ch10

10
Influence Lines
The teaching objectives for this chapter on influence lines are as follows:
– understanding the variation of support reactions and internal actions of a
statically determinate structure under the effect of a moving force;
– establishing influence lines for statically determinate structures;
– understanding the shape of the influence lines of internal and external actions;
– locating the load corresponding to maximum stresses that leads to
dimensioning the sections.
Influence lines are very important when designing structures acted on by moving
loads. In this chapter, we show the variation of an internal or external action
depending on the position of the moving force along a statically determinate
structure. This structure may be a beam, a frame or a truss. The second part focuses
on constructing influence lines using the Muller–Breslau principle, while the last
part describes the deflections of influence lines.
10.1. Introduction
In the previous chapters, we assumed that the loads were constant in values and
positions, such as the external actions, the dead weight of both the structure itself
and the equipment permanently attached to it. Nevertheless, structures are also
subjected to constant and moving forces.
In Chapters 3–9, we did not distinguished between permanent loads with a fixed
position and live loads that may change position. We underlined that operating or
environmental loads act on a structure for a definite time.
Structural Analysis 1: Statically Determinate Structures, First Edition. Salah Khalfallah.

© IST E Ltd 2018. Published by IST E Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
330 Structural Analysis 1
This chapter shows how statically determinate structures respond when subjected
to moving loads. The response of the structure to this type of stress is called the
influence line. Figure 10.1 represents this phenomenon; it is a vehicle that crosses
the bridge (AE). Therefore, for each position of the vehicle over the distance (AE),
there is an internal force in the bars of the truss.
α
P
A B C D E
Figure 10.1. Moving mass on a bridge
Starting from this concept, analyzing structures subjected to moving loads

consists of determining (1) the position of the moving force that corresponds to
extreme stresses and (2) the magnitude of the action. This action can be a support
reaction, a shear force or a bending moment.
10.2. Influence line definition
When a force is moving on a statically determinate structure, the internal actions

vary in relation to the position of the moving force. In the case of a statically
determinate symmetrical beam, the stresses are extreme when the force is at the
middle of the beam. To design a statically determinate structure solicited by a
moving load, we must look at how it responds at the action points. The curve that is
obtained is called the influence line of the studied action.
The influence line of an action is a diagram where the action’s value is expressed
depending on the abscissa of the moving force. In general, the moving force is a unit
force. Once the influence line is constructed, we are able to specify the position of
the force and the relevant studied action, which has been adopted as a structural
design value.
10.3. Influence lines of a beam using the equilibrium method
To establish an action’s influence line, we consider a statically determinate beam

stressed by a unitary load moving along the beam (Figure 10.2).
Influence Lines 331
10.3.1. Influence lines of a support reaction
To develop the influence line of support reaction VA, for example, it is necessary
to formulate the support reaction expression according to the position of the moving
load along the beam (AB).
1. α 1. 1.
y
A B
L
ox
1
Figure 10.2. Moving unit force on a beam
      
∑M B
= 0 : VA j ∧ (L.i) + (−1) j ∧ (L− α ).i = 0
α
VA (α ) = (1 − ) [10.1]
L
  α
∑F y
= 0 : VB (α ) =
L
[10.2]
VA (α = 0) = 1 and VA (α = L ) = 0 .
VB (α = 0) = 1 and VB (α = L ) = 1.
Expressions [10.1] and [10.2] describe the variation in support reactions VA and
VB according to the position of the moving force.
The influence line of support reaction VA (I.L.VA) is obtained by evaluating the

expression of VA according to the successive position of the unit force along the
length of the beam (AB). When the unit force is in A, the reaction VA is equal to the
unit. As the unit force moves away from point A, the value of reaction VA decreases,
disappearing when the unit force reaches point B. The influence line of reaction VB
(I.L.VB) is found in the same way (Figure 10.3).
1 All of the figures in this chapter are available to view in full color at www.iste.co.uk/
khalfallah/analysis1.zip.
I.L.R
1.
I.L.VA I.L.VB
0 L x
Figure 10.3. Influence lines of support reactions
10.3.2. Influence line of a shear force
The influence line of a shear force can be developed by constructing the

influence line of reaction VA. To establish the influence line of a shear force in
relation to point C (I.L.TC) of the x-axis (Figure 10.4), we calculate the shear force
expressions TC ( x, α ) for the different positions of the unit force.
α 1.
A B
C
x
L
Figure 10.4. Beam studied
In this case, we identify:
0 ≤α ≤ x
α
TC ( x , α ) = − [10.3]
L
x ≤α ≤ L
α
TC ( x , α ) = 1 − [10.4]
L
Influence Lines 333
Figure 10.5 shows the influence line of a shear force relating to section C.
I.L.TC
x
1−
L
0 L x
x
−
L
Figure 10.5. Influence line of a shear force
10.3.3. Influence line of a bending moment
The influence line of the bending moment in relation to point C (I.L.MC) is

obtained by dismissing the positions of the unit force. The bending moment
expressions can be deduced by:
0 ≤α ≤ x
α
MC ( x, α ) = α − x [10.5]
L
M C ( x, 0) = 0
x
M C ( x, x) = x(1 − )
L
When the unit force is to the right of section C, the bending moment expression is:
x ≤α ≤ L
α
M c ( x, α ) = (1 − )x [10.6]
L
x
MC ( x, x) = x(1 − )
L
MC ( x, L) = 0
The influence line of the bending moment at section C is shown in Figure 10.6.
I.L.MC
0
L x
x
x( x − )
L
Figure 10.6. Influence line of a bending moment
EXAMPLE 10.1.–
Draw the influence lines of the support reaction VB, the bending moment and the
shear force relating to point C of the beam (Figure 10.7).
α 1.
B
A C D
x
L/2 L/4 3L/4
Figure 10.7. Given beam
Influence line of support reaction VB
L
0≤α ≤
2
  3L
∑M D
= 0 : VB .L − 1.( − α ) = 0
2
3 α
VB (α ) = ( − )
2 L
Influence Lines 335
3
VB (α = 0) =
2
L
VB (α = ) = 1.
2
L 3L
≤α ≤
2 2
3 α
VB (α ) = ( − )
2 L
L
VB (α = ) = 1.
2
3L
VB (α = ) = 0.
2
The influence line of support reaction VB is given in Figure 10.8.

0.75
3/2
D
A B C
Figure 10.8. Influence line of support reaction VB
We formulate the expression of the bending moment relating to point C.
L
0≤α ≤
2
L
M C (x, α ) = VB x − 1( + x − α )
2
Substituting the expression VB, we obtain:
1 x
M C (x, α ) = ( x − L) + α (1 − )
2 L
1 L x
M C (x, 0) = ( x − L) = − (1 − )
2 2 L
L
M C (x, ) = 0.
2
L L
≤α ≤ + x
2 2
L
M C (x, α ) = VB x − 1.( + x − α )
2
Substituting the expression VB, the term of the bending moment MC is:
1 x
M C (x, α ) = ( x − L) + α (1 − )
2 L
L
M C (x, ) = 0.
2
L x
M C (x, x + ) = x(1 − )
2 L
L 3L
+ x ≤α ≤
2 2
M C (x, α ) = VB x
3 α
M C (x, α ) = ( − ).x
2 L
L x
M C (x, x + ) = x(1 − )
2 L
3L
M C (x, ) = 0.
2
The influence line of the bending moment at point C is shown in Figure 10.9.
Influence Lines 337
x
x (1 − )
L
A D
B C
L x
− (1 − )
2 L
Figure 10.9. Influence line of moment MC
Finally, the expressions of the shear force can be deduced by:
L
0≤α ≤
2
1 α
TC ( x, α ) = VB − 1 = −
2 L
1
TC ( x, 0) =
2
L
TC ( x, ) = 0.
2
L L
≤α ≤ + x
2 2
1 α
TC ( x, α ) = VB − 1 = −
2 L
L
TC ( x, ) = 0.
2
L x
TC ( x, x + ) = −
2 L
L 3L
+ x ≤α ≤
2 2
338 Strructural Analysiss 1
L x
TC ( x, + x) = 1−
2 L
3L
TC ( x, ) = 0.
2
The influence
i line of the shear force
f at point C is representted in Figure 110.10.
x
−
1−
1 L
2 B
C D
A
x
−
L
0.10. Influence
Figure 10 e line of TC
10.4. Influence line e using the equilibrium method

es of a frame
In thiis section, wee construct thee influence lin

nes of supportt reaction VA, the shear
force annd the bendingg moment rellating to point Q at a distaance x from ssupport B
(Figure 10.11).
1
The moving
m force passes througgh the beam (B
BQCE) of the frame (Figuree 10.11).
e 10.11. Given
Figure n frame
Influence Lines 339
10.4.1. Influence line of support reaction VA
0 ≤α ≤ L
  α
∑M D = 0 :VA (α ) = 1 −
L
[10.7]
VA (0) = 1.
VA (L) = 0.
5L
L ≤α ≤
4
  α
∑M D = 0 :VA (α ) = 1 −
L
[10.8]
VA (L) = 0.
5L 1
VA ( )=−
4 4
The influence line of support reaction VA is given in Figure 10.12.
1.
1. α
B E
Q C
-0.25
A D
Figure 10.12. Influence line of VA

In the same way, the influence lines of the bending moment at point Q can be
obtained as follows:
0 ≤α ≤ x
Substituting the expression of the reaction VA, we obtain:
x
MQ ( x, α ) = α (1 − ) [10.9]
L
MQ ( x, 0) = 0
x
MQ ( x, x) = x(1 − )
L
When the unit force is to the right of section Q, the bending moment expression
takes the following form:
x ≤α ≤ L
α
MQ ( x, α ) = (1 − )x [10.10]
L
x
MQ ( x, x) = x(1 − )
L
MQ ( x, L) = 0
Finally, when the unit force is on branch (CE):
5L
L ≤α ≤
4
α
MQ ( x, α ) = VA .x = (1 − )x [10.11]
L
MQ ( x, L) = 0.
5L x
MQ ( x, )=−
4 4
Influence Lines 341
The expressions [10.9] to [10.11] allow us to draw the influence line of a

bending moment relating to section Q (Figure 10.13).
α
1.
x
−
B Q C E 4
x
x(1 − )
L
A D
Figure 10.13. Influence line of MQ
The influence line of a shear force relating to section Q can be obtained by

applying the above procedure.
0 ≤α ≤ x
α
TQ ( x , α ) = V A − 1 = − [10.12]
L
TQ ( x, 0) = 0.
x
TQ ( x, x) = −
L
x ≤α ≤ L
α
TQ ( x, α ) = (1 − ) [10.13]
L
x
TQ ( x, x) = (1 − )
L
TQ ( x, L) = 0
Finally, when the unit force is on branch (CE):
5L
L ≤α ≤
4
α
TQ ( x, α ) = VA = (1 − ) [10.14]
L
TQ ( x, L) = 0.
5L 1
TQ ( x, )=−
4 4
The expressions [10.12] to [10.14] allow us to draw the influence line of a shear
force relating to section Q (Figure 10.14).
x
1−
L
α
1.
B E
Q C 1
−
4
x
−
L
A
D
Figure 10.14. Influence line of TQ
EXAMPLE 10.2.–
Draw the influence lines of the vertical reaction and bending moment at the fixed
side and the influence lines of the bending moment and the shear force with respect
to section D (Figure 10.15).
Influence Lines 343
Figure 10.15. Given structure
0 ≤α ≤ a
VA = 1.
MA (α ) = −(a − α )
TD (α ) = 0.
M D (x, α ) = α − a
a ≤α ≤ x
VA = 1.
MA (α ) = (α − a )
TD (α ) = 0.
M D (x, α ) = α − a
x ≤ α ≤ 2a
VA = 1.
MA (α ) = (α − a )
TD (α ) = 1.
M D (x, α ) = x − α
The influence lines of the external and internal actions at points A and D are
shown in Figure 10.16.
α 1.
α
1. 1.
B C D E
B C D E -a a
A A
I.L.VA I.L.MA
α
1.
1. α x-a
1.
B C D E -a B C D E
A A
I.L.TD I.L.MD
Figure 10.16. Influence lines at points A and D
10.5. Analysis steps
In general, to construct the influence line of an internal or external action, it is

necessary to adhere to the following steps:
1) We associate a reference to the structure on which we fix the direction of
movement of the moving force. In general, it is moving from left to right with a unit
value and oriented toward the negative direction of the ordinates.
Influence Lines 345
W position thee unit force at a distance of α from the left

2) We l end of the structure
mulate the expression of the action.
and form
3) Onnce the expreessions of thhe actions haave been form mulated, it iss easy to
construcct a diagram of
o the action. The influencee line is the magnitude
m of tthe action
(y-axis) according
a to the
t position off the moving force
f (x-axis).
4) Thhe influence liine is used to determine th
he value and direction
d of thhe studied
action, thhe extreme vaalue of which must
m be taken n in the designn phase.
EXAMPLLE 10.3.–
Draww the influence lines of suppport reaction VE, the bendiing moment relating to
a the shear force relating to point C off the beam (Figgure 10.17).
point B and
Figure
e 10.17. Given
n beam
We associate
a oving force crosses the beeam (AE)
the reference (oxxy) and a mo
(Figure 10.18);
1 a hingge is placed at point D.
Figure 10
0.18. Beam wiith a hinge
The beam
b (AE) is once staticallly indeterminate and introdducing a hingee at point
D makess the structure statically determinate.
Influencce line of sup

pport reaction
n VE
The moving
m force has no effect on reaction VE when it is inn interval [0,4a].
4a ≤ α ≤ 6a
  α − 4a
∑M D = 0 : VE (α ) =
2a
VE (4a ) = 0.
VE (6a ) = a
The influence line of support reaction VE is given in Figure 10.19.
α 1.
1
2@a 2@(2a)
Figure 10.19. Influence line of VE
Influence line of bending moment MB

0 ≤α ≤ a
α
VA (α ) = 1 −
2a
α
M B (α ) = (1 − )a − 1.(a − α )
2a
M B (0) = 0.
a
M B (a) =
2
a ≤ α ≤ 2a
α
VA (α ) = 1 −
2a
α
M B (α ) = (1 − )a
2a
Influence Lines 347
a
M B (a) =
2
M B (2 a) = 0.
2a ≤ α ≤ 4a
 
∑M D = 0 : VA .4a + VC .2a = 1.(4a − α )
Knowing that VA + VC = 1. and VE=0.
α
VA (α ) = 1 −
2a
α
VC (α ) =
2a
α
M B (α ) = (1 − )a
2a
M B (2 a) = 0.
M B (4 a) = − a
4a ≤ α ≤ 6a
 
∑M D =0: VE .a = 1.(α − 4a )
α
VE (α ) = −4
a
α
VA (α ) = −3
2a
α
VC (α ) = 6 −
2a
α
M B (α ) = ( − 3).a
2a
M B (4 a) = − a
M B (6 a) = 0.
The influence line is represented in Figure 10.20.
a/2
Figure 10.20. Influence line of moment MB
Influence line of shear force TC

0 ≤ α ≤ 2a
α
VA (α ) = 1 −
2a
α
TC (α ) = VA (α ) − 1 = −
2a
TC (0) = 0.
TC (2 a) = −1.
2a ≤ α ≤ 4a
α
VA (α ) = 1 −
2a
α
VC (α ) =
2a
α
TC (α ) = VA (α ) = (1 − )
2a
TC (2 a) = 0.
Influence Lines 349
TC (4 a) = −1.
4a ≤ α ≤ 6a
α
VA (α ) = −3
2a
α
TC (α ) = VA (α ) = ( − 3)
2a
TC (4 a) = 1.
TC (4 a) = 0.
The influence line is represented in Figure 10.21.
1 1
Figure 10.21. Influence line of TC
EXAMPLE 10.4.–
α 1. a
A
D B E
x
3a
6a a
Figure 10.22. Given frame

Draw the influence lines of support reaction HA, the shear force and the bending
moment relating to point D (Figure 10.22).
The bar (BC) generates a force RB at point B (Figure 10.23).
α 1. a
A B
D E
HB
x
VB RB
6a a
Figure 10.23. Bar (AB)
VB 1
=
HB 3
VB
HB =
3
 
∑M A
=0
α
VB =
6a
α
HB =
18a
 
∑F x
=0
α
HA =
18a
Draw the influence lines of the support reaction HA; the bending moment and the
shear force relating to point D of the different intervals are given as:
0 ≤α ≤ x
α
HA =
18a
Influence Lines 351
α
TD (x, α ) = VA − 1 = −
6a
TD (x, 0) = 0.
x
TD (x, x) = −
6a
αx
M D (x, α ) = VA x − 1.( x − α ) = α −
6a
M D (x, 0) = VA x − 1.( x − α ) = 0.
x
M D (x, x) = x(1 − )
6a
x ≤ α ≤ 7a
α
HA =
18a
α
TD (x, α ) = VA = 1 −
6a
x
TD (x, x) = 1 −
6a
1
TD (x, 7 a) = −
6
α
M D (x, α ) = VA x = (1 − )x
6a
x
M D (x, x) = (1 − )x
6a
x
M D (x, 7 a) = −
6
The influence lines of reaction HA, the shear force and the bending moment
relating to point D are represented, respectively, in Figures 10.24–10.26.
1 7
3 18
A
D B E
Figure 10.24. I.L.HA
1.
x
1−
A 6a B E
1
D −
6
x
−
6a
Figure 10.25. I.L.TD
x
B −
A 6
D E
x
x(1 − )
6a C
Figure 10.26. I.L.MD

Influence Lines 353
10.6. Influence line s

es of trusses
Trussses are often used for briddges, sports and

a conference halls, cranee bridges,
etc.
Durinng their desiign, it is impportant to co onstruct the iinfluence linees of the

structuree or one of its parts. Figure 10.1 clearly shows
s this phenomenon; thhe applied
i transmitted from the deckk to the carryiing elements oof the bridge.
loading is
The influence lines of one or more bars of o the truss ccan be constrructed by
subjectinng the joints to unit jointt forces (Figu ure 10.27). WWe can deterrmine the
internal forces using one of the m methods for analyzing
a truusses (Chapterr 4). The
results arre graphicallyy presented in order to show
w the design phhase.
1.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
B1
gure 10.27. Trruss

Fig
Figurre 10.27 show ws how to consstruct the influ uence line of tthe internal forrce of bar
(B1). Thhe unit force iss applied to joiint (1) and thee force in bar ((B1) is calculaated. This
procedurre applies wheen the movingg force is alterrnately appliedd to joints (2))–(5). The
curve ennveloping the variation of tthe intensity of o the normall force in the bar (B1)
dependinng on the unit force’s applicaation point is the
t normal forrce’s influencee line.
EXAMPLLE 10.5.–
Draww the influencce lines of thee internal forcce in bars (B11), (B2), (B3)), and the
vertical reaction
r VA off the structuree (Figure 10.28
8).
Fig
gure 10.28. Trruss
To determine the influence line of reaction VA and the influence line of the
normal force on bars (B1), (B2) and (B3), we use a numerical system developed for
the analysis of trusses.
8 (18) 9 (19)10 (20)11 (21) 12
(7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12 (13) (14) (15) (16) (17)
1 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

7
2 3 4 5 6
Figure 10.29. Numbering of bars
To construct the influence lines of reaction VA and the internal force in bars
(B1 ≡ (10)), (B2 ≡ (11)) and (B3 ≡ (19)), the procedure described in the previous
sections is applied.
Using the system gives us the results shown in Table 10.1.
Joint 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
VA 1 0.933 0.667 0.50 0.334 0.167 0
B1 0 –0.209 0.933 O.625 O.416 0.209 0
B2 0 0.166 0.344 –0.50 –0.334 –0.166 0
B3 0 –0.375 –0.750 –1.125 –0.750 –0.375 0
Table 10.1. Forces in bars B1, B2, B3
The influence lines are given in Figures 10.30–10.33.
I.L.VA
1. 0.933
0.667
0.50
0.334
0.167
o x
Figure 10.30. I.L.VA

Influence Lines 355
I.L.B1
I.L.B1
0.933
0.625
0.416
0.209
o 0.0 x
0.209
Figure 10.31. I.L.B1
I.L.B2
0.334
0.167
o
x
-0.167
-0.134
-0.50
I.L.B3
o
x
-0.375 -0.375
-0.750 -0.750
-1.125

10.7. Influence lines using the Muller–Breslau principle
The construction of the influence lines of an action can be carried out using the
Muller–Breslau principle: “the influence line of an action relating to a section is
given by the deformed structure below the moving force obtained by ignoring the
action itself, which corresponds to the construction of the influence line of the basic
structure by associating a unit displacement (case of a reaction) or a unit rotation
(case of a moment) according to the direction of the considered action”. This
principle does not apply to the construction of influence lines for deflections [10.8].
To show how to apply the Muller-Breslau method, we consider a statically

determinate beam stressed by a unitary load moving along the beam (Figure 10.34).
The unit force first applies to the section (AC), then to the section (CB). The
influence lines of support reaction VA, the bending moment and the shear force
relating to point C can be constructed by sequentially applying the steps of the
method.
α 1.
A B
x C
10.7.1. Influence lines of a support reaction
To construct the influence lines of the support reaction VA, we ignore the
reaction itself. The hinge at A thus becomes a roller with only 1 degree of freedom.
The beam can move in the direction of the force VA (Figure 10.35).
α 1.
A
B
x C
VA
L

Influence Lines 357
In this case, the actions stressing the beam are the support reaction VA, the
moving force and the support reaction VB. We associate following the direction of
reaction VA a virtual unit displacement ( Δ A = 1. ) (Figure 10.36).
A’
α 1.
ΔA =1
A
B
x C
VA
L
Figure 10.36. Virtual unit displacement
The beam is in equilibrium according to the principle of virtual displacements of

rigid body movement. Knowing that support B remains stationary alongside support
A prevents the horizontal displacement of the beam (Figure 10.36).
We calculate the virtual work of the external forces.
Wv , ext = VA (α ).Δ A − 1.v(α ), [10.15]
where v (α ) is the vertical displacement of the moving force’s application point.

The displacement depends on α and Δ A = 1. Equation [10.15] leads to:
VA (α ) = v (α ) [10.16]
The displacement below the moving force is given as:
α
v(α ) = 1 − [10.17]
L
Taking into account relationships [10.16] and [10.17], the vertical reaction at A
is written as:
α
VA (α ) = 1 − [10.18]
L
The relationship [10.18] is identical to that obtained by the equilibrium method

in Figure 10.3. Similarly, the variation of reaction VA (α ) is a function of the
position of the moving force.
EXAMPLE 10.6.–
Using the Muller–Breslau principle, construct the influence line of support

reaction VA of the beam (Figure 10.37).
α 1.
A
C B
L/2 L
We substitute hinge A with a roller and a vertical reaction VA (Figure 10.38).
α 1.
A
C B
VA
L/2 L
Figure 10.38. Effect of reaction VA
Bar (AC) undergoes a rigid body movement (Figure 10.39) whose

displacement Δ A = 1.
α 1.
ΔA
A
C B
v (α ) VA
L/2 L
Figure 10.39. Unit force 0 ≤ α ≤ L / 2
L
0≤α ≤ (Figure 10.39)
2
Influence Lines 359
The virtual work of the external forces is zero, so we can write:
Wv ,ext = VA .Δ A − 1.v(α ) = 0
VA = v(α )
The similarity of the displacements (Figure 10.39) makes it possible to write:
L
−α
−v(α ) 2
=
ΔA L
1 α
VA (α ) = v(α ) = −( − )
2 L
1
VA (0) = −
2
L
VA ( ) = 0.
2
L 3L
≤α ≤ (Figure 10.40)
2 2
1.
α ΔA
A
C B v (α )
VA
L/2 L
L 3L
Figure 10.40. Unit force ≤α ≤
2 2
1 α
VA (α ) = v(α ) = −( − )
2 L
L
VA ( ) = 0.
2
3L
VA ( ) = 1.
2
The influence line of reaction VA using the Muller–Breslau principle is given in

Figure 10.41.
1.
C A
B
0.5
L/2 L
Figure 10.41. I.L.VA
10.7.2. Influence line of a shear force
To construct the influence line of the shear force at point C using the
Muller–Breslau method, we follow the procedure described in section 10.6.1.
The beam is cut by a section at point C (Figure 10.42).
C2
1.
C ω B
A ω C
C
C
C1
Figure 10.42. Shear force at point C
Sections (AC) and (CB) undergo displacements (CC1) and (CC2) in the direction
of shear force T(x) (Figure 10.42).
A unit displacement is given at point C. The displacements of branches (AC) and

(BC) are, respectively, Δ1 and Δ 2 .
Δ = Δ1 + Δ 2 = 1. [10.19]
Displacements Δ1 and Δ 2 depend on the slope of joints A and B. This

consideration makes it possible to conclude that the lines (AC) and (BC) are parallel.
Influence Lines 361
Applying the principle of virtual displacements leads to:
Wv , ext = T (x).Δ1 + T (x).Δ 2 + M ( x ).ω − M ( x ).ω − 1.v (α ) [10.20]
or:
Wv , ext = T (x).( Δ1 + Δ 2 ) − 1.v (α ) [10.21]
or:
Wv , ext = T (x).Δ − v (α ) [10.22]
Knowing that the virtual work of external actions is zero, we get:
T (x) = v(α ) [10.23]
From Figure 10.37, we can write:
L−x
Δ2 = Δ1 [10.24]
x
Taking into account the relationships [10.19] and [10.24], we can write:
x
Δ1 =
L [10.25]
x
Δ2 = 1−
L [10.26]
0 ≤ α ≤ x (Figure 10.43)
C2
α 1.
A C C
C B
C
v (α ) C1
Figure 10.43. Tc for α ≤ x

The displacement of the point of application of the unit force is given as:
α
v(α ) = [10.27]
L
Using the relationship [10.23], the expression of the shear force is written as:
α
T ( x) = [10.28]
L
T (0) = 0.
x
T ( x) =
L
x ≤ α ≤ L (Figure 10.44)
C1
α 1.
C
A TC B
CC
C2 v (α )
Figure 10.44. Tc for x ≤ α ≤ L
In this case, the displacement of the point of application of the moving force
is given as:
α
v( x) = 1 − [10.29]
L
The shear force expression is:
α
T ( x) = v(α ) = 1 − [10.30]
L
x
T ( x) = 1 −
L
T ( L) = 0.
Influence Lines 363
The influence line of the shear force at point C is shown in Figure 10.45.
I.L.TC
x
1−
L
0 x x
L
L
Figure 10.45. I.L.TC
The result obtained using the Muller–Breslau principle is identical to that

obtained by the equilibrium method (Figure 10.5).
EXAMPLE 10.7.–
Construct the influence line of the shear force relating to point D located at a
distance of x from support B (Figure 10.37).
L
0≤α ≤ (Figure 10.45)
2
The displacement of the force’s point of application is given as:
2α
v(α ) = β (1 − )
L
Substituting the value of β in the previous expression, we obtain:
L
β =− Δ1
2x
L 2α
v(α ) = − Δ1 (1 − )
2x L
x
Δ1 =
L
α 1.
Δ1
T(x) D
C A
B D
β v (α ) T(x)
L/2 x Δ2
L- x
L
Figure10.46. Shear force 0 ≤ α ≤
2
Finally, the shear force expression at point D is written as:
1 2α
T (α ) = v(α ) = − (1 − )
2 L
1
T (0) = −
2
L
T ( ) = 0.
2
L L
≤ α ≤ + x (Figure 10.47)
2 2
Δ2
α 1. T(x)
D
B A
C D
T(x)
v (α ) L-x
Δ1
L/2 x
L L
Figure 10.47. Shear force ≤α ≤ + x
2 2
Influence Lines 365
The displacement below the point of application of the moving force is given as:
L
α−
v (α ) = Δ1 . 2
x
Δ1 Δ
Knowing that = 2 and Δ1 + Δ 2 = 1.
x L−x
x
Δ1 =
L
α 1
v(α ) = −
L 2
The shear force expression at point D is written as:
α 1
T (α ) = v (α ) = −
L 2
L
T ( ) = 0.
2
L x
T ( + x) =
2 L
3L
x ≤α ≤ (Figure 10.48)
2
Δ1 α 1.
C A
T(x)
B D T(x)
v (α )
Δ2
L/2 x L-x
3L
Figure 10.48. Shear force x ≤ α ≤
2
3L
−α
v (α ) = Δ 2 2
L−x
x
and Δ 2 = 1 −
L
3 α
v (α ) = −
2 L
The shear force expression at point D is written as:
3 α
T (α ) = v (α ) = −
2 L
3 x
T ( x) = −
2 L
3L
T( ) = 0.
2
Figure 10.49 shows the influence line of a shear force relating to point D.
3 x
−
1 2 L
2
D
A B C
x
−
L
Figure 10.49. Influence line of a shear force relating to point D.
10.7.3. Influence line of a bending moment
The influence line of the bending moment is obtained by applying the influence
line construction procedure described in sections 10.7.1 and 10.7.2.
The bending moment MC is ignored by introducing a hinge, which allows a

rotation at point C (Figure 10.50).
Influence Lines 367
α
1.
MB MB
A C B
x
L
The introduction of a hinge at point C allows the branches (AC) and (CB) to
rotate, respectively, at points A and B (Figure 10.51).
C ω A + ω B = 1.
α
Δ 1.
ωA ωB
C B
x
A L
Figure 10.51. Beam deflection
The Muller–Breslau principle considers ωC = 1 .
ω A + ωB = 1. [10.31]
We apply the principle of virtual displacements of rigid body movement. The

virtual work of external forces is written as:
Wv , ext = M (x).ω A + M (x).ω B − 1.v (α ) [10.32]
The relationship [10.32] is written as:
Wv , ext = M (x).(ω A + ω B ) − v (α ) [10.33]
We substitute the relationship [10.31] with the relationship [10.33] and knowing
that Wv , ext = 0. , we write:
M (x) = v (α ) [10.34]
This relationship shows that the vertical displacement of the point of application
of the moving force is equal to the expression of the bending moment at the point
where the influence line is required.
The displacement at point C (Figure 10.51) is given as:
Δ = x.ω A = ( L − x ).ω B [10.35]
The slopes at points A and B are written as:
L−x
ωA = .ωB [10.36]
x
x
ωA = 1 − [10.37]
L
x
ωB = [10.38]
L
Substituting the relationship [10.36] with the relationship [10.35], we obtain:
x
Δ = x.(1 − ) [10.39]
L
The expression of the bending moment at point C is:
0 ≤α ≤ x
v(α ) α
= [10.40]
Δ x
Substituting the relationship [10.39] with [10.40], we obtain:
x
v(α ) = (1 − ).α [10.41]
L
x
M (α ) = (1 − ).α [10.42]
L
M (0) = 0.
Influence Lines 369
x
M ( x) = (1 − ).x
L
x ≤α ≤ L
v(α ) L − α
= [10.43]
Δ L−x
Substituting the relationship [10.39] with [10.43], we obtain:
α
v(α ) = x.(1 − ) [10.44]
L
α
M (α ) = x.(1 − ) [10.45]
L
x
M ( x) = x.(1 − )
L
M ( L) = 0.
The influence line of the bending moment at point C is shown in Figure 10.52.
I.L.MC
x L
0 x
x
x(1 − )
L
Figure 10.52. I.L.MC
EXAMPLE 10.8.–
Using the Muller–Breslau principle, construct the influence line of the bending
moment at point D (Figure 10.53).
L
0≤α ≤
2
D’ ω A + ω B = 1.
α 1.
Δ
A
C B D
v (α )
L/2 x L- x
L
Figure 10.53. Force 0 ≤ α ≤
2
−v(α ) Δ
Given that = .
L
−α x
2
The displacement of the point of application of the moving force is given as:
L Δ
v(α ) = −( − α )
2 x
or
L x
v (α ) = −( − α ).(1 − )
2 L
Hence
L x
M (α ) = −( − α ).(1 − )
2 L
L x
M (0) = − (1 − )
2 L
L
M ( ) = 0.
2
L L
≤ α ≤ + x (Figure 10.54)
2 2
Influence Lines 371
D’ ω A + ω B = 1.
α 1.
Δ
A
C B D
v (α )
L/2 x L- x
L L
Figure 10.54. Force ≤α ≤ + x
2 2
In this case,
x L
v(α ) = (1 − ).(α − )
L 2
Hence, the bending moment at point D is given as:
x L
M (α ) = (1 − ).(α − )
L 2
L
M ( ) = 0.
2
L x
M ( + x) = x(1 − )
2 L
3L
x ≤α ≤ (Figure 10.55)
2
D’ ω A + ω B = 1.
α
Δ 1.
A
C B D
v (α )
L/2 x L- x
3L
Figure 10.55. Force x ≤ α ≤
2
The expression of the bending moment below the moving force is written as
3 α
M (α ) = x.( − )
2 L
L x
M ( + x) = x.(1 − )
2 L
3L
M( ) = 0.
2
Finally, Figure 10.56 shows the influence line of a bending moment relating to
point D.
x
x (1 − )
L
C A
B
L x D
− (1 − )
2 L
Figure 10.56. I.L.MD
10.8. Influence lines of deflections
The influence line of a deflection at a point of a structure is its variation

according to the mobility of the unit force. Finding the influence lines of deflections
relating to a point is carried out in the same way as that of a shear force or a bending
moment.
The construction of the influence line of the vertical displacement at point C

(Figure 10.57) is obtained by varying the unit force application point from point A
to point B by calculating, each time, the vertical displacement at point C. The
methods for calculating deflections (Chapters 6 and 7) make it possible to calculate
the vertical displacement at point C.
Influence Lines 373
Figure
e 10.57. Given
n beam
The methods for calculating deflections (C Chapters 6 anda 7) offer tools for
calculatiing deflectionns at a poinnt on the beam. Amongg these methhods, the
Maxwelll–Betti law of o reciprocity of deflection ns is of particcular importannce when
construccting influencee lines of defleections in statiically determiinate beams.
In this case, whenn a unit force is

i applied at point
p D, the vertical
v displaccement at
point C is δ DC . Simiilarly, when a unit force reeaches point C,
C the displaccement at
i δ DC (Figuree 10.58). Appllying the Max
point D is xwell–Betti law
w allows us too write:
δ CD = δ DC [10.46]
The relationship [10.46]

[ showss that the value of the infl fluence line att point C
when thee unit force is applied at pooint D is equall to the value of the influennce line at
point D when
w the unit force is appliied at point C..
1. 1.
C D
A B
δ CD δ DC
Figure 10
0.58. Maxwelll–Betti law
EXAMPLLE 10.9.–
Draw
w the influence line of the vertical
v displaacement and thhe influence liine of the
slope at point
p B of thee cantilever beeam (Figure 100.59).
α 1.
A E,I B
L
Figure 10.59. Given cantilever beam
A unit force is applied at point B. The diagram of the bending moment of the
cantilever beam is shown in Figure 10.60.
1.
L
A B
Figure 10.60. Bending moment diagram
The conjugate beam method (Figure 10.61) is used to calculate the displacement
at point B.
q(x)
L
EI
A x B
L
Figure 10.61. Conjugate beam
The shear force and the bending moment at any section at a distance x from the
support A are written as:
L x 1 L x 1 L x
q( x) = (1 − ) M ( x) = − (1 − ).x ² − (1 − (1 − )).x ²
EI L 2 EI L 3 EI L
Influence Lines 375
Hence:
1 L x3
M ( x) = − (3.x ² − )
6 EI L
L x 1 L x L x²
T( x) = (1 − ).x + (1 − (1 − )).x = (x − )
EI L 2 EI L EI 2L
So, the displacement at point B according to the point of application of the

moving force is given as:
1 L x3
δ ( x) = − (3.x ² − )
6 EI L
and the corresponding slope is:
L x²
ω ( x) = (x − )
EI 2L
The influence lines of displacement and the slope are shown in Figure 10.62.
1.
BL
A
3EI
Influence line of displacement at point B
1.
B
A L2
2 EI
Influence line of the slope at point B
Figure 10.62. Influence lines of δ B and ωB .
10.9. Conclusion
In this chapter, we have presented the construction of influence lines of an

internal or external action of a beam, a frame and a statically determinate truss. The
primary objective of this chapter is to draw a curve that links the variation of the
internal action according to the position of a mobile unit force along the structure.
The conclusions that can be drawn from this chapter are as follows:
– influence lines of an external action and/or internal action can be deduced
using the equilibrium method or the Muller–Breslau method;
– influence lines of an external action and/or internal action are found by varying
the unit force along the structure, showing the variation of this action according to
the position of the application of the unit and moving force;
– the influence line of the shear force relating to a section is the vertical
displacement of the point of application of the moving force. The structure is cut by
a section at the requested point considering that the shear force at this section
generates a unit displacement. The displacement of the point of application of the
moving force constitutes the shear force relating to the chosen section. The variation
of the shear force is the influence line;
– in the same way, the influence line of the bending moment in relation to any
section is the vertical displacement of the point of application of the moving force.
The bending moment generates a unit rotation at the chosen section. The vertical
displacement of the point of application of the moving force is the bending moment
in relation to the considered section. The expression of the bending moment in
relation to a section constitutes the influence line of the bending moment;
– the purpose of studying the influence lines of statically determinate structures
is to allow the designer to analyze the studied structure under the effect of a moving
force.
10.10. Problems
Exercise 1
Determine the influence lines of support reactions VA and VB of the following
beams:
A A O B
L
L/3 L L/2
A O A O B
B
L L L/2
Influence Lines 377
Exercise
e2
Deterrmine the influence lines off support reacttion VA of thee following beeams:
Exercise
e3
o the shear force and the bending m
Consstruct the inflluence lines of moment in
relation to t following beams:
t point A of the
EI is constant for all

a structures.
Exercise
e4
Deterrmine the inflluence lines of the support reaction RA and
a internal foorce N1 of
bar 1 forr all the folloowing trusses. We assume that the unit load is movinng on the
joints off the upper flannge and E Ω is constant.
378 Strructural Analysiss 1
Exercise
e5
Draw
w the influence lines of suppport reaction RA, the shearr force and thee bending
moment relating to pooint B of the foollowing fram
mes:
Exercise
e6
1 using the Muller–Breslau method.
Repeeat Exercises 1–5
Exercise
e7
w the influence lines of the displacementt at point A annd the slope inn relation
Draw
to point B of the follow
wing structurees:
Influence Lines 379
For each
e structure,, use the follow
wing method::
1) deeformation of the elastic linee;
2) principle of virttual work;
3) coonjugate beam
m.
Exercise
e8
Draw
w the influencee lines of the force
f in the sp
pring of the foollowing structtures:

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10

Structural Analysis 1: Statically Determinate Structures, First Edition. Salah Khalfallah.

Figure 10.1. Moving mass on a bridge

Starting from this concept, analyzing structures subjected to moving loads

10.2. Influence line definition

When a force is moving on a statically determinate structure, the internal actions

10.3. Influence lines of a beam using the equilibrium method

To establish an action’s influence line, we consider a statically determinate beam

10.3.1. Influence lines of a support reaction

The influence line of support reaction VA (I.L.VA) is obtained by evaluating the

Figure 10.3. Influence lines of support reactions

10.3.2. Influence line of a shear force

The influence line of a shear force can be developed by constructing the

Figure 10.4. Beam studied

In this case, we identify:

Figure 10.5. Influence line of a shear force

10.3.3. Influence line of a bending moment

The influence line of the bending moment in relation to point C (I.L.MC) is

Figure 10.6. Influence line of a bending moment

Figure 10.7. Given beam

Influence line of support reaction VB

The influence line of support reaction VB is given in Figure 10.8.

Figure 10.8. Influence line of support reaction VB

We formulate the expression of the bending moment relating to point C.

Substituting the expression VB, we obtain:

Figure 10.9. Influence line of moment MC

Finally, the expressions of the shear force can be deduced by:

10.4. Influence line e using the equilibrium method

In thiis section, wee construct thee influence lin

10.4.1. Influence line of support reaction VA

The influence line of support reaction VA is given in Figure 10.12.

Figure 10.12. Influence line of VA

Substituting the expression of the reaction VA, we obtain:

Finally, when the unit force is on branch (CE):

The expressions [10.9] to [10.11] allow us to draw the influence line of a

Figure 10.13. Influence line of MQ

The influence line of a shear force relating to section Q can be obtained by

Finally, when the unit force is on branch (CE):

Figure 10.14. Influence line of TQ

Figure 10.15. Given structure

Figure 10.16. Influence lines at points A and D

10.5. Analysis steps

In general, to construct the influence line of an internal or external action, it is

W position thee unit force at a distance of α from the left

Influencce line of sup

The influence line of support reaction VE is given in Figure 10.19.

Figure 10.19. Influence line of VE

Influence line of bending moment MB

Knowing that VA + VC = 1. and VE=0.

The influence line is represented in Figure 10.20.

Figure 10.20. Influence line of moment MB

Influence line of shear force TC

The influence line is represented in Figure 10.21.

Figure 10.21. Influence line of TC

Figure 10.22. Given frame

The bar (BC) generates a force RB at point B (Figure 10.23).

Figure 10.23. Bar (AB)

Figure 10.24. I.L.HA

Figure 10.25. I.L.TD

Figure 10.26. I.L.MD

10.6. Influence line s

Trussses are often used for briddges, sports and

Durinng their desiign, it is impportant to co onstruct the iinfluence linees of the