VITAMINS Classifications of Vitamins

- Potent, essential, non-caloric, organic nutrients, 1. Fat Soluble Vitamins

needed from food in trace amounts to perform - ADEK
specific functions, that promote growth, 2. Water Soluble Vitamins
reproduction, maintenance of health and life. - Ascorbic Acid
- Vitamin B Complex
Distinguishing characteristics of Vitamins
Water Soluble Vitamins Fat Soluble Vitamins
1. Do not yield energy when broken down but Do not have precursors Generally have
assist the enzymes that release energy from precursor
CPF Found in watery compartments Stored in the liver and
2. Needed in much smaller amounts than the of food fatty tissues
energy nutrients Distributed into water-filled Present in fats and oils
3. Dietary essentials compartments of the body of food
Easily absorbed into the blood Absorbed like lipids
Factors Affecting the Bioavailability of Vitamins stream
1. The quantity provided by food Easily excreted if blood Not readily excreted
2. The amount absorbed and used by the body concentration is high with the
3. A person’s previous nutrient intake and urine
nutritional status Less likely to reach toxic Can build up toxic
4. Other foods eaten at the same time concentration concentrations
5. The methods of food preparation Deficiency symptoms develop Deficiencies are slow
6. The source of nutrients fast to develop
Easily destroyed by ordinary Generally stable
Terms associated with Vitamins cooking
1. Precursor or Provitamins
- Are compounds that can be changed to active Vitamin A
vitamins, they are potential vitamins
Major Functions Deficienc Food Toxicity
- E.g. Carotene to the vitamin A in the SI
y Sources Symptoms
ergosterol to vitamin D with 7
Symptom
dehydrocholesterol precursor
s
2. Preformed Vitamins
-Role in gene -Night -Liver, Fetal
- Are naturally occurring in active form and ready
expression Blindness butter, malformati
for its biological role
-Role in vision - fortified on, hair
3. Avitaminosis
-Role in CHON Xeropthal milk and loss, skin
- A condition resulting from lack of vitamin in its
synthesis and cell mia margarin changes,
later stage when more defined signs and
differentiation -Poor e pain bones
symptoms will occur
-Role in immunity Growth -Carrots, if beyond
- E.g. xeropthalmia- vitamin A deficiency
-Role in -Dry Skin green 3,000 RE
4. Hypervitaminosis
reproduction, broccoli, per day
- A vitamin toxicity or a condition is a result of
growth and sweet
excessive accumulation of a vitamin in the body
development potato,
- E.g. teratogenic- toxicity of vitamin A
-Role as an spinach,
5. Antivitamins or Vitamin Antagonist
antioxidant papaya,
- Are substances that interfere with the normal
apricots
functioning of a vitamin
- E.g. Dicumarol against Vitamin K
6. Synthetic Vitamins
- Man-made of synthesized in the laboratory
- Does not substitute for normal intakes of
vitamins from foods
7. Vitamers
- Are multiple forms of vitamin
- E.g. Vitamin B6- pyridoxine, pyridoxal,
pyridoxamine
 Vitamin D 3. Prevention of megaloblastic anemia and
Major Deficiency Food Toxicity pinpoint hemorrhages
Functions Symptoms Sources Symptoms 4. Building of body resistance against infection
5. Production of steroid hormones esp.
- facilitate - rickets - fortified Growth Adrenocortico-hormones under severe stress
absorption of - osteomalacia milk and retardation and insulin synthesis
Ca and P margarine Kidney 6. Tyrosine and phenylalanine synthesis
- maintain , fish oils, damage 7. Iron utilization is improved by vitamin C,
optimal sardines, Deposits in making iron more available for Hgb formation
calcification of salmon soft tissues and RBC maturation
bones Toxic 8. Involved in brain metabolism
beyond 9. Antioxidant vitamin protects normal cells from
2,000 the damage of free radicals
IU/day 10. Shown to help prevent cataract
Vitamin E
UTILIZATION
Major Functions Deficiency Food Toxicity
Symptoms Sources Symptoms 1. Almost completely absorbed in the small
intestine, except in cases of achlorhydria and
- act as - hemolysis - vegetable - Muscle GIT disorders
antioxidant of RBC oils, some weakness 2. Adrenal glands, liver and other glandular organs
- prevent the - nerve green, - headache contain the highest amount of vitamin C in the
breakdown of destruction some - fatigue body
vitamin A and K fruits, - blood 3. Almost all plants and animals can synthesize
and unsaturated wheat clots vitamin C except for human and other specific
fats germ, - toxic animals
- protects other peanuts, beyond
MALNUTRITION
substance from oils 1,200
oxidation IU/day Signs of Early Deficiencies:
- important
antioxidant 1. Irritability
effect in the 2. Weakness
lungs by 3. Lack of appetite
protecting the 4. Pallor
lungs from air 5. Lowered resistance to infection
pollutants SCURVY (severe type of Vitamin C deficiency)
Vitamin K
Major Deficiency Food Toxicity Signs and Symptoms:
Functions Symptoms Sources Symptoms
1. Bleeding
2. Swollen tender joints
- help from -hemmorhage - green -anemia
3. Loose teeth
prothrombin vegetable and 4. Swollen gums
and other - non-fat jaundice
5. Capillary fragility
factors for milk
blood clotting - liver INFANTILE SCURVY
and bone - broccoli
formation - eggs - The infant flexes his legs for comfort or the so
called “frog’s position” of the legs because the
thighs are swollen and the joints are painful.
Skeletal growth and dentetion are delayed
FOOD SOURCES (all in one exchange)
Water Soluble Vitamins 1. Malunggay = 231mg
2. Kasuy = 167mg
Vitamin C Functions:
3. Bayabas pula = 158mg
1. Conversion of folic acid to its active form 4. Bayabas puti = 127mg
2. Healing of wounds and bone fractures 5. Orange = 100mg
6. Strawberry = 97mg
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
1. Help to burn the fuel but do not serve as fuel
2. 8 B vitamins are part of enzyme helper known
as:
Co-enzyme – a small molecule that combines
with an enzyme to make it active and attractive
to substance
3. B1, B2, B3, Pantothenic CID, Biotin participate
in the release of energy from CHO, CHON, and
FATS
4. Co enzyme containing B6 help enzyme to
metabolize AA
5. Co enzyme containing folate help in making
new cells but also depends on the co-enzyme
containing B12
6. Major B vitamins deficiencies are only:
Beri-Beri – resulted when brain in rice is
removed to make whiter rice
Pellagra- resulted from Low CHON diet and
more in corn which is low in tryptophan
7. Processes that protect people from deficiencies
of vitamins are:
Fortification – the addition to a food of
nutrients that were either not originally present
or lost during process
Enrichment – the addition to a food of nutrients
to meet a specified standard
1. B1 OR THIAMIN
- Help in normal functioning of the nerve cells
Wernicke-Korsokoff Syndrome
-deficiency of thiamine due to alcohol abuse
- alcohol contributes energy but carries almost
no nutrients with it and often displaces foods
- alcohol impairs absorption of thiamine from
the digestive tract and hastens its excretion in
the urine.
2. B3 OR NIACIN
- Can be made from CHON, an AA tryptophan
can be converted to niacin in the body
*60mg of tryptophan = 1mg of niacin
- Deficiency will result to dilation of the
capillaries of the skin with perceptive tingling
that if intense can be painful
- Can also be a pharmacological agent in a form
of drug as nicotinic acid that is effective in
lowering blood cholesterol in the treatment of
atherosclerosis
3. PANTOTHENIC ACID
- Involved in more than 100 steps in the
synthesis of lipids, steroid hormones,
hemoglobin and neurotransmitter
- Neurotransmitter: communication molecule of
the brain, help in synthesis of lipids, essential
for CPF metabolism, for normal growth, healthy
skin and integrity of the CNS
4. BIOTIN
- Plays an important role in metabolism as a co-
enzyme that carries CO2
- AVIDIN is a CHON in raw egg white that
contains harmful substance, biotin binds avidin
and rendered it harmless
- Helps in the synthesis of purines and FA
5. B6 OR PYRIDOXINE
- Stored extremely in muscle tissue
- Aids in the conversion of AA tryptophan to
niacin
- An anticonvulsants vitamin
- Prevents nausea and vomiting in pregnancy
- Catalyzes urea formation
- Synthesis of EFA
6. FOLATE
- Important in synthesis of heme
- Help in the treatment of SPRUE
- Essential in erythropoiesis
- Deficiency will result to anemia and GIT
deterioration
- Antagonists are: alcohol, aspririn, contraceptive
drug, smoking, and anticonvulsant drugs
prevents NTD
7. B12 OR CYANOCOBALAMIN
- Needs an INTRINSIC FACTOR (IF) for absorption
from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream
- Tissues in the body that can contain highest
concentration of B12 are kidneys, testes, brain,
spleen, pancreas, bone marrow, and muscles
8. CHOLINE
- It mobilizes fats and prevents fatty liver
- Needed for fat transport as a constituent of
phospholipids (cephalin)
- Integral component of acetylcholine that helps
in the transmission of nerve impulses
- Deficiency may result to fatty liver
- Highest food sources are: egg yolk, brain,
kdineys, heart and legumes
9. TAURINE
- Added to milk formula to provide concentration
similar to breastmilk
- Component of bile acids
- Regulator of heartbeat
- Important for retinal development and
functions
- Best food sources are: fish oils and meat
Vitamins Functions Deficiency Toxicity Food Sources
Niacin (Vitamin B3) Part of coenzymes: Pellagra (diarrhea, Niacin flush, liver Milk, eggs, meat,
used in energy dermatitis, and damage, impaired poultry, fish, whole-
metabolism dementia) glucose tolerance grain and enriched
breads, and cereals,
nuts, and all protein-
containing foods
Biotin used in energy Skin rash, hair loss, none Widespread in
metabolism neurological foods; GI bacteria
disturbances synthesis
Pantothenic Acid used in energy Digestive and none Widespread in foods
metabolism neurological
disturbances
Vitamin B6 Used in amino acid Scaly dermatitis, Nerve degeneration, Meats, fish, poultry,
(pyridoxine) and fatty acid depression, skin lesions potatoes, legumes,
metabolism confusion, noncitrus fruits,
convulsions, anemia fortified cereals,
liver, soy products,
Folate (Folic Acid) Activates vitamin Anemia; smooth, Masks Vitamin B12 Fortified grains,
B12; helps red tongue; mental deficiency leafy green
synthesize DNA for confusion, elevated vegetables, legumes,
new cell growth homocysteine seeds, liver
Vitamin B12 Activates folate; Anemia; nerve none Food derived from
(Cobalamin) helps synthesize damage and animals (meat,
DNA for new cell paralysis poultry, fish,
growth; protects shellfish, milk,
nerve cells cheese, eggs,
fortified cereals)
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Synthesis of Scurvy (bleeding Diarrhea, GI distress Citrus fruits,
Acid) collagen, carnitine, gums, pin point cabbage-type
hormones, hemorrhages, vegetables, dark
neurotransmitters, abnormal bone green vegetables
antioxidant growth, and joint (bell peppers and
pain) broccoli),
cantaloupe,
strawberries,
lettuce, tomatoes,
potatoes, papayas,
mangoes