Group 5

AlvinaJuniati 1808103036, DheaMiftahul Huda 1808103200, Fatimatuzzahro

1808103033, FitriaAlfiQotrunnada 1808103106, NurulAenni 1808103055

Step of Quantitative Research

Introduction

Research seems to be a science dependent on some kind of issue which

needs to be adequately solved. There are often issues in society, whether
personal, family, society or multinational. Not all of these issues demand
solutions in the context of science. The discrepancy is also in
troubleshooting. In addition to issues, the research is aimed at such an
essential aspect that requires to be established throughout analysis in order
to evaluate the appropriate approach and its steps for solving those issues.

Moreover, this paper tend to focused on the elucidation of quantitative

research and its steps. Quantitative research, according to a researcher
defined as the numerical representation and deception of statements throughout
order to explain and interpretation of the phenomenon expressed in these
findings [ CITATION Suk07 \l 1033 ].Most of the time people confuse analysis to
gather data, set evidence and fully analyze a topic, and this includes
processing, evaluating, and assessing data so that they can get a detailed
understanding of a case, incident, reality or circumstance [ CITATION Apu17 \l
1033 ]. Research in this case is assumed to be comprehensive since it meets
such criteria such as a goal, data analyzes and outcomes of contact. The
quantitative analysis procedures must therefore be particularly important.

The quantitative research is a way used in the form of numbers and

program statistics for addressing analysis problems related to results.
According to KBBI methods is the orderly way used to carry out a job to suit
what is desired; a systemized way of working to facilitate the implementation
of activities in order to achieve the specified goals. According to
Sugiyonothe characteristics of quantitative research methods are: 1.) Design
2.) Purpose 3.) Data collection technique 4.) Research Instruments 5.) Data 6.)
Samples 7.) Analysis.

Discussion
Quantitative research is a tool used in the form of numbers and program statistics to
resolve results-related study concerns. The method of gathering and analyzing numerical data is
quantitative analysis. It can be used for identifying trends and averages, making forecasts,
evaluating causal associations, and generalizing outcomes to larger populations. Quantitative
research is the opposite of qualitative research involving the compilation and examination (e.g.
text, video, or audio) of non-numerical data. In the natural and social sciences, quantitative
analysis is commonly used: in biology, chemistry, psychology, economics, sociology, marketing,
etc. (Bhandari).

There are 6 steps in quantitative research: 1) Make a problem statement, 2) Determine the
theoretical basis, 3) Formulation of the hypothesis, 4) Carry out data collection, 5) Perform data
analysis, 6) Summing up.

1. Make a Problem Formulation

Formulation of the problem is an issue relevant to the debate or solution to a

problem. In a text or article, the document language is very significant. To formulate a
paper formula, an analysis of the meaning of 5W 1H is needed. 5W 1 H is a query type,
in the type of what, who, when, where, and how. But if and how is what is often used.

There are 3 types of problem formulations, namely descriptive, comparative, and

associative: 1) Descriptive Problem Formulation. A type of research that attempts to
present a complete picture of a problem or phenomenon is descriptive problem
formulation. In this case, descriptive defines a variety of variables in terms of the issues
and advantages involved, 2) Comparative Problem Formulation. A formula that addresses
the contrast between variables with many variables is the comparative problem
formulation. There is also a debate in a study about a variable comparison to decide-
 variable is nice and recommended, 3) Associative Problem Formulation. The formula for
an associative problem is a formula that relates variables to each other. Unlike the
comparative that contrasts, this associative searches for and has an effect on the
relationship between related variables. These how-to formulate a statement about an
issue, pay careful attention to making a good and accurate statement about the issue, and
address the problem. Determine the (background) issue. (1) Issue statement is a question
sentence, (2) Issue statement is simple, succinct and straightforward, (2) Issue
formulation as a guide for discussion and conclusions, (3) Issue formulation becomes the
focal point of the article, (4) Issue formulation as a question sentence and, in the end, the
answer to the problem. From the way the above problem is formulated, there are aspects
that are really critical in formulating the problem. The most important thing is to connect
and synchronize the context, the formulation of problems, and the conclusions. If there is
no relation or the problem is not addressed, then the paper may be called a loss.

2. Determine the Theoretical Basis

One part of a thesis that includes hypotheses and research findings from literature
studies is the theoretical foundation. This chapter acts as the theoretical structure used to
complete different studies. Even the theoretical structure can be called the theoretical
base. There are many roles of the theory used in research, including the following: 1) It
serves to summarize and also organize established knowledge in a particular area, 2) Its
task is to provide temporary information on the events and also the relationships being
studied. 3) Helps to promote the development of new information by offering guidance
for the next analysis.

Researchers need to consider the variables and their forms in quantitative theory
which will be used in making the theory. Analysis variables refer to the characteristics or
attributes that can be calculated or observed of a person or an organization. The types of
variables commonly used in research include the following: 1) independent variable, 2)
dependent variable, 3) variables that interfere or mediate, 4) moderating variable, 5)
control variable, 6) variable that is confusing, or spurious.

3. Formulation of the hypothesis

 "Hypotheses are single preliminary guesses, good hunches-assumed to be used
where possible to formulate hypothesis or schedule studies to be given a direct
experimental test." (Eric Rogers, 1966). The hypothesis is a straightforward statement of
what is to be looked at. Before performing research it should be defined and reported
freely in reporting the findings. It helps to: 1) define the research goals, 2) define the key
abstract concepts involved in the analysis, 3) define its relation to both the problem
statement and the literature review.

4. Carry out data collection

Data collection techniques are the methods used by researchers to gather data
from data sources (test subjects and samples). Data collection techniques are a
responsibility since this data collection technique later has been used as a basis for
research instrument preparation. An analysis instrument is a collection of equipment that
researchers will use to collect data (Kristanto, 2018).

5. Perform data analysis

Data analysis is an attempt or way to turn information into data so that the data's
features can be clarified and are useful for problem-solving. 1) grouping data based on
variables from across respondents, 2) tabulating data based on variables from across
respondents, 3) presenting data for each study variable, 4) performing calculations to
address the problem of formulas analysis, 5) performing calculations to test the
hypothesis filed.

6. Concluding
According to KBBI, Conclusions are judgments taken from a conversation or
concept based on the process of inductive or deductive reasoning. The findings we
commonly use in chapter 5 are taken from a published idea or scientific article. This is
the end result which explains the overall results of the research carried out. Not only that,
a final debate that becomes the final concern of a published work may also be the
conclusion. Such as thesesand papers.
There are a variety of methods we will be addressing for drawing conclusions.
Among the conclusions to be drawn are: 1) Generalization strategy. One method for
 making assumptions is the generalization method. In this approach , the primary objective
is to draw conclusions by drawing one general conclusion. After doing the research we
do, we get this based on the facts and data we have produced and are comprehensive.
Then, in the context of a thesis, report, and other documents, it must be in line with the
sort of analysis we have done previously. Therefore, we are in a way of drawing
assumptions on one of the studies. We may take one, two or multiple general conclusion
points that we write in chapter 5 or 2) Analogy Technique, the final chapter of the paper
we write. Analogy approaches are used to draw further assumptions on how to conclude a
thesis or other published work. The Method of Comparison is the next technique used to
evaluate conclusions. This technique is achieved by contrasting one discussion with
another similar discussion. Look for equations relevant to this, then. By comparing other
things, Ata can explain one thing too, 3) Cause and Effect Techniques. In the concluding
step the third approach is to use causal techniques. This technique is one way to evaluate
conclusions by describing the causes and consequences resulting from these causes. This
causal technique is a way to draw conclusions aimed at clarifying the key concepts
proposed in the introductory chapter. Thus, the conclusions that would be suggested later
won't abandon the subjects that were explored in the paper's key concept.

Conclusion

In the conclusion, quantitative analysis is a method used to address results-related study

problems in the form of numbers and program statistics. Quantitative analysis is the process of
collecting and evaluating numerical data. It can be used to define patterns and averages, render
predictions, determine causal associations and generalize findings for broader populations. The
purpose of quantitative research is to generate knowledge and create understanding about the
social world. Quantitative research is used by social scientists, including communication
researchers, to observe phenomena or occurrences affecting individuals. There are six step to do
qualitative research, 1) Make a problem statement or formulation. Formulation of the problem is
an issue relevant to the debate or solution to a problem, 2) Determine the theoretical basis, 3)
Formulation of the hypothesis, 4) Carry out data collection, 5) Perform data analysis, 6)
Summing up.
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