UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY PESHAWAR

ELE-410 INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

BY DR. ADAM KHAN

LECTURE # 08

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

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• Text Book: Electric Motors and Control Systems
• By Frank D Petruzella 2nd Edition

Chapter 4: Motor Control Devices

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Introduction
• Control devices are components that govern the power delivered to
an electrical load.
• Motor control systems make use of a wide variety of control devices.

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PART 1 Manually Operated Switches
• Primary and Pilot Control Devices
• A primary control device, such as a motor contactor, starter, or
controller, connects the load to the line.
• A pilot control device, such as a relay or switch contact, is used to
activate the primary control device.
• Contacts selected for both primary and pilot control devices must be
capable of handling the voltage and current to be switched.

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Primary and Pilot Control Devices

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 Toggle Switches
• A manually operated switch is one that is controlled by hand.
• The toggle switches illustrated in Figure 4-2 are examples of manually
operated switches.
The AC current rating will be higher than its DC rating
for an equivalent amount of voltage.
• The reason for this is that AC current is at zero level
twice during each cycle, which reduces the likelihood
of an electric arc forming across the contacts.
• Also, higher decaying voltages are generated in DC
circuits that contain inductive type load devices.

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Pushbutton Switches
• Pushbutton switches are
commonly used in motor control
applications to start and stop
motors, as well as to control and
override process functions.
• A push button operates by
opening or closing contacts
when pressed.

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Pushbutton Switches
• With a break-make push
button, the top section
contacts are NC and the
bottom section contacts are
NO.
• When the button is pressed,
the bottom contacts are
closed after the top contacts
open.

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Pushbutton Switches
• When you have one or more push
buttons in a common enclosure, it is
referred to as a pushbutton station
(Figure 4-5).
• Electrical enclosures are designed to
protect their contents from
troublesome operating environmental
conditions such as dust, dirt, oil, water,
corrosive materials, and extreme
variations in temperature.

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 NEMA Enclosure Types
NEMA enclosure types are selected according to the environment in which the equipment is installed.

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Pushbutton Switches
• Pushbutton assemblies are manufactured in both 30-mm NEMA and
smaller 22-mm IEC types, as illustrated in Figure 4-6.
• The size is related to the diameter of the circular hole the push button
is mounted in—either 30 millimeters or 22 millimeters in diameter.
• Pushbutton assemblies basically consist of an operator legend plate
and contact block.

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Pushbutton Switches

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Pushbutton Switches
• The contact block is the part of the pushbutton assembly (Figure 4-
13) that is activated when the button is pressed.
• The contacts of the contact block itself are spring loaded and return
to their normal on or off state when the operator is released.
• When contact blocks are attached to a pushbutton operator, their
switching action is determined in part by that of the operator.
• Pushbutton operators are available for momentary or maintained
operation.

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Pushbutton Switches
• Momentary type pushbutton operators return to their normal on or
off state as soon as the operator is released.
• Maintained type pushbutton operators require you to press and
release the operator to switch the contacts to their on state and to
press and release the operator a second time to return the contacts
to their off state.
• Standard three-wire motor control circuits use a holding circuit in
conjunction with momentary start/stop pushbutton operators for
starting and stopping a motor.

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Pushbutton Switches
• Emergency stop switches are
devices that users manipulate
to initiate the complete
shutdown of a machine,
system, or process.

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Pilot Lights
• Pilot lights provide visual indication of the status for many motor-
controlled processes permitting personnel at remote locations to
observe the current state of the operation.
• Figure 4-15 shows the circuit for a start/stop pushbutton station with
a pilot light connected to indicate when the starter is energized

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Pilot Lights

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 Pilot Lights
• Pilot lights are available in both full-voltage and low voltage types.
• A transformer pilot light, such as shown in Figure 4-16, uses a step-
down transformer to reduce the operating voltage supplied to the
lamp.
The primary voltage of the transformer is matched to the
input voltage of L1 and L2,
while the secondary voltage is matched to that of the lamp.
The lower lamp voltage can provide a margin of safety if
the lamp requires replacement while the control circuit is
energized.
Also available are illuminated units utilizing integrated
LEDs, which operate at 6 to 24 V, AC or DC.

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Pilot Lights
• Dual-input “push-to-test” pilot lights are designed to reduce the time
required to troubleshoot a suspected faulty lamp.
• Push-to-test pilot lights can be energized from two separate input
signals of the same voltage.
• This is done by wiring the “test” terminal to the second input signal as
illustrated in the push-to-test circuits of Figure 4-17.

Figure 4-17

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Selector Switch
• The difference between a push button and selector switch is the
operator mechanism.
• A selector switch operator is rotated (instead of pushed) to open and
close contacts of the attached contact block.
• Switch positions are established by turning the operator knob right or
left.
• These switches may have two or more selector positions, with either
maintained contact position or spring return to give momentary
contact operation.

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Selector Switch
• The circuit of Figure
4-18 is an example of
a three position
selector switch used
to select three
different operating
modes for control of
a pump motor.

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Drum Switch
• A drum switch consists of a set of moving contacts and a set of
stationary contacts that open and close as the shaft is rotated.
• Reversing drum switches are designed to start and reverse motors by
connecting them directly across the line.
• The drum switch may be used with squirrel-cage motors; single-phase
motors designed for reversing service; and series, shunt, and
compound DC motors.
• The drum switch is used only as a means for controlling the direction
of rotation of the motor and does not provide overcurrent or
overload protection.
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Drum Switch

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Mechanically Operated Switches

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