Bus structure
A group of lines that serves as a connecting
path for several devices is called bus.In
addition to the lines that carry the data, the
bus must have lines for address and control
purposes.
The bus allows the different devices inside
the computer to communicate with each
other. In reality, it is little more than several
parallel 'traces' on the motherboard, but
quite a bit of physical and logical hardware
can be connected. Some motherboards can
have multiple busses which can be used for
different functions.
The buses in a computer refer to the digital
circuitry on the computer's motherboard that
is used to transfer data. in simpler terms it's
the gold lines all over the mother board that
look like highways and roads on a map.
instruction is a single operation of
a processor defined by an instruction set
architecture. In a broader sense, an
"instruction" may be any representation of
an element of an executable program, such
as a bytecode.
An instruction is an order given to
a computer processor by a
computer program. At the lowest level, each
instruction is a sequence of 0s and 1s that
describes a physical operation the computer
is to perform (such as "Add") and,
depending on the particular instruction type,
the specification of special storage areas
called registers that may contain data to be
used in carrying out the instruction, or the
location in computer memory of data.In a
computer's assembler language, each
language statement generally corresponds to
a single processor instruction. In high-level
languages, a language statement generally
results (after program compilation) in
multiple processor instructions.In assembler
language, a macro instruction is one that,
during processing by the assembler
program, expands to become multiple
instructions (based on a previously
coded macro definition).
instruction sequencing The order in which
the instructions in a program are carried out.
Normally the sequence proceeds in a linear
fashion through the program, and the
address of the instructions is obtained from
the program counter in the control unit. This
sequence is interrupted when a branch
instruction is executed; at such a time the
address field of the branch instruction is
inserted into the program counter and the
process continues. In the case of an indirect
branch instruction, the memory content
referred to by the address field of the
instruction is inserted into the program
counter.
Main memory operation
RAM is an electronic, or volatile, state.
When the computer is off, RAM is empty;
when it is on, RAM is capable of receiving
and holding a copy of the software
instructions and data necessary for
processing. The Ram is used for the
following purposes:
• Storage of a copy of the main systems
program that controls the general operation
of the computer. This copy is loaded into
RAM when the computer is turn on; it stays
there as long as the computer is on.
• Temporary storage of a copy of application
program instructions to be retrieved by the
central processing unit (CPU) for
interpretation and execution.
• Temporary storage of data that has been
input from the keyboard or other input
device until instructions call for the data to
be transferred into the CPU for processing.
• Temporary storage of data that has been
produced as a result of processing until
instructions call for the data to be used again
in subsequent processing or to be transferred
to an output device such as the screen, a
printer, or a disk storage device.
• RAM chips are often called dynamic RAM
(DRAM) chips, based on the style of the
electric circuits.