10/6/2020 Active Filter

Lab 4

Name
1.

Butterworth Low Pass Filter

Roll−off rate=40 dB/decade

1
Cut −off frequency=F C =
2 π √R2C2

1
F C=
2 πRC

For C=0.01 µF

1
R=
2 πC FC

For F C =500 Hz

R=31.830 kΩ

In order to have secured output filter response, it is necessary that the gain A MAX is 1.586.

The transfer function of low pass Butterworth filter is shown below.

V OUT A MAX
| |V¿
=
√ 1+ ¿ ¿¿

V OUT A MAX
| |
V¿
= 2
s +2 ζ wn s +w 2n

1
where w 2n=
R C2
2

(3−A MAX )
ζ=
2

R2
We know that A MAX =1+
R1

R2
=0.586
R1
 R1=10 kΩ , R2 =5.86 kΩ

Low Pass Butterworth Circuit

Figure1

Table 1:

Frequency V OUT (V) V OUT Gain (dB)

Hz Gain= | |V¿
100 0.3155 1.5775 3.95
200 0.3125 1.5625 3.87
300 0.298 1.49 3.46
400 0.2665 1.3325 2.49
500 0.2225 1.1125 0.92
600 0.1795 0.8975 -0.93
700 0.143 0.715 3.07
800 0.1145 0.5725 -2.91
900 0.093 0.465 -6.65
1000 0.0765 0.3825 -8.34

Table 2:

Frequency V OUT (V) V OUT Gain (dB)

kHz Gain= | |
V¿
 1 0.0765 0.3825 -8.34
2 0.01965 0.09825 -20.15
3 8.75*10−3 0.04375 -27.18
4 4.91*10−3 0.02455 -32.19
5 3.145*10−3 0.015725 -36.06
6 2.19*10−3 0.01095 -39.21
7 1.61*10−3 8.05*10−3 -41.88
8 1.23*10−3 6.15*10−3 -44.22
9 9.7*10−4 4.85*10−3 -46.28
10 7.85*10−4 3.925*10−3 -48.12
11 6.5*10−4 3.25*10−3 -49.76
12 5.45*10−4 2.725*10−3 -51.29
13 4.655*10−4 2.3275*10−3 -52.66
14 4.015*10−4 2.0075*10−3 -53.94
15 3.5*10−4 1.75*10−3 -55.13

Slope: (1 kHz to 2 kHz)

d y =−11.7295

d x =997.9392

dy
Slope= =−0.01175∨−40 db
dx
 Figure 2

Bode: (Cut-off Frequency & Magnitude)

The cut-off frequency is 500Hz and the magnitude is 0.9749dB

 Figure 3

Applications

 Used in data converter applications as a anti-aliasing filter.

 Used in radar systems for tracing the target.
 Used in audio applications.

Butterworth Low Pass Filter

Roll−off rate=40 dB/decade

 1
Cut −off frequency=F C =
2 π √R2C2

1
F C=
2 πRC

For C=0.01 µF

1
R=
2 πC FC

For F C =2 kHz

R=7.957 kΩ

In order to have secured output filter response, it is necessary that the gain A MAX is 1.586.

The transfer function of low pass Butterworth filter is shown below.

V OUT
| |
V¿
= A MAX ¿ ¿

V OUT −K s2
| |
V¿
=
w
( )
s 2 + n s+ w2n
Q

1
where w 2n=
R C2
2

R1
K=
R2

R2
We know that A MAX =1+
R1

R2
=0.586
R1

R1=10 kΩ , R2 =5.86 kΩ
 Figure 4

Table 3:

Frequency V OUT (V) V OUT Gain (dB)

Hz Gain= | |
V¿
100 0.01275 0.06375 -23.91
400 0.1715 0.8575 -1.33
700 0.282 1.41 2.98
1000 0.3065 1.5325 3.70
1300 0.3135 1.5675 3.90
1600 0.3145 1.5725 3.93
1900 0.3155 1.5775 3.95
2100 0.316 1.58 3.97
2400 0.3165 1.5825 3.98

Table 4:

Frequency V OUT (V) V OUT Gain (dB)

kHz Gain=| |
V¿
2 0.316 1.58 3.97
4 0.316 1.58 3.97
 6 0.3165 1.5825 3.98
8 0.317 1.585 4
10 0.317 1.585 4
12 0.317 1.585 4
14 0.317 1.585 4
16 0.317 1.585 4

Slope: (1 kHz to 2 kHz)

d y =418

d x =504

dy
Slope= =−0.01925∨−40 db
dx

Figure 5

Bode: (Cut-off Frequency & Magnitude)

The cut-off frequency is 500Hz and the magnitude is 3.97dB

Figure 6