GERMAN

DWA Rules and Standards

Standard DWA-A 118E

Hydraulic Dimensioning and Verification
of Drain and Sewer Systems

Teile
March12006
und 2
GERMAN
DWA Rules and Standards

Standard DWA-A 118E

Hydraulic Dimensioning and Verification
of Drain and Sewer Systems

March 2006
DWA-A 118E

The German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste (DWA) is intensively involved with the develop-
ment of reliable and sustainable water management. Being a politically and economically independent organi-
sation it operates specifically in the areas of water management, wastewater, waste and soil protection.

In Europe the DWA is the association in this field with the greatest number of members and, due to its
specialist competence, it holds a special position with regard to standardisation, professional training and
information of the public. The members, approximately 14,000 represent specialists and managers from
municipalities, universities, consulting engineers, authorities and businesses.

Imprint
Translation:
Published and sold by:
RICHARD BROWN, Wachtberg
DWA German Association for
Water, Wastewater and Waste Printing (English version):
Theodor-Heuss-Allee 17 DWA
D-53773 Hennef, Germany ISBN: 978-3-940173-51-5
Tel.: +49 2242 872-333
Fax: +49 2242 872-100 The translation was sponsored by the
E-Mail: kundenzentrum@dwa.de German Federal Environmental Foundation (DBU)
Internet: www.dwa.de Printed on 100 % recycling paper

© DWA Deutsche Vereinigung für Wasserwirtschaft, Abwasser und Abfall e.V., Hennef 2009
(German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste)

All rights, in particular those of translation into other languages, are reserved. No part of this Standard may be reproduced in any form
– by photocopy, microfilm or any other process – or transferred into a language usable in machines, in particular data processing
machines, without the written approval of the publisher.

2 March 2006
 DWA-A 118E

Foreword
Standard ATV-A-118 was first published in 1956 under the title “Standards for the calculation of stormwater
and combined wastewater sewers”. In 1977 it was republished in a revised edition with the title “Standards
for the hydraulic calculation of domestic and industrial wastewater, stormwater and combined wastewater
sewers” (ATV 1977).

A renewed revision was started in 1994. This was occasioned by European standardisation as common
standard specifications for drain and sewer systems had been developed. In addition to taking into account
the specifications of the standard series DIN EN 752 on flooding protection, technical development,
additional knowledge and the increasing employment of computer calculations were also included in the
revision. In particular, a survey of 580 towns and communities and of 340 engineer offices on the then
current application practice of sewer calculations, carried out in 1994 (ATV 1996), has also been included.
Thanks to the collaboration of specialist colleagues, the experiences of neighbouring countries have also
been included with the revision.

Standard ATV-DVWK-A 198E “Standardisation and Derivation of Dimensioning Values for Wastewater
Facilities” appeared in April 2003. The definitions made in this Standard with regard to the systematic of
short symbols were the reason for the editorial revision.

In each application case the available local and project-specific characteristics are to be checked as to
whether the rules listed below can be applied without limitation. They may be supplemented or replaced by
other approaches if appropriate knowledge or experience is available. In general, there is an absolute
necessity to consider the water management characteristics and requirements as a whole.

The inclusion of the overall concept of the residential and urban drainage with the hydraulic calculation of
drain and sewer systems is as an absolute must. This concerns both measures for the management of
rainwater as well as the loading of surface receiving waters with runoff and combined water discharges.

March 2006 3
DWA-A 118E

Authors
This Standard was elaborated and editorially revised by the Working Group ES-2.1 “Calculation methods”
within the Specialist Committee ES-2 “System-related planning”.

The following had collaborated with the production of Standard ATV-A 118E:

BRÖKER, Holger W Dr.-Ing., Langenfeld

EICHER, Christian Dipl. HTL, Belp/Schwitzerland
ENGEL, Norbert Dr.-Ing., Berlin
HEIDEBRECHT, Rüdiger Dipl.-Ing., Hennef
KESELING, Ulrich Ltd. BD Dipl.-Ing., Hagen
KLTSCHE, Sybille Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Dresden
KÖNIGER, Wolfgang RBM Dipl.-Ing., München
KREIL, Albert BD Dipl.-Ing., Kassel
MÄNNIG, Frank Dipl.-Ing., Dresden
SHABER, Dietmar BD Dipl.-Ing., Karlsruhe
SCHMITT, Theo G. Prof. Dr.-Ing., Kaiserslautern (Chairman)
SIEKER, Friedhelm Prof. Dr.-Ing,. Hannover
VERWORN, Wolfgang Dr.-Ing., Hannover
VOGEL, G. Dipl.-Ing., Potsdam
VOORHOEVE, Jacob G. ir., Amersfoort/Netherlands

Members of the Working Group are currently:

ENGEL, Norbert Prof. Dr.-Ing
FUCHS, Lothar Dr.-Ing., Hannover
GRUNWALD, Georg Dr.-Ing,. Bremen
KÖNIGER, Wolfgang RegBM Dipl.-Ing., München
MÄNNIG, Frank Dipl.-Ing., Dresden
SCHMITT, Theo G. Prof. Dr.-Ing., Kaiserslautern (Chairman)
SITZMANN, Dieter Prof. Dipl.-Ing., Coburg
THOMAS, Martin Dipl.-Ing., Kaiserslautern
VERWORN, Wolfgang Dr.-Ing., Hannover

Project organiser within the DWA Head Office

HOLLek, Cornelia Dipl.-Ing., Hennef
Department of wastewater and water protection

4 March 2006
 DWA-A 118E

Contents
Foreword .................................................................................................................................................. 3

Authors .................................................................................................................................................. 4

List of Figures.......................................................................................................................................... 7

List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................... 7

User Notes................................................................................................................................................ 8

1 Scope........................................................................................................................................ 8

2 Terms........................................................................................................................................ 8
2.1 Definitions ................................................................................................................................. 8
2.2 Symbols .................................................................................................................................... 10

3 General..................................................................................................................................... 11
3.1 Fundamentals ........................................................................................................................... 11
3.2 Typ of Drainage System............................................................................................................ 11
3.3 Assignment of Tasks................................................................................................................. 12
3.4 Relevant Discharge Parameters and Cross-sections ............................................................... 12

4 Wastewater and Extraneous Water Discharge .................................................................... 13

4.1 Calculation Principles................................................................................................................ 13
4.1.1 Existing Drain and Sewer Systems........................................................................................... 13
4.1.2 Planning of New Drain and Sewer Systems ............................................................................. 13
4.1.2.1 Domestic Wastewater ............................................................................................................... 13
4.1.2.2 Trade Effluent (Commercial/Industrial Wastewater) ................................................................. 14
4.1.2.3 Extraneous Water ..................................................................................................................... 14
4.2 Calculation of the Wastewater and Extraneous Water Discharge............................................ 15

5 Surface Water Runoff ............................................................................................................. 16

5.1 Target and Verification Parameters .......................................................................................... 16
5.2 Initial Details on Surface Water Loading................................................................................... 18
5.2.1 Rainfall Intensity-Duration Curve and "Block" Rainfall.............................................................. 18
5.2.2 Intensity Variable Model Rainfall............................................................................................... 18
5.2.2.1 Individual Model Rainfall ........................................................................................................... 19
5.2.2.2 Model Rainfall Groups............................................................................................................... 19
5.2.3 Measured Storm Rainfall Series ................................................................................................. 19
5.2.4 Precipitation Continuum ............................................................................................................ 20
5.2.5 Defining of Permitted Discharges ............................................................................................. 20
5.3 Runoff........................................................................................................................................ 20
5.3.1 Runoff Formation ...................................................................................................................... 20
5.3.1.1 Individual Loss Approaches ...................................................................................................... 21
5.3.1.2 Runoff Coefficient...................................................................................................................... 21
5.3.2 Runoff Concentration ................................................................................................................ 22
5.3.3 Taking Account of Measures for Decentralised Rainwater Management................................. 22
5.4 Calculation Methods for Sewer Discharge (Surface Water) ..................................................... 23
5.4.1 Hydrological Methods................................................................................................................ 23

March 2006 5
DWA-A 118E

5.4.1.1 Time Coefficient Method .......................................................................................................... 23

5.4.1.2 Hydrological Discharge Models ................................................................................................. 23
5.4.2 Hydrodynamic Calculation Methods......................................................................................... 24

6 Hydraulic Calculation and Implementation of Verification ................................................ 24

6.1 Application Criteria ................................................................................................................... 24
6.1.1 Calculation Methods and Surface Water Loading................................................................... 24
6.1.2 Catchment Area ....................................................................................................................... 25
6.2 Assignment of Tasks ................................................................................................................ 25
6.2.1 New Dimensioning of Drain and Sewer Systems .................................................................... 25
6.2.2 Recalculation of Existing Systems ........................................................................................... 26
6.2.3 Calculation of Rehabilitation Variants ...................................................................................... 27
6.2.4 Verification of Overdamming Frequency.................................................................................. 27
6.3 Safety against Flooding............................................................................................................ 28

Annex A Creation of model rainfall according to Euler Type II......................................................... 28

Annex B Creation of a model rainfall group........................................................................................ 29

Annex C Creation of storm rainfall series ........................................................................................... 30

Literature ................................................................................................................................................. 33
Technical Rules ........................................................................................................................................ 33
Further Literature ...................................................................................................................................... 34

6 March 2006
 DWA-A 118E

List of Figures
Figure 1: Average rainfall intensity r for the rainfall duration of 15 minutes for
various frequencies n as an example for four stations ......................................................... 18
Figure A.1: Rainfall amount h in 5 minute intervals................................................................................. 28
Figure A.2: Individual synthetic rainfall according to Euler (Type II) through transposition
of the 5 minute intervals from Fig. A1.1 ................................................................................ 29
Figure B.1: Model rainfall D = 15 min ...................................................................................................... 30
Figure B.2: Rainfall intensity-duration curves of the model rainfalls D = 15 and
30 minutes and the rainfall intensity-duration curve for the same frequency ....................... 30
Figure C.1: Amount of rainfall of a natural event ..................................................................................... 31
Figure C.2: Profile of the recurrence times .............................................................................................. 32

List of Tables
Table 1: Possible extraneous water components depending on type of sewer.................................. 14
Table 2: Frequencies recommended in DIN EN 752 for the design ................................................... 16
Table 3: Recommended overdamming frequencies for the mathematical verification with
new planning and/or after rehabilitation................................................................................ 17
Table 4: Relevant shortest rainfall duration in dependence on
the average ground slope and the extent of paved surfaces................................................ 18
Table 5: Recommended guidance values for the minimum duration of precipitation records............ 19
Table 6: Recommended peak runoff coefficients for various rainfall intensities with
a rainfall duration of 15 min (r15) dependent on the average ground slope IG and
the degree of paving (for flow time methods) ....................................................................... 22
Table 7: Arrangement and meaning-fulness of calculation methods and surface water loading ....... 25
Table 8: Recommendations on applications for the new dimensioning of drain
and sewer systems ............................................................................................................... 26
Table 9: Recommendations on applications for the recalculation of existing systems....................... 26
Table 10: Recommendations on applications for the calculation of rehabilitation variants .................. 27
Table 11: Recommendations on applications for the verification of overdamming frequency ............. 27
Table B.1: Measured storm events (h15 > 4.0 mm) in 5 minute intervals, centred
on the critical point of the maximum 15 minute stage. ......................................................... 29
Table B.2: Standardised intensity progressions of the measured events (Σh15 = 1.0)........................... 29
Table B.3: Median values per column of the standardised intensities (2nd line) and
multiplication of all values by the factor 12.0 / (0.18 + 0.56 + 0.20) (3rd line) ....................... 29

March 2006 7
DWA-A 118E

User Notes
This Standard has been produced by a group of technical, scientific and economic experts, working in an
honorary capacity and applying the rules and procedures of the DWA and the Standard ATV-DVWK-A 400.
Based on judicial precedent, there exists an actual presumption that this document is textually and tech-
nically correct and also generally recognised.

Any party is free to make use of this Standard. However, the application of its contents may also be made
an obligation under the terms of legal or administrative regulations, or of a contract, or for some other
legal reason.

This Standard is an important, but not the sole, source of information for solutions to technical problems.
Applying information given here does not relieve the user of responsibility for his own actions or for cor-
rectly applying this information in specific cases. This holds true in particular when it comes to respecting
the margins laid down in this Standard.

1 Scope Special forms of drainage and their dimensioning

are, for example, listed in DIN EN 1091, DIN EN
1671, in Standards ATV-A 116E, DWA-A 116-1E
This DWA Standard concerns the dimensioning and DWA-A 138E.
and verification of drain and sewer systems, which
are mainly operated as gravity systems and which
The dimensioning of storage and retention facilities
serve for the discharge of domestic and industrial
in drainage networks is part of Standard DWA-
wastewater, surface water and combined waste-
A 117E, those for stormwater overflow discharge
water.
structures are regulated in Standard ATV-A 128E.
The design and equipping of stormwater tanks
Its range of validity, in accordance with the stan- both in combined and separate systems takes pla-
dard specification series DIN EN 752 “Drain and ce in Standard ATV-A 166 examples and notes are
sewer systems outside buildings”, ranges from the to be found in Advisory Leaflet ATV-DVWK-M 176
point where wastewater leaves the building and/or [not available in English].
roof drainage system or flows into road gullies up
to the point where the wastewater is discharged
into a wastewater treatment plant or receiving
waters. Drains and sewers below buildings are in- 2 Terms
cluded here provided that they do not form part of
the building drainage system1). Statements in
Chaps. 3 to 6 refer, in the first instance, to public
drainage systems. It applies, by extension, also for 2.1 Definitions
the drainage of larger private surface units (com-
mercial/industrial concerns, housing developments). Technical terms used in the following text are mainly
contained in DIN EN 752-1 “Drain and sewer sys-
For the basic elements of the hydraulic calculation tems outside buildings; Generalities and definitions”
of sewer cross-sections and open profiles Stan- and in DIN 4045 as well as in Standard ATV-
dard DWA-A 110 is to be observed. Standard ATV- DVWK-A 198E. The most important are listed
A 111 [Translators note: not yet available in Eng- below.
lish] applies for stormwater overflow discharge fa-
cilities; for other special structures Standard ATV-A Runoff coefficient (Standard ATV-DVWK-A 198E)
112 [Translators note: not yet available in English]. Application-related ratio to quantify the runoff-
influencing part of the rainwater.
1) Facilities for the drainage of buildings fall under the scope of
the standard specification series DIN EN 12056 “Gravity
drainage systems inside buildings”. Rules for private prop-
erty drainage facilities of larger surface units are taken up in
DIN 1986.

8 March 2006

Peak runoff coefficient
(Standard ATV-DVWK-A 198E)
Quotient of maximum runoff rate and associated
maximum rainfall intensity.
Flow balancing
Reduction of the peak discharge by means of tem-
porary storage of flow.
Flow simulation
Modelling of discharges in drain and sewer systems.
Wastewater (DIN EN 752-1)
Domestic and industrial wastewater and/or surface
water discharged in a drain or sewer.
Sewer (DIN EN 752-1)
Usually a buried pipeline or other facility for the
discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater
and/or surface water from several sources.
Drain (DIN EN 752-1)
Usually a buried pipe for the discharge of domestic
and industrial wastewater and/or surface water
from the point of occurrence to the sewer.
Trade Effluent (DIN EN 752-1)
Wastewater totally or partially from industrial or
commercial concerns.
Catchment area (DIN EN 752-1)
Area with discharge to a drain, a sewer or a form
of surface receiving water.
Time of concentration (DIN EN 752-1)
Time which the runoff from the hydraulically rele-
vant point of the catchment area to a fixed point of
the drain and sewer system.
Gravity system (DIN EN 752-1)
Drain or sewer system where flow is caused by the
force of gravity and where the pipeline is designed
usually to operate partially full.
Extraneous water (DIN EN 752-1)
Unwanted flow in a drain and sewer system.
Drain System (EN 752-1)
Network of pipelines and ancillary works that con-
veys wastewater and/or surface water from a
source to a sewer.
DWA-A 118E
Frequency
Number of events which, in the long-term statistical
mean, reach or exceed a certain value (reciprocal
of the recurrence time).
Domestic wastewater
Wastewater discharged from kitchens, laundry
rooms, lavatories, bathrooms, toilets and similar
facilities.
Sewer system (DIN EN 752-1)
Network of pipelines and ancillary works which
conveys to a treatment works or other place of dis-
posal wastewater and/or surface water from drains.
Combined system (DIN EN 752-1
Drain and sewer system designed to carry both
wastewater and surface water in the same pipe-
line(s).
Partially seperate system
(i.a.w. Standard ATV-A 105E)
Special case of a combined system. Only domestic
and industrial wastewater as well as surface water
requiring treatment are fed to the combined sewer;
this combined wastewater is discharged and
treated. Surface water not requiring treatment is
completely or partially percolated directly at the
point of occurrence or discharged directly into a
surface receiving water.
Depression storage (DIN EN 752-4)
Precipitation, retained in surface hollows, which
does not contribute to runoff.
Surface flooding (EN 752-2)
Condition where wastewater and/or surface water
escapes from, or cannot enter, a drain and sewer
system and either lies on the surface or enters
buildings from the surface (see also “flooding”).
Roughness
Measurement of the frictional resistance of the sur-
face of a pipe or channel under turbulent flow.
Runoff (DIN 4045)
Water precipitation which flows off a surface to
reach a sewer or a receiving water.
Rainfall intensity (DIN EN 752-1)
Depth of rain falling in unit time, i. e. volume of rain
falling in unit time per unit area.
March 2006 9
DWA-A 118E

Level of backed-up water (DIN 4045) 2.2 Symbols

Height, within a drain system, below which special
measures are to be taken against backwater.
Backwater level
The elevation of the surface of the wastewater
predicted or occuring in a drain or sewer system.
Rehabilitation (DINEN 752-1)
All measures for restoring or upgrading the per-
formance of existing drain and sewer systems.
Translator’s note:
While the main terms remain unchanged as they are recognised
internationally, the indices used reflect the English translation of
the individual German parameter. For simplicity and clarity these
have been chosen to match as far as possible the German indi-
ces. Where this is not possible the original German symbol is
placed in square brackets after the English version. This proce-
dure is not intended to create new symbols for the English-
speaking engineering community but serves solely to make Ger-
man symbols/indices comprehensible to non-German speakers.

Wastewater (DIN EN 752-1) Symbol Unit Description

Water changed by use and discharged to a drain English German

and sewer system. served by sewers or
AC,s AE,k ha covered by a drain and
sewer
Detention tank (DIN EN 752-1) D D min rainfall duration or duration
Tank or reservoir for the temporary storage of step
sewage. PD ED I/ha population density
IG IG % (average) surface ground
Tank sewer (DIN EN 752-1) slope
A section of sewer which acts as a detention tank. i i mm/min mean rainfall intensity
n n 1/a frequency of occurrence
Separate system (DIN EN 752) calculated frequency of
nai nÜ 1/a
Drain and sewer system, usually of two pipelines, additional impoundment
one carrying foul wastewater and the other surface volume flow of discharge,
Q Q l/s
throughflow, inflow
water.
QInd,h,max QG,h,max l/s maximum hourly trade
effluent (commercial/
Modified separate system industrial wastewater flow)
(i.a.w. Standard ATV A-105E 1997) Qcf Qv l/s calculated discharge
Domestic wastewater and trade effluent is fed to capacity with completely
the wastewater sewer. Precipitation water not filled cross-section
requiring treatment is completely or partially perco- QD QH l/s discharge of domestic
wastewater
lated directly at the point of occurrence or
discharged directly into surface receiving water. So QD,h,max QH,h,max l/s maximum hourly domestic
wastewater flow
far as precipitation water requiring treatment can-
QDW,h,max QT,h,max l/s maximum hourly dry
not be avoided, this is fed in a surface water sewer weather flow
to surface water treatment.
QInf,max QF,max l/s maximum extraneous
(infiltration) water flow
Dry weather flow (DIN EN 752-1) QR QR l/s runoff
Rate of flow in a drain or sewer system in specified unavoidable runoff into the
dry weather conditions. wastewater sewer of a
QR,Sep QR,Tr l/s separate system
(infiltration water
Flooding (DIN EN 752-1) component with rainfall)
Condition where wastewater and/or surface water max. unavoidable runoff
escapes from or cannot enter a drain or sewer sys- into the wastewater sewer
QR,Sep,max QR,Tr,max l/s
tem and either lies on the surface or enters build- of areas with separate
ings (see also “surface flooding”). sewer system
Qtot Qges l/s total flow
Additional impoundment (overdamming) q l/(s·ha) discharge rate
Loading condition of the sewer system where the qD, 1000I qH,1000E l/(s·ha) domestic wastewater
discharge rate based on
water level exceeds a defined reference level. 1000 inhabitants
trade effluent (commercial,
Recurrence time, annual (DIN 4045) industial wastewater)
Average period of time in which an event achieves qInd qG l/(s·ha)
discharge rate based on
or exceeds a value (reciprocal of the frequency of the surface area of the
catchment area served
occurrence). by sewers

10 March 2006
 DWA-A 118E

Symbol Unit Description 3 General

English German
extraneous water
discharge with dry weather 3.1 Fundamentals
discharge rate based on
qinf qF l/(s·ha)
the surface area of the
catchment area served by
The discharge occurring in a drainage area con-
sewers sists of domestic wastewater and trade effluent,
runoff in the wastewater extraneous water and surface water. Accordingly
sewer based on the drain and sewer systems serve, inter alia (comp.
QR,Sep QR,Tr l/(s·ha) surface area of the Advisory Leaflet ATV-M 101), for
catchment area served
by sewers • the maintenance of hygienic conditions in resi-
r r l/(s·ha) rainfall intensity dential areas through the complete collection
rD,n rD,n l/(s·ha)
rainfall intensity of duration and discharge to the wastewater treatment
D and frequency n
rainfall intensity of duration • the extensive prevention of damage due to
rD,T rD,T l/(s·ha)
D and recurrence time Tn flooding and saturation as a result of runoff and
rainfall intensity with the
r15 l/(s·ha)
duration of 15 min • the greatest possible maintenance of the
Tn a recurrence time usability of residential areas independent of the
peak runoff coefficient; weather conditions (“ease of drainage”)
quotient of max. surface
ψp ψs - water discharge rate qmax
and related max. rainfall With the planning and dimensioning of new networks
intensity as well as with the rehabilitation of existing systems
ϕ ϕ - time coefficient all possibilities are to be made use of to keep non-
Note: hazardous polluted runoff away from the sewer sys-
A point is used as the decimal marker. tem and to reduce the discharge of surface water.
To this belong, in particular, measures for decentral-
ised retention of rainwater and percolation as well as
the delayed (open) discharge of slightly polluted
surface water (Standard ATV-A 105E).

All procedures mentioned in this DWA Standard,

also the surface water discharge model, represent
methods of approximation with which simplifying
assumptions must still be made. The reliability of
the results can be increased if surface water,
discharge and water level measurements in sewer
networks are carried out and flow into the model
application. This applies in particular for the
verification calculation.

3.2 Typ of Drainage System

The drainage of residential areas usually takes

place using the combined system or the separate
system. Taking into account more recent principles
for the handling of surface water there result mixed
forms which are designated as modified systems.
With the separate system domestic wastewater
and trade effluent are discharged in one sewer and
the runoff as well as possibly land drain water in
their own rainwater sewer. In the combined sys-
tem the domestic wastewater and trade effluent
are discharged together with the runoff in a com-
mon sewer (combined sewer).

March 2006 11
DWA-A 118E
Modified drain and sewer systems result from the
requirement in future to move away from complete
discharge with surface water and to differentiate this
according to its properties. Non-hazardous polluted
runoff is to be kept extensively away from the sewer
system through decentralised retention, percolation
and as far as possible separate (if necessary also
open) discharge of the remaining share of the dis-
charge. In particular, through this measure, existing
sewers and the wastewater treatment plant are
hydraulically relieved and combined wastewater
overflow can be reduced.
3.3 Assignment of Tasks
Depending on the type of drainage system, normal,
surface water and combined sewers and drains as
well as possibly open channels (separate surface
water discharge) are to be calculated in accor-
dance with this DWA Standard. For this, the follow-
ing tasks are to be differentiated (see Sect. 6).
• new dimensioning of sewerage system
• recalculation of existing systems
• calculation of rehabilitation variants
• verification of overdamming frequency
• assessment of security against flooding
3.4 Relevant Discharge Parameters
and Cross-sections
In separate and combined sewer systems the
following applies for the determination of the total
discharge Qtot:
Separate system
• normal (wastewater) sewer
Qtot = QDW,h,max + QR,Sep,max [l/s] (1)
QDW,h,max maximum hourly dry weather
discharge
QR,Sep,max maximum unavoidable runoff
into the wastewater sewer of
separate areas
• stormwater sewer
Qtot = QR,max [l/s] (2)
QR,max maximum runoff
12 March 2006
Combined system (combined wastewater sewer)
Qtot = QDW,h,max + QR,max [l/s] (3)
Note is to be taken of Standard DWA-A 110. With
the dimensioning of gravity sewers the mathemati-
cal discharge capacity Qcf is not to be fully ex-
ploited. It is recommended that the next largest
cross-section is selected if the determined total
discharge Qtot with surface water and combined
sewers is ca. 90 % of the discharge capacity Qcf.
With the dimensioning of normal sewers, taking
into account the cost effective aspects in the indi-
vidual case, it is to be carefully considered to what
extent additional reserves for non-foreseeable
future developments (i. a. deliberate discharge of
polluted runoff) or for operating conditions are
required.
For operational reasons (i. a. danger of blockage,
flushing, TV inspection, later establishment of con-
nections) it is recommended, independent of the
calculated total discharge, in general not to under-
cut the following minimum nominal widths in pub-
lic sewers with gravity discharge:
wastewater sewers DN 250
surface water sewer, combined sewer DN 300
In justified cases (e. g. small discharge in rurally
structured areas or in dispersed residential areas,
main connecting sewers with good gradient condi-
tions, steep stretches, implementation of measures
for rainwater management) small cross-sections –
however, as far as possible not below DN 250 –
can also be chosen. In this case particular atten-
tion is to be paid to the operational aspects
and, if required, suitable measures for the
avoidance of deposits and blockages are to be
taken. This also applies to the selection of the
shape of the cross-section.
The formulations in Standard ATV-A 111E apply
for pipe throttles.

4 Wastewater and
Extraneous Water
Discharge
The dry weather discharge in drain and sewer sys-
tems of residential areas consists of the following
components:
• domestic wastewater
• trade effluent (commercial, industrial) and
• extraneous water
whose discharge quantities are to be determined
separately.
4.1 Calculation Principles
With all named discharge quantities and
discharges given below one is concerned with
(hourly) peak values not with daily averages.
The discharges are related to the sewered
catchment area AC,s.
Separate approaches apply for the dimensioning of
stormwater overflows and wastewater treatment
plants.
4.1.1 Existing Drain and Sewer
Systems
The size of the dry weather discharge of existing
drain and sewer systems should fundamentally be
determined and assured using sufficiently long
measurement periods. If necessary, this also con-
cerns surface water discharged in normal sewers.
Here the actual discharge relationships, including
the extraneous water component of the dry
weather discharge, are more correctly recorded
than using global planning values. The discharge
measurements are, as far as possible, to be
carried out in different seasons in order to record
seasonal influences, i. a. variations in extraneous
water yields.
With existing commercial and industrial areas as
well as for larger hotels, rest homes, sanatoriums,
barracks, camping sites and similar, separate
assessments, if necessary also with measure-
ments of discharge, should be carried out. With
this, in particular, the water consumption from own
extraction plants should also be included. So far as
planning conditions are considered, residential
DWA-A 118E
areas and developments in consumption as well as
possible effects on rehabilitation projects are to be
taken into account.
4.1.2 Planning of New
Drain and Sewer Systems
4.1.2.1 Domestic Wastewater
The domestic wastewater discharge QD is essen-
tially determined from personal water consumption.
It is influenced by the residential density and struc-
ture and, due to different habits, is subject to the
style and living standards of the population. In
addition, regional demands and the size of resi-
dential areas can also be of significance. This
applies to a particular degree for communities in
conurbations. The spectrum of associated residen-
tial densities normally lies between 20 I/ha (rural
areas, open development) and 300 I/ha (city cen-
tres). The average daily water consumption of the
population, including small commercial activities,
currently lies between 80 and 200 l/(I·d).
It is recommended that, for the calculation of future
wastewater discharge, the values are based on an
assured water requirement forecast of the local
water supplier and, in dimensioning, a wastewater
yield of 150 l/(I·d) should not be undercut. This is
based on the limited accuracy of water require-
ment forecasts for the longer forecast periods
normal with sewer system planning (≥ 50 years).
The daily variations with the determination of the
specific peak runoff have to be taken into account
for the dimensioning of sewers and drains. The
hourly peak [Qh,max] from experience lie between
1/8 (rural areas) and 1/16 (large towns) of the
daily value [Qd]. When there are no specific local
details a dimensioning value for sewers of
qD,1000I = 4 l/(s·1000I) is recommended for the
hourly peak value of the domestic wastewater
discharge. This should not, even with the as-
sessment of available consumption values, be
significantly undercut. Resulting from the hourly
peak value of the wastewater discharge value for
qD,1000I greater than 5 l/(s·1000I), the calculation
approaches should be examined in order to pre-
vent overdimensioning.
March 2006 13
DWA-A 118E

4.1.2.2 Trade Effluent (Commercial/ a) Extraneous water discharge with dry

Industrial Wastewater) weather
The size of the extraneous discharge QInf with dry
With planned commercial and industrial areas weather can be specified, specifically for the loca-
usually no precise details are given on the type tion, via an extraneous water discharge qInf. For
and size of the concerns to be sited there. For the new planning an extraneous water discharge qInf of
dimensioning of sewers in commercial and 0.05 to 0.15 l/(s·ha) appears sufficient.
industrial areas an area-specific approach using
the following operational wastewater discharge b) Unavoidable runoff in the normal sewer
rates qInd is recommended: of separate areas
businesses with low water consumption While infiltration water for combined and stormed
water sewers is not, as a rule, relevant for dimen-
qInd = 0.2 to 0.5 l/(s·ha) sioning, with the dimensioning of normal waste-
water sewers, in addition to the extraneous water
businesses with medium to high water flowing off with dry weather an additional formula-
consumption tion for infiltrating stormwater (e. g. from the sur-
face via manhole covers) should be made. This
qInd = 0.5 to 1.0 l/(s·ha)
addition depends very much on local conditions
Larger values are to be applied in operation- and can be several times the wastewater dis-
specifically justified individual cases. charge. It can – in addition to the extraneous water
with dry weather – be taken into account through a
runoff discharge rate.
4.1.2.3 Extraneous Water
qR,Sep = 0.2 to 0.7 l/(s·ha)
Extraneous water covers unwanted discharges (in justified cases even more)
which get into the sewer system and, with the
penetration of groundwater and depending on the With existing normal sewers the component QR an
type of sewer, through which various false be determined through comparable discharge
discharges can be caused (Table 1). To this also measurements with dry and rainy weather.
counts surface water flowing in wastewater sewers
with rainfall. Due to the disadvantageous effects c) Global value as multiple m of the
increased attention is always to be paid to keeping wastewater discharge
the extraneous water inflow as small as possible With insufficient information the extraneous water
by using suitable measures. discharge in normal wastewater sewers can be
estimated globally as multiple m of the wastewater
False discharges of wastewater into stormwater discharge.
sewers are generally to be prevented.
m = 0.1 to 1.0 (in justified cases even > 1)
Table 1: Possible extraneous water compo-
nents depending on type of sewer
Existing measurement results from comparable
and/or neighbouring areas can be applied for the
Combined Stormwater Wastewater
sewers sewers sewers extraneous formulation with the dimensioning of
new wastewater sewer, insofar as the location-
Groundwater Groundwater Groundwater pene-
penetrating penetrating (leaks) trating (leaks)
specific circumstances allow this.
(leaks)
Inflowing Inflowing drainage, Inflowing
drainage and spring water and drainage and
spring water water from spring water
*)
streams
Inflowing waste- Inflowing wastewater
water (false dis- (via manhole covers,
charges) false discharges)
*) The admissibility of the discharge of water from drainage, springs
and streams into stormwater sewers is to be checked in individual
cases.

14 March 2006

4.2 Calculation of the
Wastewater and Extraneous
Water Discharge
The size of the dry weather discharge QDW is
derived from the sum of the individual components
• domestic wastewater flow QD
• trade effluent flow QInd
• extraneous water discharge QInf
as follows:
QDW = QD + QInd + Qinf [l/s]
The domestic wastewater discharge QD is calcu-
lated using the specific wastewater qD,1000I, the
surface area of the sewered catchment area AC,s
and the population density PD:
q D,1000 I ⋅ PD ⋅ AC,s
QD = [l/s]
1000
qD,1000I specific domestic wastewater
discharge rate based on 1000 inhabitants
(e. g. 4 l/(s·1000I))
AC,s,1 surface area of the residential area
covered by the sewer system [ha]
PD population density of the catchment area
[I/ha]
The trade effluent QInd, using the catchment area
AC,s with the discharge rate qind given in Sec.
4.1.2.2, is determined as follows:
QInd = qInd ⋅ AC,s,2 [l/s]
qInd trade effluent discharge rate [l/(s·ha)]
AC,s,2 surface area of the commercial and indus-
trial area covered by the sewer system [ha]
DWA-A 118E
The extraneous discharge QInf with dry weather
is determined as follows in accordance with Sect.
4.1.2.3 (a) using a location-specific extraneous
discharge rate qInf,DW:
QInf = QInf,DW [l/s] (7)
qInf,DW extraneous water discharge rate
(with dry weather) [l/(s·ha)]
AC,s surface area of the catchment area
(general) covered by the sewer system [ha]
(4) With the dimensioning of wastewater sewers the
unavoidable runoff QR,Sep due to the runoff dis-
charge rate qR,Sep is to be applied as additional
extraneous water component:
QR,Sep = qR,Sep ⋅ Ac,s,3 [l/s] (8)
qR,Sep runoff discharge rate in the wastewater
(5) [l/(s·ha)]
AC,s,3 surface area of the catchment area
covered by the wastewater sewer system
[ha]
Alternatively the extraneous water discharge (with
wastewater sewers consisting of dry and rainy
weather components) can be determined globally
as multiple m of the normal wastewater discharge:
QInf = m ⋅ (QD + QInd) [l/s] (9)
(6)
March 2006 15
DWA-A 118E

5 Surface Water Runoff • the situation with regard to surface receiving

waters,
• the danger of flooding of the receiving waters and
5.1 Target and Verification
• possibilities for discharge via the road system or
Parameters
via areas which have not been built on as well as
Drain and sewer systems of built-up areas are to • the respective potential for damage.
be so conceived and dimensioned that the princi-
ples formulated in Sect. 3 are met as far as possible The European standard specification DIN EN 752-2
optimally. For economic reasons, however, they contains the requirements on the protection
cannot be designed in such a manner that, with against flooding, which are recommended for the
rainfall, an absolute protection against flooding or design of new systems as well as with existing
the ground becoming waterlogged is guaranteed. systems so far as no appropriate specifications are
Therefore target values for a reasonable “drainage laid down by the relevant authority. Here attention
comfort” have to be defined whose observation is is drawn to justified deviations which are possible
assured through the selected sewer cross-section in individual cases.
and other drainage elements.
Table 2: Frequencies recommended
From the European standard specification DIN EN in DIN EN 752 for the design
752 the flooding frequency is specified as the (from DIN EN 752-2 1996)
measure for flood protection of drain and sewer
systems. It corresponds with the frequency of Frequency of Location Frequency of
occurrence of flooding, by which “wastewater and/ design rain- flooding
1)
or runoff escapes from a drain and sewer system fall (once in “n”
or cannot enter this and either stays on the surface (once in “n” years)
or penetrates buildings” (DIN EN 752-1). In years)
German drainage practice, flooding is connected 1 in 1 rural areas 1 in 10
with damage occurring or functional disruption 1 in 2 residential areas 1 in 20
(e. g. with underpasses) due to the escape of
city centres, industrial
water or the impossibility of water entering the and commercial areas:
drain and sewer system as a result of overload.
1 in 2 – with examination 1 in 30
for flooding,
The requirements on flooding protection are to be 1 in 5 – without examination -
selected dependent on the respective locality. for flooding
Here, in the first instance, differentiation should 1 in 10 underground traffic
take place according to: facilities, underpasses 1 in 50

• type of structural utilisation (rural areas, residen-
tial areas, city centres, industrial and commer-
cial areas) and
• to facilities which have to be specially drained
(underground traffic systems, underpasses).
In addition, the following are to be taken into
account:
• the local conditions
• the precipitation event
• locally different hazards with the occurrence of
overloading of the drain and sewer system
• the topographic situation of the area (mountain
or hillside position, low lying point, proximity to
surface receiving waters)
1) For design rainfall no overloading may occur
For the dimensioning of sewerage systems with-
out the carrying out of verification (new plan-
ning), DIN EN 752-2 gives frequencies of design
rainfall which apply for the employment of flow
time procedures. With this, the determined maxi-
mum discharges for the respective discharge
capacity with complete filling may not be
exceeded. For larger drain and sewer systems
and generally with the application of discharge
simulation models, in particular where significant
damage or hazards can occur, DIN EN 752 re-
commends that the measure of flooding protection
is determined via the specifications on permitted
flooding frequencies.

16 March 2006

The process of flooding is, however, to a high
degree dependent on local conditions (e. g. low
areas of individual properties in relation to the road
level). The actual flooding frequency can thus be
determined to a great extent only through observa-
tions and experience with existing sewers and, if
required, improved through design measures (e. g.
raising of curbs, drainage of low points using lifting
devices).
As technical modelling to represent flooding is not
possible with the current state of the art the over-
damming frequency is introduced below as addi-
tional target parameter for the mathematical
verification of sewerage systems. Overdamming
is understood to be the exceeding of a certain
reference level by the calculated maximum water
level.
In many cases the surface of the ground (e. g.
height of the manhole cover) is selected as the
reference level of the calculated maximum water
level as, with the exceeding of this value, there is
an escape of water on to the surface of the ground
(surface of the road) and the possibility of flooding
exists. This height, in many cases, corresponds
with the level of backwater laid down in the urban
drainage bylaws, below which special measures
against backflow are to be taken within the drain-
age system.
On the basis of the details in DIN EN 752-2 (see
Table 2) and subject to the determination of other
values by the relevant authority, the values in
accordance with Table 3 are recommended for
the verification of overdamming frequency with
new planning and/or after rehabilitation (refer-
ence level: “ground line”). With the selection of the
overdamming frequency, the local conditions
(hazard and damage potential, see above) are to
be taken into account appropriately.
DWA-A 118E
Table 3: Recommended overdamming
frequencies for the mathematical
verification with new planning
and/or after rehabilitation
(here: reference level: “ground line”)
Location Overdamming frequen-
cies – new planning
and/or after
rehabilitation
(once in “n” years)
Rural areas 1 in 2
Residential areas 1 in 3
City centres, less often than 1 in 5
industrial and
commercial areas
Underground less often than 1 in 10 1)
traffic facilities,
underpasses
1) With underpasses notice is to be taken, that with over-
damming above the ground, as a rule flooding follows so
far as non-specific local safety measures exist. Here the
overdamming and flooding frequency corresponds with
the value “1 in 50” given in Table 2!
The carrying out of the mathematical verification
using the overdamming frequency in accordance
with Table 3 can basically take place with the
various surface water loads according to Sect. 5.2.
Statements on the scope can be found in Sect. 6.
It is recommended, in the first step, to carry out
the mathematical verification according to the
target parameter overdamming frequency and,
in the second step, to examine and, if necessary,
to secure through structural measures the respec-
tively required flooding protection considering the
local conditions (see Sect. 6).
The efficiency of existing drain and sewer sys-
tems should, in the first instance, be assessed on
their actual discharge behaviour. Reason for a sys-
tematic examination of the efficiency, for example
through a hydraulic recalculation in accordance
with Sect. 6.2.2, could be flooding or other obvious
system overloading occurring in the past
(frequently), as well as planned discharge-relevant
expansion and structural modifications within the
catchment area. For the assessment of the over-
damming frequency determined with this, in par-
ticular with regard to the necessity for rehabilita-
tion, attention is drawn to the progress report of
DWA-Working Group ES-2.1 (ATV-DVWK 2004).
March 2006 17
DWA-A 118E

5.2 Initial Details on Surface Water Rainfall intensity for the rainfall duration of 15 minutes [l/(s·ha)]

Loading 350

Rainfall intensity [l/(s·ha)]

300

250
Up until now, almost exclusively rainfall data in the
200
form of “Block” rainfall (rainfall intensity-duration
curve, model rainfall or historical storm rainfall 150

have been used as initial details for the dimensioning 100

of the sewer cross-section. These initial dimension- 50

ing details assume that the runoff produced from 0

1.0 0.5 0.2 0.1

the area of the residential surfaces have to be dis- Rainfall frequency [1/a]

charged. Depending on the calculation method,

substantial discharges and or relevant water levels Fig. 1: Average rainfall intensity r for the rain-
(hydrodynamic methods) are calculated from the fall duration of 15 minutes for various
initial rainfall details. frequencies n as an example for four
stations (DWD 1997)
With the introduction of concepts of rainwater
management in the residential drain and sewer For the dimensioning of sewerage systems it is
system there is a possible additional initial target de- nevertheless insufficient to apply the rainfall inten-
tail in that only so much runoff is to be discharged sity with a duration of 15 minutes only as, depend-
via the sewer system, as is desirable or permissible ing on the local conditions (ground slope, extent of
from the water management aspect and/or is abso- hardened surfaces, flow times), shorter or longer
lutely necessary due to local conditions. The hereby rainfall durations can be relevant. The shortest
resultant (permitted) inflows to the sewer system as rainfall duration to be considered should be se-
a rule lie significantly below those of the bare lected, dependent on the ground slope and
discharge conception. Common target of both the degree of surface pavening (Table 4).
approaches is the guaranteeing of an adequate
drainage comfort within the residential areas. Table 4: Relevant shortest rainfall duration
in dependence on the average ground
slope and the extent of paved
5.2.1 Rainfall Intensity-Duration Curve surfaces
and “Block” Rainfall
Average ground Hardened Shortest
The calculation of the runoff according to specified slope surface rainfall
rainfall intensity-duration curves proceeds from the duration
knowledge that storm rainfalls are of short dura- <1% ≤ 50 % 15 min
tion, slight rainfall on the other hand continues for > 50 % 10 min
longer. The average rainfall intensity i [mm/min] or
the rainfall intensity r [l/(s·ha)], with the same sta- 1 % to 4 % 10 min
tistical frequency, reduce with increasing rainfall >4% ≤ 50 % 10 min
duration. The relationship between average rainfall
> 50 % 5 min
intensity r, rainfall duration D and frequency n [1/a]
is determined through the statistical evaluation of
precipitation registrations in accordance with Stan- 5.2.2 Intensity Variable
dard ATV-A 121. Full-coverage storm rainfall Model Rainfall
assessments of the German Weather Service
(DWD) are available for the whole of the Federal Model rainfalls show a variable intensity over the
Republic of Germany (DWD 1997). selected rainfall duration, which is determined from
an assessment in phases of the rainfall intensity-
As an example, Fig. 1 shows the average rainfall duration curve. Model rainfalls can be employed as
intensity r of the rainfall duration of 15 min for vari- individual rainfall or rainfall group for discharge
ous frequencies for four German cities and models.
illustrates the considerable regional differences.

18 March 2006

5.2.2.1 Individual Model Rainfall
With the creation and usage of individual model
rainfalls their duration and intensity progression
with regard to time are to be so selected that the
associated rainfall intensity-duration curve com-
pletely covers the relevant area for the sewerage
system. That means in every maximum precipita-
tion section of the model rainfall the average rain-
fall intensity must be the same as that of the rain-
fall intensity-duration curve with the appropriate
duration. The rainfall should be at least twice the
longest relevant flow time in the sewerage system.
The intensity distribution is carried out based on
the statistical evaluation of storm rainfall.
With model rainfall according to EULER (Type II)
the point in time for the start of the rainfall intensity
is determined with the highest precipitation inten-
sity with 0.3 times the model rainfall duration and
rounded down to a multiple of five minutes. The
next lower intervals are joined on to the left of the
time axis until the point in time t = 0 is reached.
Further rainfall intervals follow the time axis to the
right after the peak interval and fill the time period
up to the end of the model rainfall (ALTHAUS 1984;
MEIßNER 1991). Annex A shows exemplary the
creation of a model rainfall according to EULER
(Type II).
5.2.2.2 Model Rainfall Groups
As critical discharge conditions, both from short-
term storm rainfall (by area) and also through long
periods of continuous rainfall with large amounts of
precipitation, can be brought about in large catch-
ment areas, with longer flow times in the sewerage
system, so-called model rainfall groups should be
employed for dimensioning and the overdamming
verification in place of an individual model rainfall
event of different duration. The aim is that individ-
ual rainfalls of a model rainfall group cover the
rainfall intensity-duration curve by phase respec-
tively in the range of their rainfall duration. The
characteristic intensity progression of the various
rainfall durations is determined on the basis of sta-
tistic assessments of measured precipitation
(comp. OTTER and KÖNIGER 1986; SCHAARDT
1999). One possibility for the creation of model
rainfall groups is presented in Annex A2.
DWA-A 118E
5.2.3 Measured Storm Rainfall Series
The above-given initial precipitation details –
“Block” rainfall and intensity-variable model rainfall
or model rainfall groups – are derived statistically
from rainfall intensity-duration curves and/or rain-
fall amount intensity-duration curves, whereby du-
ration, frequency of excesses and typified time his-
tory are first determined. On the other hand, with
the initial details from storm rainfall series, direct
rainfall events with actually occurring duration and
time history are used, which are selected and ex-
tracted from existing rainfall records (Annex C).
Procedures for the systematic selection of the storm
rainfall series are described by SARTOR (1994) and
SIEKER (1997).
For the production of storm rainfall series a re-
cording period of the precipitation of 30 years or
more is desirable. However, today such durations
are still not available. The minimum necessary
recording period depends on the overdamming
frequency to be verified, whereby the guidance val-
ues can be taken from Table 5. It is recommended
that the statistical representation of the selected
storm rainfall events are assessed using precipita-
tion statistics.
The verification calculation using storm rainfall series
provides maximum water levels of the respective
events for the individual shafts. Through counting
there results the figure x the number of times the
laiddown reference level, e. g. the surface of the
ground, is exceeded. The annual frequency nai of
these excesses (“overdamming frequency”) follows
from this in the simplest way in that the number of
excesses x is divided by the figure M, the number
of years on which the storm rainfall series is based:
nai = x : M
Table 5: Recommended guidance values for
the minimum duration of precipitation
records
Overdamming Minimum period for
frequency recordings
1 in 1 to 1 in 2 years 10 years
1 in 3 years 15 years
1 in 5 years 20 years
1 in 10 years 30 years
March 2006 19
DWA-A 118E
According to VERWORN (1999) this simple counting
provides sufficiently reliable statements on the
annual frequency of overdamming, if x ≥ 3. This
boundary condition is always met for the recurrence
time for which the verification is to be carried out, if
the minimum duration of recording according to
Table 5 is observed. An extensive differentiation of
overdamming events is possible if, for each indi-
vidual event, the duration of the overdamming pro-
cess and the volume of the water escaping are
given in the calculation.
5.2.4 Precipitation Continuum
Fundamentally the precipitation continuum including
the dry periods can be based, also directly, on the
sewerage system calculation – analogous to the
pollutant load calculation, so that the pre-selection
of relevant storm rainfall can be dispensed with.
Here, a large number of rainfall events, which are
not relevant for dimensioning are, however,
recorded. In view of the associated enormous calcu-
lation expense and the profusion of data to be
assessed, the continuum consideration is currently
to be seen as still being a special application (e. g.
in connection with sewer network controls). Here the
problem-matching limitation of individual overdam-
ming events must be carried out for the calculation
of associated frequencies according to common
initial details.
5.2.5 Defining of Permitted
Discharges
The defining of permitted discharges and/or dis-
charge intensities for a catchment area or an area
thereof can be occasioned by network-related and
surface receiving water-related targets. It can take
place fundamentally both for the complete area of
a new development as well as for the new exploita-
tion of larger plots of land with connection to exist-
ing systems. By limiting the runoff with the aid of
decentralised measures of rainwater management
the hydraulic overloading in the sewerage system
can be avoided or reduced and the loading of
surface receiving waters can be reduced through
stormwater overflow discharge and stormwater
outfall structures.
It would be ideal if the defining of permitted dis-
charge values for a construction area were
oriented to the flood discharge rate of the original
unbuilt-up area. These vary, depending on regional
characteristics and overdamming frequency,
20 March 2006
mainly between 1 and 10 l/(s·ha). Such a strict limi-
tation cannot, however, usually be observed for
one building development so that a residential
area-based “increase”, determined on local condi-
tions and the structure of the development, is
appropriate. With hydraulic bottlenecks in existing
systems the permitted discharge rate would have
to be determined directly on the hydraulic
efficiency of the sewerage system.
5.3 Runoff
The runoff process in residential areas can be sub-
divided into the phases runoff formation, runoff con-
centration and sewer discharge (surface water). A
detailed representation on this can be found, inter
alia, in Advisory Leaflet ATV-DVWK-M 165.
5.3.1 Runoff Formation
The runoff formation includes the physical proc-
esses which lead to a conversion of the rainwater,
which has fallen, into a runoff from the surface (run-
off): wetting, filling of depressions, evaporation and
percolation into the ground. The parts of the rain-
water which do not reach the discharge are desig-
nated as losses. The size of the runoff with an effect
on the discharge depends above all on the following
influencing factors:
• proportion of paved surfaces
• type of hardened surface
• ground slope
• strength and duration of the rainfall
• type of soil and vegetation (permeable surfaces)
The degree of pavement corresponds with the
measurable element of the hardened surfaces of
the area AC,s in the (partial) catchment area cov-
ered by the sewer system. The runoff coefficient
designates the ratio of runoff to rainwater for the
surface under consideration (see Sect. 5.3.1.2). As
a rule it is dependent on the event.

5.3.1.1 Individual Loss Approaches
Due to their different discharge behaviour paved
surfaces (roofs, roads) and non-paved surfaces
are to be separated from each other as accurately
as possible. Permeable paved surfaces (e. g.
paved covering, gravel paths) and surfaces delib-
erately decoupled from the sewer system are to be
taken into account in a suitable fashion. A proce-
dure for the detailed determination of the degree of
hardening in residential areas is described by
LAUBE and WILLEMS (1991).
(a) Impermeable paved surfaces
With impermeable paved surfaces there are always
significant wetting and depression storages. The
evaporation with the storm rainfall events relevant
for the sewerage system calculation are negligible.
(a1) Wetting storage
The wetting storage is deducted as initial loss from
the first rainwater intervals. It can be applied as
0.3 mm to 0.7 mm for dried surfaces depending
on their properties.
(a2) Depression storage
The scale of the depression storage according to
previous experience for paved dried surfaces is
0.5 mm to 2.0 mm, depending on the type of
pavement and ground slope. Distribution by time
can take place according to various assumptions.
The values given under (a1) and (a2) apply in form
only for the consideration of individual rainfall.
Separate consideration is to be given for contin-
uum simulation.
(b) Permeable and partially permeable surfaces
With (partially) permeable surfaces percolation into
the ground is additionally to be taken into account.
The scale of individual losses is influenced by the
ground slope, the surface properties and vegeta-
tion, percolation additionally from the type of soil
and conditions at the start of rainfall. The possible
amounts of loss vary due to the heterogeneous
surfaces in significantly larger areas. The contribution
to runoff from non-paved surfaces is difficult to
quantify particularly as it is does not drain directly
into the sewer system. Taking account of this in
the sewerage system calculation is to be examined
in each individual case for the relevant recurrence
times and local conditions and is to be agreed with
the relevant authority.
DWA-A 118E
5.3.1.2 Runoff Coefficient
While detailed discharge models for sewerage sys-
tem calculation normally calculate the runoff
directly from the specification of the degree of paving
(and other model parameters), normal methods for
sewerage system calculation work with the speci-
fied discharge coefficients or those derived from
the degree of paving and other influencing pa-
rameters. For the sewerage system calculation the
peak runoff coefficient ψp is relevant, which de-
scribes the ratio between the resulting maximum
runoff rate and the associated rainfall intensity.
ψp = max. runoff rate/associated rainfall
intensity
= q [l/(s·ha)] / r [l/(s·ha)]
For the employment of flow time methods the peak
runoff coefficients ψp dependent on the paved sur-
face component, the ground slope group and the
relevant reference rainfall intensity r15 in accor-
dance with Table 6 are recommended. They are
related to the area of the sewered catchment area
(AC,s).
Special local conditions with regard to the roof sur-
face component and type of roof as well as slope
of the drainage surfaces are to be taken into
account appropriately. The peak runoff coefficients
given apply only for flow lengths of from 40 m to 70 m.
Occasionally they provide incorrect discharge values,
in particular with non- or slightly paved (part) catch-
ment areas. Here supplementary information with
regard to local characteristics (geology, ground-
water conditions, saturation behaviour of the ground
etc.) are to be brought in.
The combination of larger non-built-up external
areas with sewered catchment areas generally
requires a separate consideration due to the differ-
ent runoff conditions and different relevant rainfall
events.
March 2006 21
DWA-A 118E

Table 6: Recommended peak runoff coefficients for various rainfall intensities with a rainfall
duration of 15 min (r15) dependent on the average ground slope IG and the degree of paving
(for flow time methods)

Degree of Group 1 Group 2 Group 2 Group 2

paving
IG < 1 % 1 % ≤ IG ≤ 4 % 4 % < IG ≤ 10 % IG > 10 %
[%]

for r15 [l/(s·ha)] of

100 130 180 225 100 130 180 225 100 130 180 225 100 130 180 225

0*) 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.31 0.10 0.15 0.30 (0.46 0.15 0.20 (0.45) (0.60) 0.20 0.30 (0.55) (0.75
10*) 0.09 0.09 0.19 0.38 0.18 0.23 0.37 (0.51) 0.23 0.28 0.50 (0.64) 0.28 0.37 (0.59) (0.77)
20 0.18 0.18 0.27 0.44 0.27 0.31 0.43 0.56 0.31 0.35 0.55 0.67 0.35 0.43 0.63 0.80
30 0.28 0.28 0.36 0.51 0.35 0.39 0.50 0.61 0.39 0.42 0.60 0.71 0.42 0.50 0.68 0.82
40 0.37 0.37 0.44 0.57 0.44 0.47 0.56 0.66 0.47 0.50 0.65 0.75 0.50 0.56 0.72 0.84
50 0.46 0.46 0.53 0.64 0.52 0.55 0.63 0.72 0.55 0.58 0.71 0.79 0.58 0.63 0.76 0.87
60 0.55 0.55 0.61 0.70 0.60 0.63 0.70 0.77 0.62 0.65 0.76 0.82 0.65 0.70 0.80 0.89
70 0.64 0.64 0.70 0.77 0.68 0.71 0.76 0.82 0.70 0.72 0.81 0.86 0.72 0.76 0.84 0.91
80 0.74 0.74 0.78 0.83 0.77 0.79 0.83 0.87 0.78 0.80 0.86 0.90 0.80 0.83 0.87 0.93
90 0.83 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.86 0.87 0.89 0.92 0.86 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.88 0.89 0.93 0.96
100 0.92 0.92 0.95 0.96 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98
*) degrees of paving ≤ 10 % as a rule require separate consideration

5.3.2 Runoff Concentration 5.3.3 Taking Account of Measures

The runoff concentration describes the conversion
of the rainwater, distributed over the surface and
which has an influence on the runoff, into the
discharge hydrograph. With this, the flow proce-
dures on the surface (translation) and the delaying
effects (retention) play a role. These complex
physical processes up to now could only be
included approximately in the sewerage system
calculation.
The runoff can be described according to various
model approaches, inter alia:
• unit hydrograph
• storage models (individual linear storage, linear
storage cascade, nonlinear models)
The differences in runoff behaviour of paved and
permeable partial surfaces are to be observed also
with the discharge concentration, in particular the
as-a-rule significantly larger delay in runoff with
permeable surfaces. In many cases the same
calculation approach using different model pa-
rameters is used for delay of runoff (translation and
retention). Details on the selection and size of the
model parameters can be made only in connection
with specific model approaches and are to be
taken from the relevant model descriptions or spe-
cialist literature (KESER 1980; Advisroy Leaflet
ATV-DWVK-M 165).
for Decentralised Rainwater
Management
The above described approaches for the calcula-
tion of runoff refer to the effective runoff surfaces
covered by the sewer system. With normally
designed sewerage systems these were usually all
paved surfaces (roofs, courtyards, parking lots,
roads, paths and squares) and, depending on the
local conditions and – at least with heavy rainfall
events – partially also non-paved surfaces.
Through the realisation of decentralised rainwater
management the discharge behaviour in the
catchment area becomes more complex, as its
effect, depending on the type of measure and
depending on the amount of rainfall and chrono-
logical progress of an event, can be different. Thus
a runoff throttling to retain a permitted discharge
rate during the complete event effects a constant
inflow to the public drain and sewer system. De-
centralised rainwater storage, roofs with vegetation
and percolation facilities can contribute, following
the exhaustion of storage and/or percolation ca-
pacity, to the runoff into the sewer system. Here, if
required, the different design criteria in comparison
with the public drain and sewer system, are also to
be observed

22 March 2006

The existence of this type of measure assumes a
particularly high degree of care with the considera-
tion of the drainage area and the mathematical re-
production of the runoff behaviour using calculation
methods which can correctly describe the phe-
nomena in their effect. This applies also for its
transformation into existing systems.
5.4 Calculation Methods for Sewer
Discharge (Surface Water)
Sewerage system calculation methods determine
discharges and water levels from the initial details
on dry weather runoff and the determined runoff
from the surface, depending on the calculation, as
maximum values or with associated hydrographs.
Corresponding with the calculation approach for the
sewer discharge, they are characterised as hydro-
logical or hydrodynamic. Hydrological methods use
empirical approaches or transfer functions for
discharge calculation. Hydrodynamic calculation
approaches are based on the solution of the Saint
Venant Equations (comp. ATV-DVWK-M 165).
5.4.1 Hydrological Methods
Hydrological methods first calculate the sewer dis-
charge with the aid of defined transfer or storage
functions. Associated water levels are determined
separately – as a rule via normal discharge rela-
tionships. With normal procedures, e. g.:
• time coefficient method
• time-flow parameter method
• hydrograph superposition
• flood plan method
the calculation of maximum values are at the front.
They are also designated as flow-time methods, as
the discharge calculation is built up substantially
on the flow time.
DWA-A 118E
5.4.1.1 Time Coefficient Method
The conventional calculation method employed
most frequently is the time coefficient method (ATV
1996), which corresponds with the “rational
method” of the English language regions. Using
the time coefficient area the greatest runoff is de-
termined under the assumption that the flow time
in the sewerage system is set to be the same as
the standard rainfall duration. With this the peak
runoff coefficient ψp according to Table 6 is applied.
The leading runoff QR is determined using the fol-
lowing formula:
QR = R(D,n) ⋅ ψp ⋅ AC,s [l/s] (10)
The rainfall intensity r(D,n) which was previously
formed from the product of the reference rainfall in-
tensity r15,1 and time coefficient ϕ of a certain rain-
fall duration D and rainfall frequency n, can be ob-
tained from the heavy precipitation data of the
DWD (1997) or the locally available precipitation
data and its evaluation in accordance with Standard
ATV-A 121. In the atlas of the DWD “Storm precipi-
tation for Germany – KOSTRA” (DWD 1997) there
is an EDP program for the determination of loca-
tion-specific amounts of precipitation and rainfall
intensities of various duration phases D and recur-
rence times Tn (Disk).
More detailed information on the application of the
time coefficient method and the other flow time
methods are to be found in the relevant specialist
literature (i. a. ATV 1995a).
5.4.1.2 Hydrological Discharge Models
Hydrological discharge models employ transfer
functions in order to calculate the discharge hydro-
graphs within the sewerage system from the inflow
waves to the sewerage system, whereby the wave
displacement (translation) and damping (retention)
with the discharge process are taken into account.
The associated water levels are determined in a
separate calculation process. Therefore the hydro-
logical discharge models are not in a position to
take into account the influence of overload condi-
tions. Therefore they should only be applied to sew-
erage system in which backwater and flow reversal
play only a subordinate role for the load cases con-
sidered.
March 2006 23
DWA-A 118E
5.4.2 Hydrodynamic
Calculation Methods
Hydrodynamic calculation methods build directly
on the physical-hydraulic legitimacy of the flow
process in sewers, described mathematically
through the Saint-Venant differential equations
(Standard ATV-A 110E). By solving the complete
equation system the hydrodynamic calculation
method, through the permanent linking of
discharge and water level as well as via the
channel geometry, the flow rate also keeps its
validity for various flow and system conditions.
Overload conditions such as pressure discharge
and backwater up to flow reversal are immediately
taken into account and reflected realistically. Even
the direct inclusion of branching and special
structures produces no principle difficulties. Simpli-
fications in the movement equation in these cases,
however, lead to a limitation of the validity and ac-
curacy of the calculation results. As the differential
equation system cannot be solved analytically,
mathematical methods of approximation in the
form of implicit and explicit differential procedures
are used (i. a. VERWORN 1980; KÖNIGER 1991).
Through this the continuous discharge activity is
considered discretely in path and time intervals. As
a rule, sewer sections are used as path increment.
The time intervals can be selected as constant or
load-dependent (SCHMITT 1985) and can vary over
the range from seconds (explicit) up to several
minutes (implicit).
For the mathematical verification of overdamming
frequency (Sect. 6.2.4) attention is drawn to the
new definitions within the framework of the revision
of DWA-A 110 for the consideration of the influence
of local losses (in particular shaft impounding).
Further information on calculation methods can be
found in Advisory Leaflet ATV-M 165 and in DIN
EN 752-4.
24 March 2006
6 Hydraulic Calcula-
tion and Implemen-
tation of Verification
6.1 Application Criteria
With the application of hydraulic calculations the
following tasks, which are characterised in more
detail in Sect. 6.2, are to be differentiated:
• re-dimensioning,
• recalculation of existing systems,
• calculation of rehabilitation variants,
• verification of overdamming frequency.
Calculation methods and surface water loading are
to be selected dependent on the respective objec-
tive and task as well as on the characteristics and
constraints of the drain and sewer system, and to
observe the linkages between the given criteria.
6.1.1 Calculation Methods
and Surface Water Loading
Basically the following calculation methods
are available (comp. Sect. 5.4):
• flow time methods
• hydrological flow models
• hydrodynamic flow models.
They are linked with the definition of certain sur-
face water loading (Sect. 5.2). Thus flow time
methods in general resort to the rainfall intensity-
duration curve or “Block” rainfall. With the employ-
ment of discharge models, the use of individual
model rainfall, model rainfall groups or storm rain-
fall series are to be examined in the individual
case, on the basis of the complexity of the system
as well as existing questions. The meaningfulness
for various combinations of calculation methods
and surface water loads are shown in Table 7.
Water levels above the crown of the sewer can
only be calculated correctly using hydrodynamic
methods.
 DWA-A 118E

Table 7: Arrangement and meaning-fulness In the above-mentioned comparative calculations

of calculation methods and surface the extensively equal value of verification calcula-
water loading tions by means of Euler model rainfall (Type II) and
storm rainfall simulation has been determined for a
Flow time Hydrological Hydro-dynamic broad spectrum of catchment areas. However, larger
methods models models differences can occur in individual cases with large
Rainfall maximum
1)
application not application not flow times and existing system peculiarities, in
intensity- discharge recommended recommended
duration
particular with drain and sewer systems with
curve, increased storage volumes (stormwater tanks,
“Block” sewers with storage capacity), with deliberate utili-
rainfall sation of existing sewer storage volumes or with
Model application discharge discharge and other applications of the sewerage system man-
rainfall not possible (Max. value, water level
Euler hydrograph) (max. value, agement. In these cases the preferred employment
(Type II) hydrograph) of model rainfall groups or the long-term simulation
Model application discharge discharge and by means of storm rainfall series is recommended.
rainfall not possible (Max. value, water level If necessary, with enlarged systems, the effects of
groups hydrograph) (max. value, an uneven rainfall distribution over the catchment
hydrograph)
area with the relevant storm rainfall events having
Measured application discharge discharge and
storm not possible (Max. values, water level limited area coverage, are to be taken into account.
rainfall hydrograph, (max. value,
series statistics) hydrograph,
statistic)
Diagrammatic discharge hydrographs (“flood curves”) can be
6.2 Assignment of Tasks
given with flood plan and cumulative methods

Comparative calculations have shown that the
shaft overdamming, identified using the frequency
determined using the Euler model rainfall (Type II),
occurs with storm rainfall simulation with compara-
ble recurrence times. The estimation of the over-
damming frequency according to both methods
thus agrees well, over a wide range (i. a. SCHMITT,
THOMAS 1997; STECKER, REIMERS 1997). It is
therefore recommended with verification calcula-
tions to select the rainfall frequency of Euler model
rainfall according to the overdamming frequency
required in the application case (see Table 3).
6.1.2 Catchment Area
The conditions and requirements of the drain and
sewer system are decisive for the selection of the
calculation methods and the surface water loading.
So far as nothing else is specified by the relevant
authority for catchment areas up to 200 ha (AC,s) or
flow times up to 15 min (“small catchment areas”)
in accordance with DIN EN 752-4 simple empirical
methods are recommended. The flow time is
approximated without taking into account the runoff
process on the surface for flow rates with complete
filling and here are related to the complete catch-
ment area. For the calculation of larger develop-
ments (> 200 ha), and drain and sewer systems
which can have considerable effects on existing
sewer systems, the employment of discharge
models is advised (comp. Sect. 5.4).
6.2.1 New Dimensioning of Drain and
Sewer Systems
With the re-dimensioning of smaller (simpler) sew-
erage systems the dimensioning using flow time
methods (time coefficient method, flood planning
method) and “Block” rainfall is generally sufficient.
The resultant dimensioning value for the runoff or
combined wastewater discharge is to be a max. of
90 % of the discharge capacity of the selected
sewer profile (Standard DWA-A 110).
With larger sewerage systems it is recommended
to safe guard dimensioning through a verification
calculation. If possible the initial dimensioning
should be corrected for so long until the required
verification parameter (overdamming frequency) in
the complete drain and sewer system is main-
tained with as far as possible economical meas-
ures and taking into account the operating inter-
ests. With the connecting up of new sewer
systems with existing systems first a dimensioning
of the planned sewer systems is required. In a
subsequent recalculation it is to be examined
whether and, if required, with what frequency the
areas to be connected lead to a disadvantageous
overloading of the existing sewer systems (s. Sect.
6.2.4). Table 8 provides recommendations for the
selection of the calculation methods and surface
water loading for the re-dimensioning.

March 2006 25
DWA-A 118E

Table 8: Recommendations on applications Table 9: Recommendations on applications for

for the new dimensioning of drain and the recalculation of existing systems
sewer systems
Flow time Hydrological Hydro-
Flow time Hydrological Hydro- methods models dynamic
methods models dynamic models
models
Rainfall inten- possible
Rainfall sity-duration
intensity- recom- curve, “Block”
duration mended rainfall
curve,
Model rainfall possible recom-
“Block”
Euler (Type II) mended
rainfall
Model rainfall possible recom-
Model
possible possible groups mended
rainfall
Euler Measured possible recom-
(Type II) storm rainfall mended
series
Model not recom- not recom-
rainfall mended mended
groups
Measured not recom- not recom- Essential aims of the analysis could be:
storm mended mended
rainfall • determination of the rates of utilisation and the
series functional hydraulic capability
• if required, determination of the water level rela-
tionships (e. g. overloaded systems)
6.2.2 Recalculation of
Existing Systems • identification of weak points and reserves
• establishment of the requirement for
The hydraulic recalculation should generally be a
rehabilitation (note planning limits)
component of an overall consideration of the con-
dition and function of existing drain and sewer sys-
tems. It can be occasioned in particular through The hydraulic recalculation should be supplemented
apparent system overloads or flooding which has through systematic observations of system behav-
occurred in the past or pending changes in the iour with the occurrence of storm rainfall events and
sewer system catchment area, which can influence through possibly existing measurements. The level
the discharge. For this case there are recom- of the rehabilitation requirement of existing systems
mended selection possibilities with regard to calcu- in this case, however, does not result directly from
lation methods and surface water loading which the specifications of DIN EN 752-2 (see Table 2);
are to be found in Table 9. but primarily from the actual discharge behaviour of
drain and sewer systems, the frequency and the
effects of overloading which occur and thus from the
defined flooding protection. This can be determined
through systematic observations (questioning of
residents, deployments of the fire services, meas-
urements of discharge and water levels) and the
inspection of the locality.

26 March 2006
 DWA-A 118E

6.2.3 Calculation of 6.2.4 Verification of Overdamming

Rehabilitation Variants Frequency

According to the established (hydraulic) rehabilita- The implementation of a verification calculation

tion requirement – taking into account of the plan- supplementary to re-dimensioning is recommended
ning limits (≥ 50 years for drain and sewer sys- for large sewerage systems. It is always to be rec-
tems) – possible rehabilitation measures are to be ommended, when complicated hydraulic conditions
elaborated and investigated in a consideration of or special requirements for flood protection exist in
variants with regard to the effects on the discharge the drainage area. The verification of security
behaviour. This should take place using the same against overdamming should, in addition, always be
calculation methods as for the recalculation of the carried out where doubts exist about sufficient pro-
actual status, if required with reduced scope of sur- tection against flooding. In this case the statements
face water loading (Table 10). in Sect. 5.1 with regard to recurrence times and
overdamming frequencies apply (Table 3).
Table 10: Recommendations on applications
for the calculation of rehabilitation The verification action starts from the calculated or
variants defined cross-section and delivers, as result, the
frequency or recurrence time with which the water
Flow time Hydrological Hydro- levels occur above a certain level (e. g. surface of
methods models dynamic
a road). Water levels above the crown of the sewer
models
can be calculated accurately using hydrodynamic
Rainfall methods. The application recommendations
intensity- possible
expressed in Table 11 apply for the carrying out of
duration
curve, the verification calculation.
“Block”
rainfall Table 11: Recommendations on applications
Model for the verification of overdamming
rainfall possible recom- frequency
Euler mended
(Type II) Flow time Hydrological Hydro-
Model methods models dynamic
rainfall possible recom- models
groups mended
Rainfall inten-
Measured sity-duration Possible
storm possible recom- curve, “Block”
rainfall mended rainfall
series Model rainfall
Euler (Type II) not recom-
possible mended
From the assessment of the necessary rehabilita-
tion methods and, if required, different rehabilita- Model rainfall
groups not recom-
tion variants, the levels of priority for possible re- possible mended
habilitation measures based on the determined
Measured
frequencies and the scale of calculated overload- storm rainfall not recom-
ing can be established. With the elaboration of re- series possible mended
habilitation concepts, in addition to the hydraulic
requirements of rehabilitation, further criteria are to For complex system conditions, in particular in
be taken into account, in particular connection with pronounced storage effects, suffi-
• structural condition of the sewers ciently comprehensive and locally accurate precipi-
tation data have particular significance for the veri-
• necessity for/capacity of stormwater overflow fication calculation with storm rainfall series or
structures in combined systems model rainfall groups. With extended systems,
possible effects of an uneven rainfall distribution
• general demands on water pollution control
could require attention.

More detailed information is provided by the

Advisory Leaflet DWA-M 143-14E.

March 2006 27
DWA-A 118E

For the employment of Euler model rainfall (Type II) Annex A

it is recommended that the rainfall frequency be
selected the same as the specified overdamming
frequency (comp. Table 3).
Creation of model rainfall
according to Euler Type II
6.3 Safety against Flooding Given are, for example, the following rainfall
amount curves for n = 1.0:
The European Standard Specification DIN EN 752-2
assumes the frequency of flooding as verification D (min) 5 10 15 20 30 45 60
criteria (comp. Sect. 5.1). The flooding process on
the surface and the flood protection are, to a high h (mm) 6.1 9.5 11.4 12.8 14.7 16.6 18.0
degree dependent on the local situation and there-
fore require an assessment of the conditions in the The rainfall amounts of the individual time intervals
local area. The possibility and danger of flooding in result through subtraction from the rainfall sums
the case of overdamming of the sewer system is (Fig. A1.1).
also to be checked in the case of a simple dimen-
sioning in accordance with Sect. 6.1.1 or at the
end of the hydraulic recalculation. Due to difficul-
ties in reflecting the surface flooding process tech- Rainfall intensity in [l/(s·ha)]

nically in a model, an assessment of the condi-

tions on site is absolutely necessary for the
area with calculated overdamming. If required,
available records on previous system behaviour
are to be evaluated (fire service deployments or
similar).

Verification calculations should identify, for network

points with overdamming across the ground, the
volume of combined wastewater or rainwater which Fig. A.1: Rainfall amount h in 5 minute intervals.
emerges or is not discharged as well as the duration The sum of all individual intervals up to
of the calculated overdamming in order better to be the time t corresponds with the value of
able to assess the danger of flooding of neighbour- the rainfall amount curve
ing properties or of significant prejudicing of the
function of important traffic facilities (underpasses).
With model rainfall according to EULER (Type II)
If a flooding of neighbouring properties is to be
the point in time for the start of the rainfall intensity
feared due to topographical and other local charac-
is determined with the highest precipitation inten-
teristics, suitable measures (design) with the layout
sity with 0.3 times the model rainfall duration and
of roads are to be implemented or the discharge of
rounded down to a multiple of five minutes. The
excess (waste-)water into no-endangered areas is
next lower intervals are joined on to the left of the
to be examined. So far as the latter is discharged on
time axis until the point in time t = 0 is reached.
to the road surface or is stored, the contour line of
Further rainfall intervals follow the time axis to the
the road should be included in the examination and
right after the peak interval and fill the time period
harmless discharge assured, if required using struc-
up to the end of the model rainfall.
tural measures.

Fig. A1.2 shows the model rainfall obtained

through transposition of the intervals. The duration
of the model rainfall peaks should, as a rule, be 5
minutes. This corresponds, in general, with the
flow time on the surface. The damping of the dis-
charge wave with longer flow paths on the surface,
for example with outside areas, takes place within
the framework of the calculation of the stormwater
runoff. This model rainfall, as a rule, delivers dis-
charges and water levels which lie on the safe side.

28 March 2006
 DWA-A 118E

Table B.1: Measured storm events

(h15 > 4.0 mm) in 5 minute intervals,
Rainfall intensity in [l/(s·ha)]

centred on the critical point of the

maximum 15 minute stage
Criti-
cal
point
Date 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
27 August 0.185 2.590 3.358 0.172 0.857 0.834 0.913 0.450 0.201
1956
10 0.149 0.149 3.636 2.546 0.260 0.260 0.158 0 0
September
1956

Fig. A.2: Individual model rainfall according to 08 June

1957
0 0.900 3.184 1.013 0.795 0.944 0.531 0.480 0.564

Euler (Type II) through transposition etc.

of the 5 minute intervals from
Fig. A1.1 The intensity progression of the rainfall event
(including antecedent and successive rainfall) is
standardised in that the individual intervals are so
Annex B multiplied by a factor that their sum in the maxi-
mum stage of the corresponding duration gives the
value 1 (Table B.2).
Creation of a model
rainfall group Table B.2: Standardised intensity progressions
of the measured events (Σh15 = 1.0)
The compilation of the individual rainfall of different 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
duration within a recurrence time determined for a 27 August 0.03 0.42 0.55 0.03 0.14 0.13 0.15 0.07 0.03
model rainfall group is based on the statistic 1956
10 Septem- 0.02 0.02 0.56 0.40 0.04 0.02 0.158 0 0
evaluation of measured rainfall series. The pro- ber 1956
gression of the precipitation characteristic for the 08 June 1957 0 0.18 0.62 0.20 0.16 0.19 0.10 0.09 0.11

respective rainfall duration is obtained by means of etc.

standardisation of the measured natural rainfall of

the same rainfall duration, which can take place
through the chronological centring of the crucial
point or the 5 minute peak intervals of precipitation.
While the centring of the crucial point with increas-
ing rainfall duration effects a certain flattening of
the rainfall progression, there result pronounced
precipitation peaks through the maximum value
centring (SCHAARDT 1999). The method using the
centring of precipitation critical points (OTTER,
KÖNIGER 1986) is illustrated below as an example.
First, as with the frequency analysis of storm rain-
fall (ATV 1985), maximum precipitation stages for
various duration phases D are sought from a con-
tinuous collection of rainfall data. With this, the
threshold values should be so selected that, on
one hand, at least 30 events per continuous period
Now all intervals in a column are sorted according to
size and the value determined which is equally
exceeded or undercut (median, 50 % value). The
thus obtained intensity progression is multiplied by a
factor (see Table B.3) so that the amount of rainfall
of the maximum phase corresponds with the desired
frequency (e. g. 12 mm). The start of the antecedent
rainfall is achieved if the rainfall intensity undercuts a
boundary intensity of some 0.1 - 0.2 mm/5 min.
Table B.3: Median values per column of the
standardised intensities (2nd line)
and multiplication of all values by
the factor 12.0 / (0.18 + 0.56 + 0.20)
(3rd line)
1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8

and, on the other, not more than two or three Median value 0.02 0.18 0.56 0.20 0.14 0.13 0.10 0.07 0.03

events per year are taken out. That means, that a Model rainfall
h15 = 12.0 mm
0.26 2.30 7.15 2.55 0.260 1.66 1.28 0.89 0.38

minimum duration of the rainfall series of 10 to 20

years is required. Rainfall events with which less With that, the model rainfall is present with a
than 2/3 of the maximum phase are filled by rain typical intensity progression corresponding with the
are excluded. The critical points of the maximum rainfall duration.
phases (bold figures in Table B.1) are determined
and are rounded to an integral column number. All
rainfall events taken from the series are centred
with regard to this critical point (Table B.1).

March 2006 29
DWA-A 118E

Annex C
Creation of storm rainfall
series
With the defining of storm rainfall series in accor-
dance with Sect. 5.2.3, rainfall events are applied
with their actual duration and chronological pro-
gression, which are selected according to certain
Fig. B.1: Model rainfall D = 15 min criteria and taken from the available rainfall regis-
(example) ters. The series have at least to contain all events
which potentially can lead, within the sewerage
system, to an overdamming of the laiddown refer-
For other duration phases the model rainfall is de-
ence level. For security, however, as a rule further
rived statistically in the same way. Through plotting
pronounced events are also included in the series
all model rainfalls of the rainfall intensity-duration
which would have only a low probability of leading
curve a frequency can be examined as to whether to overdamming. The employment of the complete
the model rainfall covers the rainfall intensity- series of all registered rainfall events would make
duration curve from the statistical precipitation a selection process superfluous, however, due to
evaluation (e. g. DWD 1997) well in the area of the required calculation times with the current sta-
their respective rainfall duration, and does not ex- te-of-the-art with software and hardware, it is too
ceed these in any interval Fig. B.2). expensive and also not necessary.

For the production of storm rainfall series a re-

cording period of precipitation of 30 years or more
is desirable. Frequently data of this length of time
are, however, still not available today. The as a
minimum necessary registration period depends
on the overdamming frequency to be verified. For
Rainfall intensity [l/(s·ha)]

this, the guidance values given in Table 4 (Sect.

5.2.3) can be adopted.
Smallest chronological separation between
individual events
Independent rainfall events are separated from
subsequent events by precipitation-free periods.
The effects of the rainfall events with regard to
Rainfall intensity- Rainfall intensity- Rainfall intensity-
discharges and water levels within the sewerage
duration curve
model rainfall
duration curve duration curve for system, however, go on beyond the respective end
model rainfall T = 1 year
D = 15 minutes D = 30 minutes of rainfall so that this can overlap the effects of a
following event if the separation of the two events
Fig. B.2: Rainfall intensity-duration curves of the is very short. The separation between the events
model rainfalls D = 15 and 30 minutes of a storm rainfall series shall take this into
and the rainfall intensity-duration curve account. The minimum chronological separation
for the same frequency between individual events results from the empty-
ing time of the drain and sewer system. The gap in
rainfall should, however, be at least four hours.
Further information on this subject can be found in Lowest intensity of precipitation
OTTER, J., KÖNIGER, W. (1986) as well as in
With the limitation of rainfall events compared with
SCHAARDT, V. (1999).
dry periods there is the question of which intensity
or amount of precipitation a rain shower has to
have within a certain period in order to apply, both
with regard to time and amount, as part of the
event. In this respect the following can serve as
approximate value:

hN,min = 0.1 mm in 5 min or 0.5 mm in 1 hr

30 March 2006

Procedure for the selection of relevant events
A possible criterion for the selection of the events
is the introduction of a limiting value for the sum of
precipitation of the natural events, which are inde-
pendent according to the above given criteria. As
guidance value the following can, for example, apply
as approximate value: Nmin = 10 mm. As here the
duration of the precipitation event is not taken into
account and precipitation of 10 mm, distributed
over, for example, 1 hr most probably will not
cause an overdamming, according to these criteria
alone an unnecessarily large number of events are
included in the series. There is therefore interest to
restrict further the selection of events.
FUCHS (1994) recommends, in accordance with
Standard ATV-A 121, proceeding from the series
of individual continuous periods. With these series
not only the natural closed events are taken into
account but also all extreme rainfall periods within
the closed events. These events are arranged
according to the continuous period of the amount
of the precipitation. The number of events taken up
in the series are then calculated for each continu-
ous period as follows:
N = 2.71 ⋅ M / Tn
with:
N number of the events to be taken into
account, proceeding from the largest event
M duration of the precipitation series based on
the evaluations (in years)
Tn recurrence time of the overdamming
frequency to be verified (in years)
It is to be estimated which continuous periods are
relevant for the respective sewerage system. In
practice, the selection of 15 min as the shortest
and of 6 hr as the longest continuous period has
proved itself. Overall it suffices to carry out the cal-
culation for some 6 continuous periods.
For all events selected within the different continu-
ous periods with which, in general, one is con-
cerned with periods of rainfall and not self-
contained rain showers, it is determined via the
specification of the date and time of the associated
self-contained rainfall event from which the rainfall
period originates and are identified as relevant
events for the verification calculation. In this case it
results, in general, that several rainfall periods
determined previously from various continuous
DWA-A 118E
periods belong respectively to the same closed
event. With this, the final number of selected
events compared with the product (N x no. of dura-
tion levels) is reduced considerably.
VERWORN (1995) specifies a procedure which fur-
ther limits the number of relevant events and, at
the same time, via the determination of so-called
frequency or recurrence time profiles allows a
detailed preliminary estimate of the effects of the
individual rainfall events on the network to be in-
vestigated. The frequency or recurrence time
profiles of a natural rainfall event is determined as
follows:
Proceeding from the data sequence of the digital-
ised event given in 5 minute steps (comp. Fig. C.1)
the maximum interval of the various continuous pe-
riods of 5, 10, 15, ... minutes up to the boundary
duration of the event are selected in turn according
the amount of rainfall. For each so determined
amount of rainfall the associated recurrence time is
determined according to the statistical method of
Standard ATV-A 121, supported by the German
Weather Service (DWD) evaluation “Storm rainfall
amounts for the Federal Republic of Germany”
(KOSTRA). These recurrence times are entered as
ordinate values above which the given continuous
periods are entered as abscissa values. It should
be noted that the abscissa in this diagram does not
reflect the time axis of the natural event but the
succession of the various continuous periods.
Fig. C.1: Amount of rainfall of a natural event
March 2006 31
DWA-A 118E
Fig. C.2: Profile of the recurrence times
Carrying out verification using storm rainfall
series
In the carrying out of the verification of a sufficient
hydraulic efficiency of new or existing sewerage
system it is to be confirmed mathematically, using
defined storm rainfall series (comp. Sect. 5.2.3),
that the specified overdamming frequency or recur-
rence time of the overdamming event is not
exceeded at any shaft in the sewerage system. In
particular with new planning the objective of carry-
ing out verification can also be for reasons of cost
or general water management and to orient the
layout to the required overdamming frequency.
With mathematical verification, using a hydrody-
namic precipitation runoff model, it is calculated
for each individual precipitation event at which
shafts of the sewerage system the water level ex-
ceeds the defined reference level of the overdam-
ming frequency (in general the road or ground sur-
face). The volume of exiting water and the duration
of the overdamming procedure can also serve as
possible additional result of the calculation to be
taken into account, in that this can be included for
the assessment of the effects of the overdamming
event in the vicinity of the shaft concerned with re-
gard to the required maintenance of the target pa-
rameter flooding frequency.
32 March 2006
Following implementation of the hydrodynamic cal-
culation for all events of the defined storm rainfall
series the number of incidents of exceeding the
overdamming level are counted for each shaft. The
time-related relative frequency of the exceeding
then results very simply in that the number of in-
cidents of exceeding is divided by the period of
registration of the storm rainfall series. If the num-
ber of calculated incidents of exceeding at one
shaft is, for example, 5 and if the heavy rainfall se-
ries is based on a period of registration of Tn = 20
years, there results the relative frequency of
exceeding of nai = 5/20 = 0.25 or the recurrence
time for exceeding is Tn = 1/nai = 4 years.
A more advanced statistic evaluation in the sense
of matching a statistic distribution function, which
also allows an extrapolation beyond the time
period of the registration period is, with regard to
the start of overdamming, not possible as here
only the alternative statement “undercutting or ex-
ceeding the reference level” is available. The pos-
sibility of the employment of a statistical distribu-
tion function, however, exists with regard to the
simulation dimensions “exiting volume of water”
and “duration of the overdamming procedure”,
which can be useful for the evaluation of the flood-
ing danger if a sufficiently large number of over-
damming event is available. Further information on
the application of heavy rainfall series simulation in
the steps actual status analysis, rehabilitation
calculations, verification calculation can be found
in the further literature (BROLL-BICKHARDT &
VERWORN 1995; FUCHS 1994; KOLBINGER &
MEGGENDER 1995).

Literature
Technical Rules
ATV-A 105E (November 1990): Selection of the
Drainage System
DWA-A 110 (In preparation 2006): Hydraulische
Dimensionierung und Leistungsnachweis von
Abwasserleitungen und -kanälen
[Standards for the Hydraulic Dimensioning and
Performance Verification of Sewers and Drains]
ATV-A 111E (February 1994): Standards for the
Hydraulic Dimensioning and Performance
Verification of Stormwater Overflow Installations
in Sewers and Drains
ATV-A 112 (January 1998): Richtlinien für die hy-
draulische Dimensionierung und den Leistungs-
nachweis von Sonderbauwerken in Abwasser-
kanälen und -leitungen
[Standards for the Hydraulic Dimensioning and
Performance Verification of Special Structures in
Sewers and Drains]
ATV-A 116E (September 1992): Special Sewer
Systems – Vacuum Drainage Service – Pressure
Drainage Service
DWA-A 116-1E (March 2005): Special Sewerage
Systems – Part 1: Vacuum Sewerage Systems
Outside Buildings
DWA-A 117E (April 2006): Dimensioning of Storm-
water Holding Facilities
ATV-A 121 (December 1985): Niederschlag –
Starkregenauswertung nach Wiederkehrzeit und
Dauer, Niederschlagsmessungen Auswertung
[Precipitation – Storm Rainfall Evaluation accor-
ding to Recurrence Time and Duration, Evalu-
ation of Precipitation Measurements]
ATV-A 128E (April 1992): Standards for the
Dimensioning and Design of Stormwater Over-
flows in Combined Sewers
ATV-A 131E (May 2000): Dimensioning of Single-
Stage Activated Sludge Plants
DWA-A 138E (April 2005): Planning, Construction
and Operation of Facilities for the Percolation of
Precipitation Water
ATV-A 166 (November 1999): Bauwerke der zentralen
Regenwasserbehandlung und -rückhaltung –
Konstruktive Gestaltung und Ausrüstung
[Structures for Centralised Stormwater Treatment
and Retention – Structural Design and Equipment]
DWA-A 118E
ATV-DVWK-A 198E (April 2003): Standardisation
and Derivation of Dimensioning Values for
Wastewater Facilities
ATV-A 200E (May 1997): Principles for the Dis-
posal of Wastewater in Rurally Structured Areas
ATV-DVWK-A 400 (July 2000): Grundsätze für die
Erarbeitung des ATV-DVWK-Regelwerkes
[Principles for the Preparation of German ATV-
DVWK Standards]
ATV-M 101E (May 1996): Planning of Drain and
Sewer Systems; New Construction, Rehabilitation
and Replacement
DWA-M 143-14E (November 2005): Rehabilitation
of Drain and Sewer Systems Outside Buildings –
Part 14: Rehabilitation Strategies
ATV-DVWK-M 165 (January 2004): Anforderungen
an Niederschlag-Abfluß-Berechnungen in der
Stadtentwässerung
[Requirements on Precipitation Runoff Calculati-
ons in Urban Drainage Systems]
AV-DVWK-M 176 (February 2001): Hinweise und
Beispiele zur konstruktiven Gestaltung und Aus-
rüstung von Bauwerken der zentralen Regen-
wasserbehandlung und -rückhaltung
[Notes and Examples of Structural Design and
Equipping of Structures of the Centralised Storm-
water Treatment and Holding Facility]
DIN 4045 (August 2003): Wastewater engineering
– Vocabulary
DIN EN 752: Drain and sewer systems outside
buildings
Part 1 (January 1996): Generalities and definitions
Part 2 (September 1996): Performance
requirements
Part 3 (September 1996): Planning
Part 4 (November 1997): Hydraulic design and
environmental considerations
Part 5 (November 1997): Rehabilitation
Part 6 (June 1998): Pumping installations
Part 7 (June 1998): Maintenance and operations
DIN EN 752 (Draft Standard October 2005): Drain
and sewer systems outside buildings; German
version prEN 752:2005
DIN EN 1091 (February 1997): Vacuum sewerage
systems outside buildings
DIN EN 1671 (August 1997): Pressure sewerage
systems outside buildings
March 2006 33
DWA-A 118E
DIN EN 12056: Gravity drainage systems inside
buildings – Part 1 (January 2001): General and
performance requirements
Part 2 (January 2001): Sanitary pipework, layout
and calculation
Part 3 (January 2001): Roof drainage, layout and
calculation
Part 4 (January 2001): Wastewater lifting plants,
layout and calculation
Part 5 (January 2001): Installation and testing,
instructions for operation, maintenance and user
DIN 1986-100 (March 2002): Drainage systems on
private ground – Part 100: Specifications in
realtion to DIN EN 752 and DIN EN 12056
DIN 1986-100 Corrigendum 1 (December 2002):
Corrigenda to DIN 1986-100:2002-03
Further Literature
[Translator's note: known translations are give in English,
otherwise a courtesy translation is provided in square brackets]
ALTHAUS, J. (1984): Vergleich von Modellregen zur
Kanalnetzberechnung [Comparison of model
rainfall for sewer network calculation].
Mitt. Inst. Wasserwirt., Hydr. u. landw. Wasser-
bau TU Hannover, Vol. 56 (1984)
ATV (1995a): Planung der Kanalisation
[Planning of the sewer system].
ATV Manual , 4th Edition. Publisher W. Ernst und
Sohn, Berlin/München
ATV (1995b): Überstau und Überflutung – Defini-
tionen und Anwendungsbereiche
[Overdamming and flooding – definitions and
areas of application].
ATV Report ATV Working Group 1.2.6. In: Kor-
respondenz Abwasser, Vol. 9/1996, p. 1597 ff.
ATV (1996): Umfrageergebnisses zum Stand der
Kanalnetzberechnungsverfahren und der Bemes-
sungskriterien
[Results of a survey on the status of sewer net-
work calculation methods and the dimensioning
criteria].
ATV Report ATV Working Group 1.2.1. In: Kor-
respondenz Abwasser, Vol. 5, 1996, p. 864 ff.
ATV-DVWK (2004): Bewertung der hydraulischen
Leistungsfähigkeit bestehender Entwässerungs-
systeme
[Assessment of hydraulic efficiency of existing
drainage systems]. Report of the DWA-2.1 „Be-
rechnungsverfahren“. In: KA Abwasser Abfall Vol
1/2004, p. 69–76
34 March 2006
BROLL-BICKHARDT, J.; VERWORN, H.-R. (1995): Be-
wertung der Häufigkeit extremer Regenereig-
nisse in Bremen im Jahre 1993
[Assessment of the frequency of extreme rainfall
events in Bremen in 1993].
Zeitschrift für Stadtentwässerung und Gewässer-
schutz (SuG), Vol. 32
CASSAR, A.; DOHM, H. (1997): Besonderheiten bei
der hydraulischen Nachweisrechnung großer
Kanalnetze
[Peculiarities with the hydraulic verification of lar-
ge sewer networks].
Zeitschrift für Stadtentwässerung und Gewässer-
schutz (SuG) [Journal for Municipal Drainage
and Water Pollution Control], Vol. 28
DWD (1997): Starkniederschlagshöhen für die
Bundesrepublik Deutschland
[Storm precipitation amounts for the Federal
republic of Germany Parts 1 and 2].
Selbstverlag des deutschen
Wetterdienstes [Own publishing by the German
Weather Service]; Offenbach/Main
ENGEL, N. (1994): Hydrologische Simulation der
Ausflusstransformation in Kanalisationsnetzen
[Hydrological simulation of discharge transfor-
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Technical reports on hydrological technology and
hydraulics, Institut für Wasserbau [Institute of
Hydraulic Engineering], University of Darmstadt,
Vol. 52
FUCHS, L. (1994): Integriertes System Bauwesen –
ISYBAU – Fachinformationssystem Abwasser –
Hydraulisches Konzept (Entwurf) [Integrated
System for Civil Engineering – ISYBAU – Spe-
cialist Information Systems – Hydraulic Concept
(Draft)]
KOLBINGER, A; MEGGENENDER, M. (1995): Iterative
Sanierungsberechnung eines städtischen Kanal-
netzes [Iterative rehabilitation of a municipal
sewer network]. Zeitschrift für Stadtentwässer-
ung und Gewässerschutz (SuG), Vol 32
KÖNIGER, W. (1981): Die Anwendung der Extremal-
3-Verteilung bei der Regenauswertung und der
Niedrigwasseranalyse
[The application of the extremal-3-distribution
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analysis]. In: gwf Wasser/Abwasser 122, Vol. 10,
p. 460–466
KÖNIGER, W. (1991): Hydraulische Grundlagen von
Niederschlagsabflussmodellen
[Hydraulic principles of precipitation runoff mo-
dels]. In: Zeitschrift für Stadtentwässerung und
Gewässerschutz (SuG), Vol. 15, p. 37–62

MEIßNER, E. (1991): Bemessung von Misch- und
Regenwasserkanälen
[Dimensioning of combined and stormwater se-
wers], Advisory Leaflet No. 4.3-2 dated
01.06.1991. Bayerisches Landesamt für Was-
serwirtschaft, München 1991
NEUMAN, W. (1976): Der Oberflächenabfluss in
städtischen Einzugsgebieten
[Surface runoff in urban catchment areas]. Be-
richte aus Wasserwirtschaft und Gesundheitsin-
genieurwesen, Vol. 11, TU München
LAUBE, F. W.; WILLEMS, G. (1991): Ermittlung der
befestigten Fläche zur Bemessung von Regen-
entlastungen
[Determination of the paved surface for the
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OTTER, J. KÖNIGER, W. (1986): Bemessungsregen
für Kanalnetz, Regenüberläufe und Regenbe-
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stormwater overflows and stormwater tanks]. In:
Gas-Wasser-Abwasser 66, Vol. 3, p. 124–128
PECHER, R. (1995): Bemessung von Regen- und
Mischwasserkanälen im europäischen Vergleich.
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scher Abwassertag (ATV-Landesgruppentagung
Hessen/Rheinland-Pfalz/Saarland
PILGRIM, D.; CORDERY, I. (1975): Rainfall Temporal
Patterns for Design Floods. In: Journal of the
Hydraulics Division ASCE 101, HY1, p. 81/95
SARTOR, J. (1994): Die Wahrscheinlichkeit des
gleichzeitigen Auftretens maßgebender Abfluß-
ereignisse in Kanalisationsnetzen und natürlichen
Gewässern
[The probability of concurrent occurrence of rela-
tive discharge events in sewerage systems and
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SCHAARDT, V. (1999): Belastungsannahmen bei
der Kanalnetzberechnung größerer Einzugsge-
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of sewerage systems in larger catchment areas].
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SCHMITT, T. G. (1985): Der instationäre Kana-
labfluß in der Schmutzfrachtmodellierung
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DWA-A 118E
SCHMITT, T.G.; THOMAS, M. (1985): Untersuchun-
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SIEKER, F. (1997): Bildung und Anwendung von
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STECKER, A.; REIMERS, M. (1997): Vergleichende
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VERWORN, W. (1980): Hydrodynamische Kanal-
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WERP, M. (1992): Dimensionierung von Kanalnetzen
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Reference sources:
DWA [formerly ATV-DVWK] – Publications:
DWA German Association for Water, Wastewater
and Waste, D-53773 Hennef, Germany
DIN Standard Specifications
Beuth-Verlag GmbH, D-10772 Berlin
March 2006 35
This DWA Standard concerns the dimensioning and verification of drain and sewer systems, which are mainly
operated as gravity systems and which serve for the discharge of domestic and industrial
wastewater, surface water and combined wastewater.

Its range of validity, in accordance with the standard specification series DIN EN 752 "Drain and sewer
systems outside buildings", ranges from the point where wastewater leaves the building and/or roof drainage
system or flows into road gullies up to the point where the wastewater is discharged into a wastewater
treatment plant or receiving waters.

Standard DWA-A 118 is primarily aimed at planning engineers and authorities.

ISBN: 978-3-940173-51-3

Deutsche Vereinigung für Wasserwirtschaft, Abwasser und Abfall e. V.

Theodor-Heuss-Allee 17 · 53773 Hennef · Deutschland
Tel.: +49 2242 872-333 · Fax: +49 2242 872-100
E-Mail: kundenzentrum@dwa.de · Internet: www.dwa.de