3/30/2013

Cal Poly State University CONTENTS NEXT LECTURE

Department of Civil & Static Indeterminacy
Environmental Engineering TODAY LECTURE Example 2.04

Stress & Strain: Axial Loading Thermal Stresses

Poisson’s Ratio
Normal Strain
Generalized Hooke’s Law
Stress-Strain Test
Dilatation: Bulk Modulus
Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials
Strength of Materials I CE 204 Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials
Shearing Strain
Example 2.10
Hooke’s Law: Modulus of Elasticity Relation Among E, n, and G

Dr. Eltahry Elghandour

Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior Sample Problem 2.5
Fatigue Saint-Venant’s Principle
Deformations Under Axial Loading Stress Concentration: Hole
Example 2.01 Stress Concentration: Fillet
Example 2.12

Winter 2013

In-class Activities
STRAINS
1. Check homework, if any
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 2. Stress-Strain diagram
3. Strength parameters
 Understand the concept of normal and shear strain
4. Poisson’s ratio
 Apply the concept to determine the strains for various
types of problems 5. Shear Stress-strain diagram
 Understand how to measure the stress and strain
through experiments
 Correlate the behavior of some engineering materials
to the stress-strain diagram

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STRESS & STRAIN: AXIAL LOADING TENSION AND COMPRESSION TEST

• Suitability of a structure or machine may depend on the

deformations in the structure as well as the stresses induced under
loading. Statics analyses alone are not sufficient.

• Considering structures as deformable allows determination of

member forces and reactions which are statically indeterminate .

• Determination of the stress distribution within a member also

requires consideration of deformations in the member.

• Chapter 2 is concerned with deformation of a structural member

under axial loading. Later chapters will deal with torsional and pure
bending loads.

STRESS-STRAIN TEST

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APPLICATIONS APPLICATIONS (CONT)

NORMAL STRAIN
STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM

• Note the critical status for strength specification

 proportional limit
 elastic limit
 yield stress
 ultimate stress
 fracture stress

2P P
  P
P 2A A  
   stress A
A
 2 


 normal strain   
2L L
L L

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STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM: DUCTILE MATERIALS STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM: BRITTLE MATERIALS

HOOKE’S LAW: MODULUS OF ELASTICITY ELASTIC VS. PLASTIC BEHAVIOR

• Below the yield stress

• If the strain disappears when
the stress is removed, the
  E material is said to behave
E  Youngs Modulus or elastically.
• The largest stress for which
Modulus of Elasticity this occurs is called the elastic
limit.
• When the strain does not
return to zero after the stress
• Strength is affected by alloying, is removed, the material is
heat treating, and manufacturing said to behave plastically.
process but stiffness (Modulus of
Elasticity) is not.

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FATIGUE DEFORMATIONS UNDER AXIAL LOADING

• From Hooke’s Law:

• Fatigue properties are shown
on S-N diagrams.  P
  E  
E AE
• A member may fail due to
fatigue at stress levels • From the definition of strain:
significantly below the ultimate 

strength if subjected to many L
loading cycles. • Equating and solving for the deformation,
PL
• When the stress is reduced 
below the endurance limit, AE
fatigue failures do not occur for
any number of cycles. • With variations in loading, cross-section
or material properties,
PL
  i i
i Ai Ei

EXAMPLE 2.01 SOLUTION: • Apply free-body analysis to each

component to determine internal forces,
• Divide the rod into three
components: P1  60 103 lb
SOLUTION:
P2  15  103 lb
• Divide the rod into components at
the load application points. P3  30 103 lb

• Apply a free-body analysis on each

E  29 106 psi • Evaluate total deflection,
component to determine the
D  1.07 in. d  0.618 in. internal force Pi Li 1  P1L1 P2 L2 P3 L3 
      
Ai Ei E  A1 A2 A3 
• Evaluate the total of the component i
Determine the deformation
of the steel rod shown
deflections.

1

  
 
 
 60 103 12  15 103 12 30 103 16 


29 106  0.9 0.9 0.3 
under the given loads.
 75.9 103 in.

L1  L2  12 in. L3  16 in.
  75.9 103 in.
A1  A2  0.9 in 2 A3  0.3 in 2

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