LA SALLE UNIVERSITY – SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

CHAPTER 1: Matrices, Matrix Operations and Linear Systems

LineAl: LINEAR ALGEBRA | 3 units

Student: MR. RAGE NECK A. ROBLE ID Number: 11210353 Score: ____________

Instructor: MR. JIMBO J. ANTIPOLO Date of Submission: October 10, 2020

Exercise 1:
2 −1 −1 4 5 ! 7 −7 −2 −1 2 −1
! 2 −1 0
a. AB + 2D =) 3 2 ./ 2 + 2 ) 2 −3 6. =)0 7 4 .+2) 4 −3 5 .
−3 5 2
−3 −4 −1 5 7 6 −17 −8 5 6 7

7 −7 −2 −2 4 −2 5 −3 −4
=)0 7 4 .+) 8 −6 10 .=) 8 1 14 .
6 −17 −8 10 12 14 16 −5 6

2 −1 !
! 2 −1 0 2 3 −3 6 −3 0 8 0 −3
b. A + 3B= ) 3 2 . +3/ 2= / 2+/ 2=/ 2
−3 5 2 −1 2 −4 −9 15 6 −10 17 2
−3 −4

2 −1 0 −2 6 −3 ! 6 −3 0 4 −12 6 !
c. (3B − 2E)" = =3 / 2 − 2/ 2> = =/ 2+/ 2>
−3 5 2 8 1 0 −9 15 6 −16 −2 0

10 −25
10 −15 6 !
=/ 2 = )−15 13 .
−25 13 6
6 6

−1 4 5 ! ! 17 −6
! −2 6 −3 17 −41 5
d. (ED) =@/ 2 ) 2 −3 6.A =/ 2 = )−41 29 .
8 1 0 −6 29 46
−1 5 7 5 46

−1 4 5 ! −1 2 −1 −2 8 17 −6
! ! −2 6 −3 !
D E = ) 2 −3 6. / 2 =) 4 −3 5 . ) 6 1. = )−41 29 .
8 1 0
−1 5 7 5 6 7 −3 0 5 46

Exercise 2:
3 −2 4 −2 24 24 −12 144
2 −4 6
a. 6AD = 6 ) 0 4 ./ 2 = 6 ) 4 −20 −12. = ) 24 −120 −72 .
1 −5 −3
−5 1 −9 15 −33 −54 90 −198

3 −2 6 −4 24 −12 144
2 −4 6 6 −12 18
(2A)(3D) = @2 ) 0 4 .A =3 / 2> = ) 0 8 ./ 2 = ) 24 −120 −72 .
1 −5 −3 3 −15 −9
−5 1 −10 2 −54 90 −198

!
3 −2 ! −6 4
3 0 −5 ! −6 0 10 !
b. (−2A! )! = H−2 ) 0 4 . I = J−2 / 2K = / 2 = ) 0 −8.
−2 4 1 4 −8 −2
−5 1 10 −2
3 −2 −6 4
−2A = −2 ) 0 4 .=) 0 −8.
−5 1 10 −2

3 −2 !
" " 2 −4 6 −1 7 ! −24 −14 ! −1 2
c. (𝐷𝐴) 𝐶 =@/ 2) 0 4 .A / 2 =/ 2 / 2
1 −5 −3 2 −5 18 −25 7 −5
−5 1
−24 18 −1 2 150 −138
=/ 2/ 2=/ 2
−14 −25 7 −5 −161 97

!
3 −2
! −1 7 2 −4 6 −1 7 −24 −14 !
OC(DA)Q = R/ 2 @/ 2) 0 4 .AS = =/ 2/ 2>
2 −5 1 −5 −3 2 −5 18 −25
−5 1
150 −161 ! 150 −138
=/ 2 =/ 2
−138 97 −161 97

Exercise 3:



Exercise 4:



Exercise 5:
x+y+z=1
1. @ + y − 2z = 3
x
2x + y + z = 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
R2 − R1 → R2.
)1 1 −2 V3. )0 0 −3 V2.
R3 − 2R1 → R3.
2 1 1 2 0 −1 −1 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
)0 0 −3 V2. R3 ↔ R2. )0 −1 −1 V0.
0 −1 −1 0 0 0 −3 2

1 1 1 1 −R2 → R2. 1 1 1 1
)0 −1 −1 V0. 0 \
R3 → R3. Z0 1 1 [#&
#$
0 0 −3 2 % 0 0 1 %

1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 &
Z0 1 1 [#& 0 \ R2 − R3 → R2. ]0 1 0 ^ % _
0 0 1 % 0 0 1 #&
%

'
1 ⎡1 1 0 % ⎤
1 1 1 &
⎢ ^&⎥
]0 1 0 ^ % _ R1 − R3 → R1. ⎢0 1 0 ^ % ⎥
0 0 1 #& ⎢0 0 1 #&⎥
% ⎣ %⎦

'
⎡1 1 0 % ⎤ 1
1 0 0 &
⎢ ^&⎥
⎢0 1 0 ^ % ⎥ R1 − R2 → R1. ]0 1 0 ^ % _
⎢0 0 1 #&⎥ 0 0 1 #&
⎣ %⎦
%

& #&
Hence, x = 1, y = % , and z = % .




 2x$ + 3x& + x% + 4x( − 9x' = 17
x$ + x& + x% + x( − 3x' = 6
2. i
x$ + x& + x% + 2x( − 5x' = 8
2x$ + 2x& + 2x% + 3x( − 8x' = 14

% $ #) $*
2 3 1 4 −9 17 ⎡1 & & 2 & & ⎤
Z1 1 1 1 −3 [ 6 \ ⎢1 1 1 1 −3 ^ 6 ⎥
$
R1 → R1.
1 1 1 1 −5 8 & ⎢1 1 1 1 −5 8 ⎥
2 2 2 3 −8 14 ⎣2 2 2 3 −8 14⎦

% $ #) $*
% $ #) $* ⎡1 & & 2 & & ⎤
⎡1 & & 2 & & ⎤ ⎢ #$ $ % ^ #' ⎥
⎢1 1 1 1 −3 ^ 6 ⎥ R2 − R1 → R2. ⎢0 & & −1 & & ⎥

⎢1 1 1 1 −5 8 ⎥ R3 − R1 → R2. ⎢0 #$ $ −1 #$ ^ #$ ⎥
⎣2 2 2 3 −8 14⎦ ⎢2 & & 3 & & ⎥
⎣ 2 2 −8 14⎦

% $ #) $* % $ #) $*
⎡1 & & 2 & & ⎤ ⎡1 & & 2 & & ⎤
⎢ #$ $ % ^ #' ⎥ ⎢ #$ $ % ^ #' ⎥
⎢0 & & −1 & & ⎥ R4 − 2R1 → R4. ⎢0 & & −1 & & ⎥
⎢0 #$ $ −1 #$ ^ #$ ⎥ ⎢0 #$ $ −1 #$ ^ #$ ⎥
⎢2 & & 3 & & ⎥ ⎢0 & & −1 & & ⎥
⎣ 2 2 −8 14⎦ ⎣ −1 1 1 −3⎦

% $ #) $*
% $ #) $*
⎡1 & & 2 & & ⎤ ⎡1 & 2 & & ⎤
&
⎢ #$ $ % ^ #' ⎥
⎢0 1 −1 2 −3 ^ 5 ⎥
⎢0 & & −1 & & ⎥ −2R2 → R2. ⎢0 #$ $ −1 #$ ^ #$ ⎥
⎢0 #$ $ −1 #$ ^ #$ ⎥ ⎢0 &
⎢0 & & −1 & & ⎥ & & & ⎥
⎣ −1 1 ⎣ −1 1 −1 1 −3⎦
1 −3⎦

% $ #) $* $ $*
% #)
⎡1 & & 2 & & ⎤ $ ⎡1 & & 2 & & ⎤
⎢0 1 −1 2 −3 ^ 5 ⎥ R3 + R2 → R3. ⎢0 1 −1 2 −3 ^ 5 ⎥
⎢0 #$ $ −1 #$ ^ #$ ⎥ &
⎢0 0 0 0 −2 2 ⎥
⎢0 & & & & ⎥
R4 + R2 → R4
⎣ −1 1 −1 1 −3⎦ ⎣0 0 0 1 −2 2 ⎦

% $ #) $* % $ #) $*
⎡1 & & 2 & & ⎤ ⎡1 & & 2 & & ⎤
⎢0 1 −1 2 −3 ^ 5 ⎥ R4 ↔ R3. ⎢0 1 −1 2 −3 ^ 5 ⎥
⎢0 0 0 0 −2 2 ⎥ ⎢0 0 0 1 −2 2 ⎥
⎣0 0 0 1 −2 2 ⎦ ⎣0 0 0 0 −2 2 ⎦

% $ #) $* % $ #) $*
⎡1 & & 2 & & ⎤ ⎡1 & & 2 & & ⎤
⎢0 1 −1 2 −3 ^ 5 ⎥ #$
R4 → R4. ⎢0 1 −1 2 −3 ^ 5 ⎥
⎢0 0 0 1 −2 2 ⎥ & ⎢0 0 0 1 −2 2 ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0 −2 2 ⎦ ⎣0 0 0 0 1 −1⎦

% $ #) $* % $ #) $*
⎡1 & & 2 & & ⎤ ⎡1 & & 2 & & ⎤
⎢0 1 −1 2 −3 ^ 5 ⎥ R3 + 2R4 → R3. ⎢0 1 −1 2 −3 ^ 5 ⎥
⎢0 0 0 1 −2 2 ⎥ ⎢0 0 0 1 0 0 ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0 1 −1⎦ ⎣0 0 0 0 1 −1⎦

 % $ #) $* % $
⎡1 & & 2 & & ⎤ ) ⎡1 & & 2 0 4 ⎤
⎢0 1 −1 2 −3 ^ 5 ⎥ R1 + R4 → R1 ⎢0 1 −1 2 0 [ 2 ⎥
&
⎢0 0 0 1 0 0 ⎥ R2 + 3R4 → R2. ⎢0 0 0 1 0 0 ⎥
0
⎣ 0 0 0 1 −1⎦ ⎣0 0 0 0 1 −1⎦

% $ % $
⎡1 & & 2 0 4 ⎤ ⎡1 & & 0 0 4 ⎤
⎢0 1 −1 2 0 [ 2 ⎥ R1 − 2R3 → R1. ⎢0 1 −1 0 0 [ 2 ⎥

⎢0 0 0 1 0 0 ⎥ R2 − 2R3 → R2. ⎢0 0 0 1 0 0 ⎥
0
⎣ 0 0 0 1 −1 ⎦ ⎣0 0 0 0 1 −1⎦

% $
⎡1 & & 0 0 4 ⎤ 1 0 2 0 0 1
⎢0 1 −1 0 0 [ 2 ⎥
%
R1 − & R2 → R1. Z0 1 −1 0 0 [ 2 \
0
⎢ 0 0 1 0 0 ⎥ 0 0 0 1 0 0
0
⎣ 0 0 0 1 −1 ⎦ 0 0 0 0 1 −1

Let x% = p ∈ R. Hence, x$ = 1 − 2p, x& = 2 + p, x% = p, x( = 0, and x' = −1.

x + y − 3z + w = 1
3. @ x + y + z − w = 2
x + y − z = 0

1 1 −3 1 1 1 1 −3 1 1
R2 − R1 → R2.
)1 1 1 −1 V2. )0 0 4 −2 V 1 .
R3 − R1 → R3.
1 1 −1 0 0 0 0 2 −1 −1

1 1 −3 1 1 1 1 −3 1 1
)0 0 4 −2 V 1 .
$
R3 − & R2 → R3. 1 \
Z0 0 4 −2 [#%
0 0 2 −1 −1 0 0 0 0 &

Here, it shows that the system has no solutions.

x + 2y − z = −1
4. a. @ 2x + 2y + z = 1
3x + 5y − 2z = −1

1 2 −1 −1 1 2 −1 −1
R2 − 2R1 → R2.
)2 2 1 V 1 . )0 −2 3 V 3 .
R3 − 3R1 → R3
3 5 −2 −1 0 −1 1 2

1 2 −1 −1 1 2 −1 −1
#$ #% #%
)0 −2 3 V 3 . &
R2 → R2. Z0 1 &
[ & \
0 −1 1 2 0 −1 1 2

1 2 −1 −1 1 2 −1 −1
#% #%
]0 1 & ^ & _
#% #%
Z0 1 &
[ & \ R3 + R2 → R3.
#$ $
0 −1 1 2 0 0 & &

1 2 −1 −1 1 2 −1 −1
#% #%
]0 1 #% #%
& ^ & _ −2R3 → R3. Z0 1 & [ & \
#$ $
0 0 & & 0 0 1 −1


 1 2 −1 −1 % 1 2 0 −2
#% #% R2 + R3 → R2.
Z0 1 & [ & \ & )0 1 0 V−3.
R1 + R3 → R3. 0 0 1 −1
0 0 1 −1

1 2 0 −2 1 0 0 4
)0 1 0 V−3. R1 − 2R2 → R1. )0 1 0 V−3.
0 0 1 −1 0 0 1 −1

Hence, x = 4, y = −3, and z = −1.

x − 2y − z = 1
2x − 3y + z = 6
b. i
3x − 5y = 7
x + 5z = 9

1 −2 −1 1 1 −2 −1 1
R2 − 2R1 → R2.
Z2 −3 1 [6\ R3 − 3R1 → R3. Z0 1 3 [4\
3 −5 0 7 0 1 3 4
R4 − R1 → R4.
1 0 5 9 0 2 6 8

Here, it shows that the system has infinitely many solutions.

x + 2y − z + 3w = 2
d. @ 2x + 4y − z + 6w = 5
y + 2w = 3

1 2 −1 3 2 1 2 −1 3 2
)2 4 −1 6 V5. R2 − 2R1 → R2. )0 0 1 0 V1.
0 1 0 2 3 0 1 0 2 3

1 2 −1 3 2 1 2 −1 3 2
)0 0 1 0 V1. R2 ↔ R3. )0 1 0 2 V3.
0 1 0 2 3 0 0 1 0 1

1 2 −1 3 2 1 2 0 3 3
)0 1 0 2 V3. R1 + R3 → R1. )0 1 0 2 V3.
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

1 2 0 3 3 1 0 0 −1 −3
)0 1 0 2 V3. R1 − 2R2 → R1. )0 1 0 2 V 3 .
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

Let w = p ∈ R. Hence, x = p − 3, y = 3 − 2p, z = 1, and w = p.

x + y − 3z + w = −2
e. @ x + y + z − w = 2
x + y − z = 0

1 1 −3 1 −2 1 1 −3 1 −2
R2 − R1 → R2.
)1 1 1 −1 V 2 . )0 0 4 −2 V 4 .
R3 − R1 → R3.
1 1 −1 0 0 0 0 2 −1 2

1 1 −3 1 −2 1 1 −3 1 −2
$ #$
)0 0 4 −2 V 4 . (
R2 → R2. Z0 0 1 & V 1 \
0 0 2 −1 2 0 0 2 −1 2

 1
1 1 −3 1 −2 1 1 −3 #$ −2
#$ $
Z0 0 1 & V 1 \ &
R3 → R3. ]0 0 1 & V 1 _
0 0 2 −1 2 0 0 1 #$ 1
&
Here, it shows that the system has infinitely many solutions.

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
5. a. u1 1 0 V3v R2 − R1 → R2. u0 0 −1 V3v
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
u0 0 −1 V3v R2 ↔ R3. u0 1 1 V1v
0 1 1 1 0 0 −1 3

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
u0 1 1 V1v −R3 → R3. u0 1 1 V 1 v
0 0 −1 3 0 0 1 −3

1 1 1 0 1 1 0 3
R1 − R3 → R1.
u0 1 1 V 1 v u0 1 0 V 4 v
R2 − R3 → R2.
0 0 1 −3 0 0 1 −3

1 1 0 3 1 0 0 −1
u0 1 0 V 4 v R1 − R2 → R1. u0 1 0 V 4 v
0 0 1 −3 0 0 1 −3

Hence, the solution is (−1,4, −3).

1 2 3 1 8 1 2 3 1 8
R2 − R1 → R2.
b. u1 3 0 1 V7v u0 1 −3 0 V−1v
R3 − R1 → R3.
1 0 2 1 3 0 −2 −1 0 −5

1 2 3 1 8 1 2 3 1 8
u0 1 −3 0 V−1v R3 + 2R2 → R3. u0 1 −3 0 V−1v
0 −2 −1 0 −5 0 0 −7 0 −7

1 2 3 1 8 1 2 3 1 8
#$
u0 1 −3 0 V−1v *
R3 → R3. u 0 1 −3 0 V−1v
0 0 −7 0 −7 0 0 1 0 1

1 2 3 1 8 1 2 0 1 5
R1 − 3R3 → R1.
u0 1 −3 0 V−1v u0 1 0 0 V2v
R2 + 3R3 → R2.
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

1 2 0 1 5 1 0 0 1 1
u0 1 0 0 V2v R1 − 2R2 → R1. u0 1 0 0 V2v
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1

Let x( = p. Hence, the solution is (1 − p, 2, 1, p).

1 2 1 0 1 2 1 0
R2 − 2R1 → R2.
c. H2 3 0 [ 0I H0 −1 −2 [ 0I
0 1 2 0 R4 − 2R1 → R4. 0 1 2 0
2 1 4 0 0 −3 2 0

 1 2 1 0 1 2 1 0
H0 −1 −2 [ 0I −R2 → R2. H0 1 2 [ 0I
0 1 2 0 0 1 2 0
0 −3 2 0 0 −3 2 0

Here, it shows that the system has infinitely many solutions.

Exercise 6:
1 1 −1
1. Given: A = u2 0 1 v
1 1 0
Solution:
1 1 −1 1 0 0 1 1 −1 1 0 0
R2 − 2R1 → R2.
u2 0 1 V0 1 0v u0 −2 3 V−2 1 0v
R3 − R1 → R3.
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 −1 0 1

1 1 −1 1 0 0 1 1 −1 1 0 0
#$ #% #$
u0 −2 3 V−2 1 0v &
R2 → R2. H0 1 & [ 1 &
0I
0 0 1 −1 0 1 0 0 1 −1 0 1

1 1 −1 1 0 0 R1 + R3 → R1. 1 1 0 0 0 1
#% #$ #$ #$ %
H0 1 & [ 1 &
0I %
R2 + & R3 → R2. H 0 1 0 [ & & &
I
0 0 1 −1 0 1 0 0 1 −1 0 1

$ $ #$
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 & & &
#$ #$ %
H0 1 0 [ & & &
I R1 − R2 → R1. z 0 1 0 ^ #$ #$ % {
0 0 1 −1 0 1 0 0 1 & & &
−1 0 1
$ $ #$
& & &
Hence, A#$ = z #$ #$ % {.
& & &
−1 0 1

1 2
2. Given: B = J K
2 4
Solution:
1 2
| | = (1)(4) − (2)(2) = 0. Since the determinant is 0, then the matrix B is singular.
2 4

Exercise 7:
−1 2
1. a. Given: A = J K
3 −5
Solution:
−1 2 #$ $ −5 −2 −5 −2 5 2
J K = #$(#')#(&)(%) J K = −1 J K=J K
3 −5 −3 −1 −3 −1 3 1

5 2
Hence, A#$ = J K
3 1

2 −4
b. Given: 𝐵 = J K
3 −6
Solution:
2 −4
| | = 2(−6) − (−4)(3) = 0. Since the determinant is 0, then B is singular.
3 −6


 a b
2. Given A = J K
c d
Solution:
. $
a b 1 0 0
•1 - € -
$
J | K R1 → R1. •
c d 0 1 -
c d 0 1

. $
. $
0 1 0
•1 - € - • R2 − cR1 → R2. H -
V-
-/#.0 #0
I
c d 0 1 0 -
1
-

. $ $
1 0 . 0
u1 - V #0
- -
H V-
-/#.0 #0
I -/#.0
R2 → R2. -
- v
0 -
1 0 1 -/#.0 -/#.0
-

$ / #.
. 0 1 0 -/#.0
u1 - . -/#.0
- V #0 - v R1 − - R2 → R1. u V - v
0 1 0 1 #0
-/#.0 -/#.0 -/#.0 -/#.0

/ #.

Hence, A#$ = u-/#.0

#0
-/#.0
- v.
-/#.0 -/#.0

#$
1 1 1! 1 1 1 #$
3. a. (A! )#$ = R)1 0 1. S = )1 0 1.
1 1 2 1 1 2

1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
R2 − R1 → R2.
)1 0 1 V0 1 0. )0 −1 0 V−1 1 0.
R3 − R1 → R3.
1 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 −1 0 1

1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
)0 −1 0 V−1 1 0. −R2 → R2. )0 1 0 V 1 −1 0.
0 0 1 −1 0 1 0 0 1 −1 0 1

1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 −1
)0 1 0 V 1 −1 0. R1 − R3 → R1. )0 1 0 V 1 −1 0 .
0 0 1 −1 0 1 0 0 1 −1 0 1

1 1 0 2 0 −1 1 0 0 1 1 −1
)0 1 0 V 1 −1 0 . R1 − R2 → R1. )0 1 0 V 1 −1 0 .
0 0 1 −1 0 1 0 0 1 −1 0 1

1 1 1 #$ 1 1 −1
Hence, (A! )#$ = )1 0 1. = ) 1 −1 0 ..
1 1 2 −1 0 1

!
1 1 1 #$ 1 1 −1 ! 1 1 −1
#$ !
(A ) = R)1 0 1. S = ) 1 −1 0 . = ) 1 −1 0 ..
1 1 2 −1 0 1 −1 0 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 #$ 0 0 3 #$
b. (AB)#$ = @)1 0 1. ) 1 −1 1.A = )−1 1 2.
1 1 2 −2 0 1 −2 0 4

 0 0 3 1 0 0 −1 1 2 0 1 0
)−1 1 2 V0 1 0. R2 ↔ R1. )0 0 3 V1 0 0.
−2 0 4 0 0 1 −2 0 4 0 0 1
−1 1 2 0 1 0 1 −1 −2 0 −1 0
) 0 0 3 V1 0 0. −R1 → R1. )0 0 3 V1 0 0.
−2 0 4 0 0 1 −2 0 4 0 0 1

1 −1 −2 0 −1 0 1 −1 −2 0 −1 0
)0 0 3 V1 0 0. R3 + 2R1 → R3. )0 0 3 V1 0 0.
−2 0 4 0 0 1 0 −2 0 0 −2 1

1 −1 −2 0 −1 0 1 −1 −2 0 −1 0
)0 0 3 V1 0 0. R2 ↔ R3. )0 −2 0 V0 −2 1.
0 −2 0 0 −2 1 0 0 3 1 0 0

#$ 0 −1 0
1 −1 −2 0 −1 0 R2 → R2. 1 −1 −2 #$
)0 −2 0 V0 −2 1. &
$ ]0 1 0 ^0 1 & _
0 0 3 1 0 0 %
R3 → R3. 0 0 1 $ 0 0
%

&
1 −1 −2
0 −1 0
#$
⎡1 −1 0 % −1 0 ⎤
⎢ #$⎥
]0 1 0 ^0 1 & _ R1 + 2R3 → R1. ^
⎢0 1 0 ^0 1 &⎥

0 0 1 $ 0 0 ⎢0 0 1 $ ⎥
% ⎣ %
0 0⎦
& & #$
⎡1 −1 0 % −1 0⎤ ⎡1 0 0 % 0 & ⎤
⎢ ^ #$⎥ ⎢ ^ #$⎥
⎢0 1 0 ^ 0 1 &⎥
R1 + R2 → R1. ⎢0 1 0 ^0 1 & ⎥
⎢0 0 1 $ ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 $ ⎥
⎣ %
0 0⎦ ⎣ %
0 0 ⎦

& #$
1 1 1 1 1 1 #$
0 0 3 #$ ⎡% 0 &⎤
(AB)#$ ⎢ #$⎥
Hence, = @)1 0 1. ) 1 −1 1.A = )−1 1 2. = ⎢0 1 &⎥.
1 1 2 −2 0 1 −2 0 4 ⎢$ ⎥
⎣% 0 0⎦
$ $ #$ & #$
⎡1 %⎤ 1
0
1 1 1 #$
1 1 1 #$ 1 1 −1 ⎡ % &⎤
⎢$ #$ ⎥ ⎢ #$⎥
B #$ A#$ = ) 1 −1 1. )1 0 1. = ⎢& &
0 ⎥ ) 1 −1 0 .=⎢0 1 &⎥
−2 0 1 1 1 2 ⎢$ $ $ ⎥ −1 0 1 ⎢$ ⎥
⎣% % % ⎦ ⎣% 0 0⎦

1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
R2 − R1 → R2.
4. A = u1 0 0 V0 1 0v u0 −1 0 V−1 1 0v
R3 − R1 → R3.
1 2 a 0 0 1 0 1 a −1 0 1

1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
u0 −1 0 V−1 1 0v −R2 → R2. u0 1 0 V 1 −1 0v
0 1 a −1 0 1 0 1 a −1 0 1

1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
u0 1 0 V 1 −1 0v R3 − R2 → R3. u0 1 0 V 1 −1 0v
0 1 a −1 0 1 0 0 a −2 1 1

1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
u0 1 0 V 1 −1 0v
$
R3 → R3. 1
H0 1 0 [#& −1 0I
- $ $
0 0 a −2 1 1 0 0 1 - - -

 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
1
H0 1 0 [#& −1 0I R1 − R2 → R1. 1
H0 1 0 [#& −1 0I
$ $ $ $
0 0 1 - - - 0 0 1 - - -

0 1 0
Hence, A#$ = Z1#&
−1 0\.
$ $
- - -
5. Let AA#$ = I and A! = −A. Since A is nonsingular, then A! is also nonsingular. Thus, the
following is possible: (A#$ )! = (A! )#$ . This follows that (A#$ )! = −A#$ . Hence, A#$ is skew
symmetric.

Exercise 8:
2x − y + z = 0
1. @ −x + 2y − z = 0
4x + y + z = 0

$# $
2 −1 1 0 1 0
$ & &
)−1 2 −1 V0. &
R1 → R1. Z−1 2 −1 V0\
4 1 1 0 4 1 1 0

#$ $
1
$# $
0 1 0
& &
& & R2 + R1 → R2.
Z−1 2 −1 0\
V ]0 % #$ V0_
R3 − 4R1 → R3. & &
4 1 1 0 0 3 −1
0

#$ $
1 & & 0 1
#$ $
0
& &
]0 % #$ V0_ 2R2 → R2. Z0 3 −1 0\
V
& & 0
0 3 −1 0 3 −1 0

Here, it shows that the system is dependent. This also means that the system has either no
nontrivial solutions or an infinite number of solutions.

x − 2y + 2z = 0
2. @3x + y − 2z = 0
2x − 3y + z = 0

1 −2 2 0 1 −2 2 0
R2 − 3R1 → R2.
)3 1 −2 V0. )0 7 −8 V0.
R3 − 2R1 → R3.
2 −3 1 0 0 1 −3 0

1 −2 2 0 1 −2 2 0
$ #2
)0 7 −8 V0. *
R2 → R2. Z0 1 *
V0\
0 1 −3 0 0 1 −3 0

1 −2 2 0 1 −2 2
#2 0
]0 1
#2
Z0 1 *
V0\ R3 − R2 → R3. * V0_
#$%
0 1 −3 0 0 0 *
0

1 −2 2 1 −2 2 0
#2 0
]0 1 #* #2
* V0_ $%
R3 → R3. Z0 1 *
V0\
#$%
0 0 0 0 0 1 0
*

1 −2 2 0 1 −2 2 0
#2 2
Z0 1 *
V0\ R2 + R3 → R2. )0 1 0 V0.
*
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

1 −2 2 0 1 −2 0 0
)0 1 0 V0. R1 − 2R3 → R1. )0 1 0 V0.
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

1 −2 0 0 1 0 0 0
)0 1 0 V0. R1 + 2R2 → R1. )0 1 0 V0.
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

Hence, the system has trivial solution.

x + y − z = 0
3. a. …
4x + y − 2z = 0

1 1 −1 0 1 1 −1 0
/ | 2 R2 − 4R1 → R2. / | 2
4 1 −2 0 0 −3 2 0

1 1 −1 0 #$ 1 1 −1 0
/ | 2 R2 → R2. †0 1 #& | ‡
0 −3 2 0 %
% 0

#$
1 1 −1 0 1 0 % 0
†0 1 #& | ‡ R1 − R2 → R1. Z #& |0\
% 0 0 1 %
$ &
Let z = p. Hence, the solution is J% p, % p, pK.

2x + y − z = 0
b. @ x − y + z = 0
x + 2y − 2z = 0

$ #$
2 1 −1 0 1 & 0
$ &
)1 −1 1 V0. &
R1 → R1. Z1 −1 1 V0\
1 2 −2 0 1 2 −2 0

$ #$
1 &
$
0
#$ ⎡1 & & 0⎤
& R2 − R1 → R2. ⎢ #% % ⎥
Z1 −1 1 V0\
R3 − R1 → R3.
⎢0 & &
V0⎥
1 2 −2 0 ⎢ % #% 0⎥
⎣0 & & ⎦

$ #$
⎡1 & & 0⎤ #&
1 &
$
0
#$
⎢ #% % ⎥ %
R2 → R2. &
⎢0 & &
V0⎥ & Z0 1 −1 V0\
⎢ #% 0⎥ R3 → R3.
% % 0 1 −1 0
⎣0 & & ⎦

Here, it shows that the system has infinitely many solutions.
x + 3y = 0 1 3 0 $ 1 3 0
c. … → / | 2 R2 → R2. / | 2
2x + 6y = 0 2 6 0 & 1 3 0

Here, it shows that the system has infinitely many solutions.

 x + 2y − z = 0
d. @ x + y + z = 0
2x − 2y + z = 0

1 2 −1 0 1 2 −1 0
R2 − R1 → R2.
)1 1 1 V0. )0 −1 2 V0.
R3 − 2R1 → R3.
2 −2 1 0 0 −6 3 0

1 2 −1 0 1 2 −1 0
)0 −1 2 V0. −R2 → R2. )0 1 −2 V0.
0 −6 3 0 0 −6 3 0

1 2 −1 0 1 2 −1 0
)0 1 −2 V0. R3 + 6R2 → R3. )0 1 −2 V0.
0 −6 3 0 0 0 −9 0

1 2 −1 0 1 2 −1 0
#$
)0 1 −2 V0. )
R3 → R3. )0 1 −2 V0.
0 0 −9 0 0 0 1 0

1 2 −1 0 1 2 0 0
R1 + R3 → R1.
)0 1 −2 V0. )0 1 0 V0.
R2 + 2R3 → R2.
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0
)0 1 0 V0. R1 − 2R2 → R1. )0 1 0 V0.
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

Hence, the system has trivial solution.

x + y + 3z − w = 0
x + y + z + w = 0
e. i
x − 2y + z − w = 0
4x + y + 8z − w = 0

1 1 3 −1 0 R2 − R1 → R2. 1 1 3 −1 0
Z1 1 1 1 [0\ R3 − R1 → R3. Z0 0 −2 2 [0\
1 −2 1 −1 0 0 −3 −2 0 0
4 1 8 −1 0 R4 − 4R1 → R4. 0 −3 −4 3 0

1 1 3 −1 0 1 1 3 −1 0
Z0 0 −2 2 [0\ R2 ↔ R3. Z0 −3 −2 0 [0\
0 −3 −2 0 0 0 0 −2 2 0
0 −3 −4 3 0 0 −3 −4 3 0

1 1 3 −1 0 3
⎡1 1 & −1 0⎤
Z0 −3 −2 0 [0\ ⎢0 1 % 0 [0⎥
#$
R2 → R2.
0 0 −2 2 0 % ⎢0 0 −2 2 0⎥
0 −3 −4 3 0 ⎣0 −3 −4 3 0⎦

3 3
⎡1 1 & −1 0⎤ ⎡1 1 & −1 0⎤
⎢0 1 % 0 [0⎥ R4 + 3R2 → R4. ⎢0 1 % 0 [0⎥
⎢0 0 −2 2 0⎥ ⎢0 0 −2 2 0⎥
⎣0 −3 −4 3 0⎦ ⎣0 0 −2 3 0⎦

 3 3
⎡1 1 & −1 0⎤ ⎡1 1 & −1 0⎤
⎢0 1 % 0 [0⎥
#$
R3 → R3. ⎢0 1 % 0 [0⎥
⎢0 0 −2 2 0⎥ & ⎢0 0 1 −1 0⎥
⎣ 0 0 −2 3 0 ⎦ ⎣0 0 −2 3 0⎦

3 3
⎡1 1 & −1 0⎤ ⎡1 1 & −1 0⎤
⎢0 1 % 0 [0⎥ R4 + 2R3 → R4. ⎢0 1 % 0 [0⎥
⎢0 0 1 −1 0⎥ ⎢0 0 1 −1 0⎥
⎣ 0 0 −2 3 0 ⎦ ⎣0 0 0 1 0⎦

3 3
⎡1 1 & −1 0⎤ ⎡1 1 & −1 0⎤
⎢0 1 % 0 [0⎥ R3 + R4 → R3. ⎢0 1 % 0 [0⎥
⎢ 0 0 1 −1 0 ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 0 0⎥
⎣ 0 0 0 1 0 ⎦ ⎣0 0 0 1 0⎦

3
⎡1 1 & −1 0⎤ 1 1 3 −1 0
⎢0 1 % 0 [0⎥
&
R2 − % R3 → R2. Z0 1 0 0 [0\
⎢ 0 0 1 0 0 ⎥ 0 0 1 0 0
⎣ 0 0 0 1 0 ⎦ 0 0 0 1 0

1 1 3 −1 0 R1 + R4 → R1. 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
Z [ \ 0 Z0 1 0 0 [0\
0 0 1 0 0 R1 − 3R3 → R1.
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 R1 − R2 → R1. 0 0 0 1 0

Hence, the system has trivial solution.

Exercise 9:
$
1. 𝑥 = X − 3 11! X

90 60 90 1 1 1 1 1 90 60 90 90 60 90 66 60 60
⎡90 90 30⎤ ⎡1 1 1 1 1⎤ ⎡90 90 30⎤ ⎡90 90 30⎤ ⎡66 60 60⎤
⎢ ⎥ 1⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
x = ⎢60 60 60⎥ − ⎢1 1 1 1 1⎥ ⎢60 60 60⎥ = ⎢60 60 60⎥ − ⎢66 60 60⎥
5
⎢60 60 90⎥ ⎢1 1 1 1 1⎥ ⎢60 60 90⎥ ⎢60 60 90⎥ ⎢66 60 60⎥
⎣30 30 30⎦ ⎣1 1 1 1 1⎦ ⎣30 30 30⎦ ⎣30 30 30⎦ ⎣66 60 60⎦

24 0 30
⎡ 24 30 −30 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
= ⎢ −6 0 0 ⎥
⎢−6 0 30⎥
⎣−36 −30 −30⎦

24 0 30
24 24 −6 −6 −36 ⎡ 24 30 −30 ⎤ 2520 1800 900
⎢ ⎥
x!x = ) 0 30 0 0 −30. ⎢ −6 0 0 ⎥=)1800 1800 0 .
30 −30 0 30 −30 ⎢−6 0 30⎥ 900 0 3600
⎣−36 −30 −30⎦

2520 1800 900
)1800 1800 0 .
x!x 504 360 180
V= = 900 0 3600 = )
360 360 0 .
n 5
180 0 720

 This shows that the Art test has the biggest variance (720); the English test, the smallest
variance (360). Hence, the Art test scores are more variable than the English test scores.

Also, the matrix also shows that the covariance between Math and English is positive (360)
and the covariance between Math and Art is positive (180). However, the covariance between
English and Art is zero. This means that there tends to be no predictable relationship between
the movement of English and Art test scores.

$
2. 𝑥 = X − 3 11! X
−2 8 6 4 10 1 1 1 −2 8 6 4 10
x=/ 2− / 2/ 2
−2 −1 0 1 2 2 1 1 −2 −1 0 1 2

* ' ) %
−2 8 6 4 10 −2 &
3 & 6 0 &
3 &
4
=/ 2−Z * ' \=Z #) #% \
−2 −1 0 1 2 −2 3 6 0 −3 −4
& & & &

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
⎡9 −9⎤ ⎡ 81 27 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ 9 3 ⎢0 27 36⎥
⎢2 2⎥ 0 2 3
2
4 ⎢ 2 2 ⎥
!
x x = ⎢3 −3⎥ ] _=⎢0 27 18 9 24 ⎥
−9 −3 27
⎢3 −3⎥ 0 −3 −4 ⎢ 9 ⎥
⎢2 2 ⎥ 2 2 ⎢0 2
9
2
12 ⎥
⎣4 −4⎦ ⎣0 36 24 12 32⎦

7 7 7 7 7
⎡ !" #$ %1 ⎤
⎢ 7
#
&*
# ⎥ 0 0 0 0 0
⎢ 7 &* $2 ) &( ⎥ ⎡ 2$ &* &* ⎤
⎢
⎢7 #
#$
)
%
#
⎥
$& ⎥ ⎢0 ( & ( 18 ⎥
⎣7 %1 &( $& %&⎦ ⎢ &* ) ⎥
V = &
=⎢ 0 & 9 & 12 ⎥
⎢ &* ) ) ⎥
⎢ 0 6 ⎥
( & (
⎣0 18 12 6 16⎦