necessarily exists. In one of his principles, he tried to give definition to thought by describing it as
anything that is marked by awareness or consciousness.

Socrates

Is the first philosopher who viewed the concept of self in a systematic manner. He believed that humans are dualistic in nature-a belief that reality or existence is divided into two parts: the
body and the soul. He differentiated the two by perceiving body as subject to decay, or temporary, while the soul as an immortal one. Some of his famous beliefs are that, death is not the end
of existence, but a merely separation of soul from the body; and that an unexamined life is not worth living, which probably means that without knowing the purpose why you existed, or
without discovering or knowing about yourself, which for him is very imperative, your life is not worth living.

Augustine – Augustine seconded Plato’s views that an individual is divided ininto two aspects, and viewed self in a spiritual manner - believing in the concept of heaven, in a way that when
death comes, the body is meant to vanish, but the soul is the one capable of attaining immortality through living with the Divine in heaven. T

Thomas Aquinas – is a medieval philosopher and the most eminent thirteenth century scholar who supported Augustine’s Christian View on self, while incorporating ideas from Aristotle. He
believed that the man is also composed of two parts- the Hyle (which means matter) and Morph (which means form) He claims that the soul, or the form is capable of existing apart from
the living body after the death of the body, because the soul is incorruptible; and that the morphe, or form is what makes us different from animals. He further claimes that
claim our knowledge or awareness of ourselves depends on what we have experienced in life.
Descartes – Father of modern philisiphy who also supported the theory of Dualism –that humans have body (extenza) and mind (cogito), and that the nature of the mind (that is, a thinking,
non-extended thing) is completely different from that of the body (that is, an extended, non-thinking thing), In his view, the mind rules the body, and without it, the body is nothing,
like a machine without its main components. He also popularized the line, “I think, therefor, I am” which means I am able to think, therefore I exist – an evident and philosophical proof
of existence suggesting that someone who is able to think or have thoughts necessarily exists. In one of his principles, he also tried to give definition to thought by describing it
as anything that is marked by awareness or consciousness.
David hume – scotish philosopher who believes in the idea of Empiricism – that a person’s awareness or knowledge about oneself is dependent on their experiences in life. He viewed self as an
accumulation of different impressions, and does not exceed the physical realm. For him, there is no permanent self because impressions of things are based from our experiences where we can
cerqtae our ideas and knowledge. Thus, it may improve or totally be replaced.

For him, the people have minds consistsing of apparatuses, impression, which enables them to perceive the and observe everything that is around them. He thinks that human mind has the
ability to organize the impressions that men get from the world. He established that the collection of impressions and different contents is what it only takes to define a person. For him, the
idea of self are not only an object that perceives and reacts to whatever it is that we are experiencing, we also have the capabilities to understand beyond those experiences and be able to think
and have a clear identification of who we are and establish a sense of self that is unique and disntinct from others.

Immanuel Kant

Girlbert Ryle- is a british philosopher who defined self as the behavior presented by the person, and that behavior id the reflection of our kmind and the manifestation of who we are. He doesn’t
believe that mind and body are two separate entities. Once we encounter others, their perceptions of what we do, how we act and behave will result to understanding of other people and
establishing who we are.

Aristotle – he believed that the soul is one with the body. Your form of your soul equates in the form of your body.

He believes believed the soul is immortal. For this reason, he asserted that death is not the end of existence. Death is simply the separation of the soul from the body.asHe differentiated
the two by defining body as belief that reality or existence is divided into two parts. When speaking of the soul, dualists see it as a real substance that exists independent from the body.
Unlike our bodies, which are subject to decay, the soul is not subject to natural law. For many dualists, the soul is what separates us from animals. It's the seat of human consciousness.
It's our intellect, our will, and our emotion.