System and Control

Volume (2)

Mohsen Soltanpour
Email: soltanpour@kntu.ac.ir
URL: http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/
 ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ‪(1st law of thermodynamics) :‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﻭ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ‬

‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪(stored energy‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫)‪(energy in transition‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﺮﻡ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ ‪ EK‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺟﺮﻡ )‪(kinetic energy‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ‪ EP‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﭘﺎﻳﺴﺘﺎﺭ )‪ (conservative‬ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬
‫)‪(potential energy‬‬
‫‪-3‬ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ‪ U‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺗﻤﻲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺟﺮﻡ )‪*(Inertial energy‬‬

‫‪http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/‬‬
 ‫ﻛﺎﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻃﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺗﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‪ :‬ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﻱ )‪ (point function‬ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺩ )ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﺴﺘﺎﺭ ‪.(conservative‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻱ )‪ (path function‬ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﺴﺘﺎﺭ ‪.(nonconservative‬‬

‫‪z‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ) ‪ a ( x, z‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ‪ F‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫‪C2‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ ‪ C1‬ﻳﺎ ‪ C2‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪dl‬‬ ‫‪C1‬‬ ‫∫= ‪F‬‬ ‫‪a.dl‬‬
‫‪P0‬‬
‫‪P0‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫)ﻣﺜﻼ ﻛﺎﺭ‪( U = ∫ F .dr = ∫ ( F cos α )ds = ∫ Ft ds :‬‬
‫‪P1‬‬
‫= ‪ F‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ dF‬ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ )‪(exact differential‬‬ ‫∫‬‫‪P0‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ‪dF‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ‪ F‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/‬‬
 ‫‪P1‬‬
‫) ‪F = ∫ dF = F ( P1 ) − F ( P0‬‬
‫‪P0‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ‪:‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪a = axi + az k‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪dl = dxi + dzk‬‬ ‫‪dF = a.dl = a x dx + a z dz‬‬

‫‪∂F‬‬ ‫‪∂F‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫= ‪ ، dF‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﻁ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬ ‫‪dx +‬‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ ‪dz = ∇F .dl‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪∂z‬‬
‫‪∂F‬‬
‫= ‪ax‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬
‫‪∂F‬‬
‫= ‪az‬‬
‫‪∂z‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻳﺎ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪a = ∇F‬‬
‫ﭘﺲ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﺴﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺪﻭﺩ ﺻﻔﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪∫ F .dr = 0‬‬
‫‪http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ )‪(system analysis‬‬

‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺧﺎﻟﺼﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﻭﻱ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ∆t‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺑﺎ ‪ Q‬ﻭ ‪ W‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫‪Q‬‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ‪ t‬ﺑﺎ ‪ E‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪Q − W = ∆E‬‬
‫‪= E2 (t + ∆t ) − E1 (t ) = ( EK + EP + U ) 2 − ( EK + EP + U )1‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ‪:dt‬‬

‫‪dE = dQ − dW‬‬
‫‪DE dQ dW‬‬ ‫)‪(I‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪Dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪ E‬ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻀﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﭼﻮﻥ ‪Q‬ﻭ ‪ W‬ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻌﻲ ﺻﺮﻳﺢ )‪(explicit function‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻲ )‪ (substantial derivative‬ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ )‪(Control volume analysis‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺭﻳﻨﻮﻟﺪﺯ )‪ E‬ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﻭ ‪ e‬ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺟﺮﻡ(‪:‬‬

‫‪dE‬‬
‫‪N=E‬‬ ‫=‪η‬‬ ‫‪=e‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻓﺮﺽ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ‪g‬‬
‫‪dm‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪dm‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬ ‫‪+ dmgz + dmu‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫= ‪e = ek + eP + u‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪v‬‬ ‫‪+ gz + u‬‬
‫‪dm‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪DE‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫∂‬

‫) ‪= ∫∫ e( ρv .dA) + ∫∫∫ e( ρdV‬‬ ‫)‪(II‬‬
‫‪Dt CS‬‬ ‫‪∂t CV‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (I‬ﻭ )‪:(II‬‬

‫‪dQ dW‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫∂‬

‫‪−‬‬ ‫) ‪= ∫∫ e( ρv .dA) + ∫∫∫ e( ρdV‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪CS‬‬
‫‪∂t CV‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮﺥ ﮔﺬﺭ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ‬
‫ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣﻮﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻌﻼﻭﻩ ﻧﺮﺥ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ‪ dW‬ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪ W‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻛﺮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻛﺎﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ )‪ :(Flow work‬ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ) ‪(Surronding‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ )‪ Ws :(Shaft work‬ﻛﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﺟﺰﺍ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻼ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (shafts‬ﻳﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ‪ B‬ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﺎﺫﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺟﺎﺫﺑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪v‬‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪  T :‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ‪ T .v‬ﻧﺮﺥ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ )ﺗﻮﺍﻥ*(‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻧﺮﺥ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ** ﺍﺯ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ )ﻛﻞ ﻛﺎﺭ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ( ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪− ∫∫ T .v dA‬‬
‫‪CS‬‬

‫‪http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/‬‬
 ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ‪ B‬ﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪B.v ،‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻛﻞ ﻧﺮﺥ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪− ∫∫∫ B.v ρdV‬‬
‫‪CV‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ‪:‬‬

‫‪dQ dWs‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪+ ∫∫ T .v dA + ∫∫ B.v ρdV‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt CS‬‬ ‫‪CV‬‬
‫)‪(I‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪v‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫∂‬ ‫‪v‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪= ∫∫ ( + gz + u )( ρv .dA) + ∫∫∫ ( + gz + u ) ρdV‬‬
‫‪CS‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪∂t CV 2‬‬

‫‪http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/‬‬
 ‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ )‪ (frictionless flow‬ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻟﺰﺟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﮔﺬﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻧﺮﺥ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭ ‪ T‬ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ) ‪ T‬ﻭ ‪ dA‬ﻫﻤﺮﺍﺳﺘﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪dA‬‬ ‫‪dA‬‬
‫‪T = τ nn n = τ nn‬‬ ‫‪= −p‬‬
‫‪dA‬‬ ‫‪dA‬‬
‫‪vρ = 1‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪dA ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫)‪− ∫∫ T .v dA = − ∫∫ ( p .v )dA = ∫∫ pv .dA = ∫∫ pv( ρv .dA‬‬
‫‪CS‬‬ ‫‪CS‬‬
‫‪dA‬‬ ‫‪CS‬‬ ‫‪CS‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻟﺰﺟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﮔﺬﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪ v‬ﻭ ‪dA‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺮﺍﺳﺘﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫‪v = vn‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪T .n = τ nn‬‬
‫‪τ nn = − p‬‬
‫‪τ nn‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫)‪− ∫∫ T .v dA = − ∫∫ (T .n v)dA = − ∫∫τ nn v .dA = ∫∫ pv .dA = ∫∫ pv( ρv .dA‬‬
‫‪CS‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪CS‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪CS‬‬ ‫‪CS‬‬ ‫‪CS‬‬
‫‪) v.dA‬ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪ v‬ﻭ ‪ dA‬ﻫﻤﺮﺍﺳﺘﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ(‬

‫‪http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/‬‬
 ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ )‪ (I‬ﺍﺳﻼﻳﺪ ‪) 7‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ( ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺮﻟﺰﺝ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻟﺰﺟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﻝ ﮔﺬﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ( ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪dQ dWs‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪− ∫∫ pv( ρv .dA) + ∫∫ B.v ρdV‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt CS‬‬ ‫‪CV‬‬
‫‪v2‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫∂‬ ‫‪v2‬‬
‫‪= ∫∫ ( + gz + u )( ρv .dA) + ∫∫∫ ( + gz + u ) ρdV‬‬
‫‪CS‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪∂t CV 2‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻳﺎ‬

‫‪dQ dWs‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪v2‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫∂‬ ‫‪v2‬‬

‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪+ ∫∫ B.v ρdV = ∫∫ ( + gz + u + pv)( ρv .dA) + ∫∫∫ ( + gz + u ) ρdV‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt CV‬‬ ‫‪CS‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪∂t CV 2‬‬

‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ‪ u‬ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ‪ pv‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‪ h=u+pv ،‬ﺭﺍ ﺁﻧﺘﺎﻟﭙﻲ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ )‪(specific enthalpy‬‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ *.‬ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ‪:h‬‬

‫‪dQ dWs‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪v2‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬ ‫∂‬ ‫‪v2‬‬

‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪+ ∫∫ B.v ρdV = ∫∫ ( + gz + h)( ρv .dA) + ∫∫∫ ( + gz + u ) ρdV‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt CV‬‬ ‫‪CS‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪∂t CV 2‬‬

‫‪http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/‬‬
 ‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺭﺍ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪dQ‬‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬ ‫‪dWs‬‬

‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬

‫‪dQ dWs‬‬ ‫‪v12‬‬ ‫‪v22‬‬

‫‪−‬‬ ‫) ‪= −[ + g ( zc )1 + h1 ]( ρv1 A1 ) + [ + g ( zc ) 2 + h2 ]( ρv2 A2‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪ ( zc )1‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ‪ z‬ﻫﺎ ﻭ ‪ ( zc ) 2‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ‪ z‬ﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺷﺮﻁ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪dm‬‬ ‫‪= ρv1 A1 = ρv2 A2‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪dQ‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪dWs‬‬
‫‪v1‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪v2‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪[ + g ( zc )1 + h1 ] +‬‬ ‫[=‬ ‫‪+ g ( zc ) 2 + h2 ] +‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪dm‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪dm‬‬
‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬
‫‪http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/‬‬
 2 2 ‫ﻭ ﻳﺎ‬
v dQ v2 dWs
[ 1 + g ( zc )1 + h1 ] + =[ + g ( zc ) 2 + h2 ] +
2 dm 2 dm

‫ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺟﺮﻣﻲ‬dWs ‫ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺩﺑﻲ ﺟﺮﻣﻲ ﻭ‬dQ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‬
dm dm .‫ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

:‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﻭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ‬
dm3 dm1 dm2
= +
dt dt dt
dQ dWs
− =
dt dt
v12 dm1 v22 dm2 v32 dm3
− [ + g ( zc )1 + h1 ] − [ + g ( zc ) 2 + h2 ] + [ + g ( zc ) 3 + h3 ]
2 dt 2 dt 2 dt
‫ﻭ ﻳﺎ‬
v12 dm1 v22 dm dQ
[ + g ( zc )1 + h1 ] + [ + g ( zc ) 2 + h2 ] 2 + =
2 dt 2 dt dt
v32 dm1 dm2 dWs
[ + g ( zc ) 3 + h3 ]( + )+
2 dt dt dt
http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/
 ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ )‪(Bernouli’s equation‬‬
‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﺰﺝ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‪:‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪dA‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪( zc ) 2 → z 2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪( zc )1 → z1‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬
‫‪( 1 + gz1 + h1 ) +‬‬
‫‪dQ‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬
‫‪= ( 2 + gz 2 + h2 ) +‬‬
‫‪dWs‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪dm‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪dm‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪v1‬‬ ‫‪v2‬‬ ‫‪dQ‬‬
‫( = )‪( + gz1 + p1v‬‬ ‫‪+ gz 2 + p2 v) + [(u2 − u1 ) −‬‬ ‫]‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪dm‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﺰﺟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪v1‬‬ ‫‪p v‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ )‪(Bernouli’s equation‬‬
‫‪+ gz1 + 1 = 2 + gz 2 + 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ρ‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ρ‬‬
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 ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺧﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺟﺮﻡ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫‪v2‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪kg. m 2 .m‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪m 2‬‬
‫‪+ gz + = cte‬‬ ‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ(‪:‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪s‬‬ ‫) (=‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ρ‬‬ ‫‪kg‬‬ ‫‪kg‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﺮ ‪ g‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺭﺍ )ﺑﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻃﻮﻝ( ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪v2‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬
‫‪+ z + = cte‬‬
‫‪2g‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺭ ‪ γ‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺩﺭ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ‪γz‬‬
‫ﻛﻢ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺷﻮﺩ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ρv 2‬‬
‫‪+ γz + p = cte‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫‪http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺩ‪*:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺍﻭﻟﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪∇P‬‬ ‫‪   ∂v‬‬
‫‪(−‬‬ ‫‪− g∇z ) = (v .∇)v +‬‬
‫‪ρ‬‬ ‫‪∂t‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ 0‬‬
‫‪ ∂v ∂v‬‬
‫‪=v‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪∂s ∂t‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ∂v‬‬
‫‪=v‬‬
‫‪∂s‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ‪ s‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺧﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ‪ ds‬ﺿﺮﺏ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪∇P.ds‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪∂v‬‬
‫‪(−‬‬ ‫‪− g∇z.ds ) = v .ds‬‬
‫‪ρ‬‬ ‫‪∂s‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﺟﺰء ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺧﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ‪∇P.ds = dp‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﺟﺰء ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺧﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ‪∇z.ds = dz‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪dP‬‬
‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺧﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪− gdz = vdv‬‬
‫‪.ds = dv‬‬ ‫‪ρ‬‬
‫‪∂s‬‬ ‫‪v2‬‬
‫) (‪= d‬‬
‫‪http://sahand.kntu.ac.ir/~soltanpour/‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
 ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪dP‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬
‫( ‪+ gdz + d‬‬ ‫‪)=0‬‬
‫‪ρ‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺧﻂ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ) ‪ g‬ﺛﺎﺑﺖ(‪:‬‬

‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪dP‬‬ ‫‪v2‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ‬

‫∫‬ ‫‪ρ‬‬
‫‪+ gz + = cte‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫)‪(Compressible form of Bernouli’s equation‬‬

‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺟﺮﻡ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ )‪) ρ=ρ(P‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺭﻭﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﻚ‪ (Barotropic flow-‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ )‪:(Incompressible‬‬
‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬
‫‪+ gz +‬‬ ‫‪= cte‬‬
‫‪ρ‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﺗﺮﻣﺎﻝ )‪ (Isothermal‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ )ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﻣﺎ( ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺗﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺭﺿﺎ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪*.‬‬

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