DESIGN OF POWER SYSTEM PROTE TION

SCHEME FROM MANGLA GENERATION

HOUSE TO PWD SUB-STATION

By

Syed Ali Raza Naqvi

BEE163120

A Project Report submitted to the

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
BACHELORS OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Faculty of Engineering
Capital University of Science & Technology,
Islamabad
June 2020
 Copyright © 2020 by CUST Student

All rights reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part in any form requires the prior
written permission of Syed Ali Raza Naqvi or designated representative.

ii
 DECLARATION
It is declared that this is an original piece of my own work, except where otherwise
acknowledged in text and references. This work has not been submitted in any form for
another degree or diploma at any university or other institution for tertiary education
and shall not be submitted by me in future for obtaining any degree from this or any
other University or Institution.

Syed Ali Raza Naqvi

BEE163120

June 2020

iii
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

It is certified that the project titled “DESIGN OF POWER SYSTEM PROTE TION
SCHEME FROM MANGLA GENERATION HOUSE TO PWD SUB-STATION”
carried out by Syed Ali Raza Naqvi, Reg. No. BEE163120, under the supervision of Mr.
Mudassir Hussain, Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad, is fully
adequate, in scope and in quality, as semester project for the degree of BS of Electrical
Engineering.

Supervisor: -------------------------
Mr. Mudassir Hussain
Lab Engineer
Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad

HOD: ----------------------------
Dr. Noor Mohammad Khan
Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Capital University of Science & Technology, Islamabad

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ............................................................................... iii

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL ...................................................... iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................... v
LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................... vii
LIST OF TABLES........................................................................... viii
Chapter 1 ............................................................................................ 9
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 9
1.1 Overview .................................................................................... 10
1.2 Description ................................................................................. 10
1.3 Importance of Power System Protection ..................................... 10
1.4 Project Advantages ..................................................................... 11
Chapter 2 .......................................................................................... 12
PROJECT DESIGNING ................................................................... 12
Fault Currents ......................................................................................... 13
Transformer Protection Scheme Design .................................................. 13
Transmission Line Protection Scheme Design ......................................... 14
Buses Protection Scheme Design ............................................................ 15
Chapter 3 .......................................................................................... 17
MAIN PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION .......................................... 17
CT Ratio and Relay Settings: .................................................................. 17
Chapter 4 .......................................................................................... 21
PROJECT RESULTS ....................................................................... 21
4.1 Results ........................................................................................ 21
Load Flow Analysis Result ..................................................................... 21
Transformer Protection Result ................................................................. 22
Transmission Line Protection Result ....................................................... 23
BUS Protection Result ............................................................................ 24

v
Chapter 5 .......................................................................................... 26
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION................................. 26
References ........................................................................................ 27
APPENDICES .................................................................................. 28
Appendix – A ................................................................................... 28
Mangla Transformer: .............................................................................. 28
Rawat Transformer: ................................................................................ 28
Japan Road Transformer: ........................................................................ 29
Wild Life Park Transformer: ................................................................... 29
PWD Transformer: .................................................................................. 30
Appendix – B.................................................................................... 31
OC Relay setting ..................................................................................... 31
Appendix – C.................................................................................... 38
Buses Protection Relay setting ................................................................ 38

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Single Line Diagram ..................................................................................... 12
Figure 2: Transformer CT Ratio Settings ..................................................................... 17
Figure 3: Transformer Relay Settings ........................................................................... 18
Figure 4: Transmission Line CT Ratio Settings ............................................................ 18
Figure 5: Transmission line Relay settings ................................................................... 19
Figure 6: Buses CT Ratio Setting ................................................................................. 19
Figure 7: Buses Relay settings ..................................................................................... 20
Figure 8: Load Flow Analysis Diagram........................................................................ 21
Figure 9: Load Flow Analysis Report........................................................................... 22
Figure 10: Transformer Protection Result .................................................................... 22
Figure 11: Transformer Breaker fault operation ........................................................... 23
Figure 12: Transmission Line Protection Results ......................................................... 23
Figure 13: Transmission Line Protection Operation ..................................................... 24
Figure 14: Bus Protection Results ................................................................................ 24
Figure 15: Buses Protection Scheme Operation ............................................................ 25

vii
 LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Fault Analysis Results .................................................................................... 13
Table 2: CT ratio for all Transformers.......................................................................... 14
Table 3: Relay Settings ................................................................................................ 15
Table 4: CT Ratios ....................................................................................................... 16

viii
Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

A power system is a system which starts from generation and end to distribution. It has four
major parts Generation, Transmission, Distribution, and Utilization. For all the parts to work
properly under fault or abnormal conditions it need a reliable protection system. Protection
system consists of mainly Relays and Circuit Breakers. Where Relays work as brain and passes
instructions to the Circuit Breakers to operate in efficient manner. Relays separate the faulty part
of system and let the other system work properly [1]. Protection System has three main functions
including continuity of non-faulty system, reduction of damage and to ensure personal protection
or safety. In a power grid each component has its own importance and has specified work. These
components are divided according to their working as a generator is for power generation
conductors transformers for transmission similarly relays and circuit breakers for protection [2].
Each component of a power grid has to be protected in order to carry out the continuity of the
non-faulty systems, to avoid unnecessary flow of currents during fault or abnormal conditions.
Apparatus should also be protected in order to protect them from maximum damage and to reduce
repair cost in case of faulty condition. In case of non-protected power system there are risks for
all the apparatus as during fault it will cause damage to the apparatus by flowing fault current
through them [3]. There are different types of faults divided according to the lines combinations
and faults currents which has different impacts on the systems. When heavy current passes
through any component of the grid it will burn the insulation and cause short circuit, this lead to
downfall of whole power system [4]. There are several effects on human life due to non-protected
systems. There are many researches according to which there are many cases in which human
lost their life due to unprotected systems. When heavy current due to faults in system flows
through components they will energize and when human touches the component they cause the
deaths and other health issues [5]. According to a research 278 workers died from electric
explosion at work. During working in a apparatus of a power system it lead to explosion of the
whole system if proper protection is not done and cause increase in life risks of workers. Electric
current cause damage to humans in following ways. Cardiac arrest and effect on the heart, muscle
and tissue destruction from passing current, burns due to explosion if electric apparatus, and

9
falling or injury due to contact with electrical component [6]. In this project the protection of all
the component are done by using the knowledge of power system protection lab and course. This
power system consist of two parts. One part is from Mangla Dam generation station to PWD
distribution station while other is self-assumed thermal generation station from japan road to
PWD distribution station. These stations are used to provide power to areas of PWD and other
related areas.

1.1 Overview
This project is about the protection of power system which consists of Buses, transmission lines,
powers transformers and distribution transformer.

1.2 Description
In this project, the main focus is to protect Buses transmission lines and power transformer in
case of fault occurrence. The 87 number relay is used from ETAP to do the protection. This relay
is attached with CT’s which gives the current. The operations of the relay is dependent upon the
Time Multiplier Setting and Plug setting. Through this the operation time is been decided after
which relay will send signal to the breaker to make it open in case of fault. The calculation for
determine the settings are given in the report and also the CT’s ratio calculation is given.

1.3 Importance of Power System Protection

As this project is about the protection of electrical components from fault occurrence. These
faults can also occur due to effect of environment. As most of these components are placed in
open air like power transformer, transmission lines and Buses. For this we should also consider
the environmental effect on these components. Like due to dust, pollution and rain the insulation
strength of air is also decreased and can cause shortness between two conductors. Similarly in
hot temperature the heating up factor is increased. These issues can cause occurrence of fault and
in case of fault if we do not do proper protection then the risk of losing any component is
increased. For this the protection should be robust to prevent loss of any component and cause

10
loss of power. If a power system is not properly protect it will case some of the major issues as
given below.

 In case of fault we can lose a part of equipment or the whole equipment.

 If system is not protected efficiently then we may have power breakout in case of fault.
 Protection of power system is also important in order to save life of workers in any
substation.
 Due to power system protection we can reduce loss of power.

1.4 Project Advantages

The main advantage of doing this project is to get the concept of how to do power system
protection. This project is implementation of all the concepts from power system protection
course and lab.

11
Chapter 2

PROJECT DESIGNING

The project designing consist of modeling and calculating phase. In first stage a simple model of
the project is been made on ETAP which was actually the single line diagram of the selected
power system. The snap shot of the system is given below.

Figure 1: Single Line Diagram

12
Fault Currents

After load Flow Analysis the Fault analysis is done on each bus. Maximum and Minimum Fault
analysis is done and the results are as shown below.

Table 1: Fault Analysis Results

Max Fault Current Min Fault Current

Serial no. BUS name
(kA) (kA)

1 Mangla 43.09 36.32

LV
2 Mangla 2.13 1.85
HV
3 Rawat HV 1.04 0.975
4 Rawat LV 2.22 2.03

5 PWD HV 1.68 1.57

6 PWD LV Mangla Japan Road Mangla Japan Road

14.37 6.28 13.28 5.63
7 Japan 20.08 17.39
Road LV
8 Japan 7.47 6.64
Road HV
10 Wild Life 1.62 1.6
Park HV

Transformer Protection Scheme Design

After Fault analysis and load flow analysis the next stage was calculation of CT ratios for the
protection of all the transformers for the relay. The whole calculation is given at last of the report
in appendix A.

Given below are the CT ratios for each Ct for transformer protection

13
 Table 2: CT ratio for all Transformers

Transformer Star side CT Delta side CT

Ratio Ratio

1. Mangla 10600 : 1 600 : 1

2. Rawat 450:1 750:1

3. Japan Road 4650: 1 1950: 1

4. Wild Life Park 1000: 1 2900: 1

5. PWD 350: 1 4050: 1

Transmission Line Protection Scheme Design

After this stage the transmission line protection is been done all the calculations performed for
finding the TMS and PS are given in appendix B.

14
Following are the TMS and PS for all relays.

Table 3: Relay Settings

Relay Parameter Value STI

R1 TMS 0.1

PS 125%

R2 TMS 0.15

PS 100%

R3 TMS 0.1

PS 150%

R4 TMS 0.2 0.25

PS 100%

R5 TMS 0.2

PS 125%

TMS 0.2
R6
PS 100%

Buses Protection Scheme Design

At last we have done the protection of Buses. For this we have used differential relays and two
CT at input and output side of the Buses which gives input output currents and on the bases of
which the relay perform operation. The calculations performed for the setting of the Buses
Protection Relays are given in appendix C.

The CT Ratios or Relays are as Follows.

15
 Table 4: CT Ratios

Bus Name Value Primary Side Secondary Side

LV 6500:1 6500:1
Mangla
HV 400:1 400:1

LV 750:1 750:1
Rawat
HV 750:1 750:1

LV 2800:1 2800:1
Japan Road
HV 1200:1 1200:1

LV 2900:1 2900:1

Wild Life Park

HV 1000:1 1000:1

LOAD 350:1 350:1

PWD
MOTOR 650:1 650:1

16
Chapter 3

MAIN PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

In this chapter the implementation of the project in E-tap. All the settings on E-tap are
discussed in this chapter.

CT Ratio and Relay Settings:

Firstly we will be going through the CT ratios of transformers setting as given below.

Figure 2: Transformer CT Ratio Settings

The transformer relay settings are as follows.

17
 Figure 3: Transformer Relay Settings

The Transmission Line CT ratio setting are as below.

Figure 4: Transmission Line CT Ratio Settings

18
The relay settings for transmission line are as follows.

Figure 5: Transmission line Relay settings

The Buses Protection Scheme Setting are as below.

Figure 6: Buses CT Ratio Setting

19
The relay setting of bus is as given below.

Figure 7: Buses Relay settings

20
Chapter 4

PROJECT RESULTS

In this chapter all the results related to the protection scheme are given for example the result of
load flow analysis, transformer protection, buses protection and transmission protection.

4.1 Results
Load Flow Analysis Result
The load flow analysis diagram is also given below.

Figure 8: Load Flow Analysis Diagram

The load flow analysis report is given as.

21
 Figure 9: Load Flow Analysis Report

Transformer Protection Result

The Transformer protection results are as below.

Figure 10: Transformer Protection Result

22
Full simulation results are as

Figure 11: Transformer Breaker fault operation

Transmission Line Protection Result

The transmission line protection results are as follows.

Figure 12: Transmission Line Protection Results

23
Full simulation results are as

Figure 13: Transmission Line Protection Operation

BUS Protection Result

The bus protection results are given as follows.

Figure 14: Bus Protection Results

24
Full simulation results are as

Figure 15: Buses Protection Scheme Operation

25
Chapter 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

After this project it is concluded that the protection of Buses, transmission lines and transformers
are done through differential OC relays. After completing this project we are able to design a
protection scheme for any type of power system. Through this project the importance of power
system protection is concluded that how it helps in continuous flow of power and how to
efficiently design the protection scheme.

26
 References

[1] C. R. Mason, The Art and Science of Protective Relaying, New York: Wiley, 1965.
[2] L. Hewitson, M. Brown and R. Balakrishnan, Practical Power System Protection, Newnes,
2004.
[3] S. M. Kalpan, "Smart grid. electrical power transmission," no. Background and policy, pp.
1-3, 2008.
[4] M. Stevens,, A. Ashur and M. Popescu,, The Capital.Net, Government, pp. 3-7, 2009.
[5] V. Rakov, K. Michishita and G. Maslowski, International Conference on Lightning
Protection, pp. 3-7, 2008.
[6] M. Singh, "Protection and control of modern power systems," SpringerOpen, no. 2367-0983,
2017.

27
APPENDICES

Appendix – A
Mangla Transformer:

Star side Delta side

Steps
13.2kV 220kV

1. Fault Load Current 9622.5A 524.86A

2. Primary Current 10584.75A 577.35A

3. CT Ratios 10600 : 1 600 : 1

4. CT Secondary Current 0.91A 0.91A

Rawat Transformer:

Delta side Delta side

Steps
220kV 132kV

1. Fault Load Current 393.65A 656.08A

2. Primary Current 433.02 721.69A

3. CT Ratios 450: 1 750:1

4. CT Secondary Current 0.87A 0.87A

28
Japan Road Transformer:

Delta side Star side

Steps
13.8kV 33kV

1. Fault Load Current 4183.7A 1749.55A

2. Primary Current 4602.7A 1935.45A

3. CT Ratios 4650: 1 1950: 1

4. CT Secondary Current 0.90A 0.90A

Wild Life Park Transformer:

Delta side Star side

Steps
33kV 11kV

1. Fault Load Current 874.77A 2624.23A

2. Primary Current 962.25A 2886.75A

3. CT Ratios 1000: 1 2900: 1

4. CT Secondary Current 0.87A 0.90A

29
PWD Transformer:

Delta side Star side

Steps
132kV 11kV

1. Fault Load Current 306.17A 3674.05A

2. Primary Current 336.79A 4041.45A

3. CT Ratios 350: 1 4050: 1

4. CT Secondary Current 0.87A 0.91A

_____________________________________________________________________ _______

30
Appendix – B
OC Relay setting

These calculations are done by using Single Line Diagram Given in figure

Current through R4

𝑆
𝐼= -------------------------------------Eq-2.1
√3×𝑉

150𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐼= -------------------------------------Eq-2.2
√3×132𝐾𝑉

𝐼 = 656.08𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.3

𝐼
𝑃𝑆 𝑅4 > × 100% -------------------------------------Eq-2.4
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

656.08
𝑃𝑆 𝑅4 > × 100% -------------------------------------Eq-2.5
750

𝑃𝑆 𝑅4 > 87.48% = 100% -------------------------------------Eq-2.6

1.3 𝐶𝑇 𝑅4
𝑃𝑆 𝑅3 > × 𝑃𝑆 𝑅4 × × 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 100% --------------------------Eq-2.7
1.05 𝐶𝑇 𝑅3

1.3 750 132𝐾𝑉

𝑃𝑆 𝑅3 > ×1× × × 100% -------------------------------------Eq-2.8
1.05 450 220𝐾𝑉

31
 𝑃𝑆 𝑅3 > 136% = 150% -------------------------------------Eq-2.9

Current through R2

𝑆
𝐼= -------------------------------------Eq-2.10
√3×𝑉

200𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐼= -------------------------------------Eq-2.11
√3×220𝐾𝑉

𝐼 = 524.86𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.12

𝐼
𝑃𝑆 𝑅2 > × 100% -------------------------------------Eq-2.13
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

524.86
𝑃𝑆 𝑅2 > × 100% -------------------------------------Eq-2.14
600

𝑃𝑆 𝑅2 > 87% = 100% -------------------------------------Eq-2.15

1.3 𝐶𝑇 𝑅2
𝑃𝑆 𝑅1 > × 𝑃𝑆 𝑅2 × × 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 100% -------------------------Eq-2.16
1.05 𝐶𝑇 𝑅1

1.3 600 220𝐾𝑉

𝑃𝑆 𝑅1 > ×1× × × 100% -------------------------------------Eq-2.17
1.05 10600 13.2𝐾𝑉

32
 𝑃𝑆 𝑅1 > 106.18% = 125% -------------------------------------Eq-2.18

Current through R6

𝑆
𝐼= -------------------------------------Eq-2.19
√3×𝑉

100𝑀𝑉𝐴
𝐼= -------------------------------------Eq-2.20
√3×33𝐾𝑉

𝐼 = 1749.55𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.21

𝐼
𝑃𝑆 𝑅6 > × 100% -------------------------------------Eq-2.22
𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

1749.55
𝑃𝑆 𝑅6 > × 100% -------------------------------------Eq-2.23
1950

𝑃𝑆 𝑅4 > 89.72% = 100% -------------------------------------Eq-2.24

1.3 𝐶𝑇 𝑅6
𝑃𝑆 𝑅5 > × 𝑃𝑆 𝑅6 × × 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 × 100% -------------------------Eq-2.25
1.05 𝐶𝑇 𝑅5

1.3 1950 33𝐾𝑉

𝑃𝑆 𝑅3 > ×1× × × 100% -------------------------------------Eq-2.26
1.05 4650 13.8𝐾𝑉

𝑃𝑆 𝑅3 > 124% = 125% -------------------------------------Eq-2.27

33
Fault currents are obtained from fault current table.

STI = 0.25

For Relay R3

𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑢𝑠 5 = 1.517𝐾𝐴

𝑇𝑀𝑆 𝑅4 = 0.2

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑃𝑆𝑀 𝑅4 = -------------------------------------Eq-2.28
𝑃𝑆×𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

1.517𝐾𝐴
𝑃𝑆𝑀 𝑅4 = = 2.02 -------------------------------------Eq-2.29
1×750

0.14×𝑇𝑀𝑆
𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑅4 = -------------------------------------Eq-2.30
(𝑃𝑆𝑀)0.02 −1

0.14×0.2
𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑅4 = = 1.97𝑠 -------------------------------------Eq-2.31
(2.02)0.02 −1

𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑅3 = 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑅4 + 𝑆𝑇𝐼 -------------------------------------Eq-2.32

𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑅3 = 1.97 + 0.25 = 2.22𝑠 -------------------------------------Eq-2.33

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑃𝑆𝑀 𝑅3 = × 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 -------------------------------------Eq-2.34
𝑃𝑆×𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

1.517𝐾𝐴 132𝐾𝑉
𝑃𝑆𝑀 𝑅3 = × = 1.35 -------------------------------------Eq-2.35
1.5×450 220𝐾𝑉

𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑅3((𝑃𝑆𝑀)0.02 −1)

𝑇𝑀𝑆 𝑅3 = -------------------------------------Eq-2.36
0.14

2.22((1.35)0.02 −1)
𝑇𝑀𝑆 𝑅3 = = 0.1 -------------------------------------Eq-2.37
0.14

34
For Relay R2

𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑢𝑠 4 = 1.651𝐾𝐴

𝑇𝑀𝑆 𝑅3 = 0.1

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑃𝑆𝑀 𝑅3 = -------------------------------------Eq-2.38
𝑃𝑆×𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

1.651𝐾𝐴
𝑃𝑆𝑀 𝑅3 = = 2.45 -------------------------------------Eq-2.39
1.5×450

0.14×𝑇𝑀𝑆
𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑅3 = -------------------------------------Eq-2.40
(𝑃𝑆𝑀)0.02 −1

0.14×0.1
𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑅3 = = 0.77𝑠 -------------------------------------Eq-2.41
(2.45)0.02 −1

𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑅2 = 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑅3 + 𝑆𝑇𝐼 -------------------------------------Eq-2.42

𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑅2 = 0.77 + 0.25 = 1.02𝑠 -------------------------------------Eq-2.43

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑃𝑆𝑀 𝑅2 = -------------------------------------Eq-2.44
𝑃𝑆×𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

1.651𝐾𝐴
𝑃𝑆𝑀 𝑅2 = = 2.75 -------------------------------------Eq-2.45
1×600

𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑅2((𝑃𝑆𝑀)0.02 −1)

𝑇𝑀𝑆 𝑅2 = -------------------------------------Eq-2.46
0.14

1.02((2.75)0.02 −1)
𝑇𝑀𝑆 𝑅2 = = 0.15 -------------------------------------Eq-2.47
0.14

35
For Relay R1

𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑢𝑠 3 = 1.181𝐾𝐴

𝑇𝑀𝑆 𝑅2 = 0.15

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑃𝑆𝑀 𝑅2 = -------------------------------------Eq-2.48
𝑃𝑆×𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

1.181𝐾𝐴
𝑃𝑆𝑀 𝑅2 = = 1.97 -------------------------------------Eq-2.49
1×600

0.14×𝑇𝑀𝑆
𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑅2 = -------------------------------------Eq-2.50
(𝑃𝑆𝑀)0.02 −1

0.14×0.15
𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑅2 = = 1.54𝑠 -------------------------------------Eq-2.51
(1.97)0.02 −1

𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑅1 = 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑅2 + 𝑆𝑇𝐼 -------------------------------------Eq-2.52

𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑅1 = 1.54 + 0.25 = 1.79𝑠 -------------------------------------Eq-2.53

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑃𝑆𝑀 𝑅1 = × 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 -------------------------------------Eq-2.54
𝑃𝑆×𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

1.181𝐾𝐴 220𝐾𝑉
𝑃𝑆𝑀 𝑅1 = × = 1.35 -------------------------------------Eq-2.55
1.25×10600 13.2𝐾𝑉

𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑅1((𝑃𝑆𝑀)0.02 −1)

𝑇𝑀𝑆 𝑅1 = -------------------------------------Eq-2.56
0.14

1.97((1.35)0.02 −1)
𝑇𝑀𝑆 𝑅1 = = 0.1 -------------------------------------Eq-2.57
0.14

36
For Relay R5

𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑢𝑠 8 = 5.619𝐾𝐴

𝑇𝑀𝑆 𝑅6 = 0.2

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑃𝑆𝑀 𝑅6 = -------------------------------------Eq-2.58
𝑃𝑆×𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

5.619𝐾𝐴
𝑃𝑆𝑀 𝑅6 = = 2.87 -------------------------------------Eq-2.59
1×1960

0.14×𝑇𝑀𝑆
𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑅6 = -------------------------------------Eq-2.60
(𝑃𝑆𝑀)0.02 −1

0.14×0.2
𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑅6 = = 1.32𝑠 -------------------------------------Eq-2.61
(2.87)0.02 −1

𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑅5 = 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑅6 + 𝑆𝑇𝐼 -------------------------------------Eq-2.62

𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑅5 = 1.32 + 0.25 = 1.57𝑠 -------------------------------------Eq-2.63

𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝑃𝑆𝑀 𝑅5 = × 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 -------------------------------------Eq-2.64
𝑃𝑆×𝐶𝑇 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

5.619𝐾𝐴 33𝐾𝑉
𝑃𝑆𝑀 𝑅5 = × = 2.31 -------------------------------------Eq-2.65
1.25×4650 13.8𝐾𝑉

𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑅5((𝑃𝑆𝑀)0.02 −1)

𝑇𝑀𝑆 𝑅5 = -------------------------------------Eq-2.66
0.14

1.57((2.31)0.02 −1)
𝑇𝑀𝑆 𝑅5 = = 0.2 -------------------------------------Eq-2.67
0.14

37
Appendix – C
Buses Protection Relay setting

The CT Ratios are as given below.

Mangla Bus Value Primary Side Secondary Side

Current 5904.7 354.28

LV
CT Ratio 6500:1 400:1

Current 577.35 577.35

HV
CT Ratio 650:1 650:1

38
 Rawat Value Primary Side Secondary Side

Current 656.07 656.07

LV
CT Ratio 750:1 750:1

Current 393.64 393.64

HV
CT Ratio 450:1 450:1

Japan Road Value Primary Side Secondary Side

Current 2510.21 1049.72

LV
CT Ratio 2800:1 1200:1

Current 1749.54 1749.54

HV
CT Ratio 1950:1 1950:1

39
Wild Life Park Value Primary Side Secondary Side

Current 2624.31 2624.31

LV
CT Ratio 2900:1 2900:1

Current 874.77 874.77

HV
CT Ratio 1000:1 1000:1

PWD Value Primary Side Secondary Side

Current 275.71 275.71

Load
CT Ratio 350:1 350:1

Current 650 650

Motor
CT Ratio 650:1 650:1

40
CALCULATIONS

R wire = 2ohm

Relay Load = 1ohm

CT M I = 0.29mA/V

CT Sat V > 120V

For 13.8KV Bus (13.2KV bus has the same value with little variations)

I max = 462.4A

RS = 0.7ohm

CT Ratio = 650:1

𝑁×𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝐼𝑓 = = 24074.07𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.68
𝑍𝑠

Switch Gear Capacity

3000×106
𝐼= = 12551𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.69
√3×13.8×103

12551×2.7
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡 = = 52.13𝑉 -------------------------------------Eq-2.70
650

𝐼𝑜 = 0.28 × 52.13 = 0.014𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.71

𝐼𝑓 = 650(1 + 2(0.014)) = 668.97𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.72

𝐼𝑝. 𝑢 = 1.0012𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.73

For R stab

41
 𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑅𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏 = − 𝑅 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 = 51.06𝑜ℎ𝑚 -------------------------------------Eq-2.74
𝐼𝑝.𝑢

For 220KV Bus

I max = 29A

RS = 0.8ohm

CT Ratio = 750:1

𝑁×𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝐼𝑓 = = 26785.71𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.75
𝑍𝑠

Switch Gear Capacity

1000×106
𝐼= = 2624𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.76
√3×220×103

2624×2.8
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡 = = 9.79𝑉 -------------------------------------Eq-2.77
750

𝐼𝑜 = 0.28 × 9.79 = 0.002𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.78

𝐼𝑓 = 750(1 + 2(0.002)) = 754.11𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.79

𝐼𝑝. 𝑢 = 1.0014𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.80

For R stab
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑅𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏 = − 𝑅 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 = 8.77𝑜ℎ𝑚 -------------------------------------Eq-2.81
𝐼𝑝.𝑢

42
For 132KV Bus

I max = 21.6A

RS = 0.9ohm

CT Ratio = 450:1

450×100
𝐼𝑓 = = 15517.24𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.82
2.9

Switch Gear Capacity

1500×106
𝐼= = 6560.79𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.83
√3×132×103

6560.79×2.9
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡 = = 42.28𝑉 -------------------------------------Eq-2.84
450

𝐼𝑜 = 0.29 × 42.28 = 0.012𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.85

𝐼𝑓 = 450(1 + 2(0.012)) = 461.03𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.86

𝐼𝑝. 𝑢 = 1.0005𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.87

For R stab
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑅𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏 = − 𝑅 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 = 41.25𝑜ℎ𝑚 -------------------------------------Eq-2.88
𝐼𝑝.𝑢

43
For 11 KV Bus

I max = 256.3A

RS = 0.8ohm

CT Ratio = 350:1

𝑁×𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝐼𝑓 = = 12500𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.89
𝑍𝑠

Switch Gear Capacity

3000×106
𝐼= = 15745.91𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.90
√3×11×103

15745.91×2.8
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡 = = 125.99𝑉 -------------------------------------Eq-2.91
350

𝐼𝑜 = 0.28 × 125.99 = 0.03527𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.92

𝐼𝑓 = 350(1 + 2(0.03527)) = 374.68𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.93

𝐼𝑝. 𝑢 = 1𝐴 ------------------------------------Eq-2.94

For R stab
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑅𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏 = − 𝑅 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 = 124.99𝑜ℎ𝑚 -------------------------------------Eq-2.95
𝐼𝑝.𝑢

44
For 33KV Bus

I max = 1749.54A

RS = 0.6ohm

CT Ratio = 1000:1

𝑁×𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝐼𝑓 = = 38461.53𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.96
𝑍𝑠

Switch Gear Capacity

1000×106
𝐼= = 17495.46𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.97
√3×33×103

17495.46×2.6
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡 = = 45.48𝑉 -------------------------------------Eq-2.98
1000

𝐼𝑜 = 0.26 × 45.48 = 0.1182𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.99

𝐼𝑓 = 1000(1 + 2(0.1182)) = 1236.53𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.101

𝐼𝑝. 𝑢 = 1𝐴 -------------------------------------Eq-2.102

For R stab
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑅𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏 = − 𝑅 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑦 = 44.48𝑜ℎ𝑚 -------------------------------------Eq-2.103
𝐼𝑝.𝑢

45
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