AC MOTOR

AC Motor is a motor that can be operated in AC-current only. In the electric motor, conversion of
electrical power to mechanical power (or energy) takes place in the rotating part of the machine.

Two generally types of AC motors:

1. Synchronous motor
2. Induction motor

Main difference between these two types:

Synchronous motor- can run only at a definite constant speed (synchronous speed) at a given
frequency. The regulation of this type of motor is zero and the starting torque is practically
zero. Only two factors determine the speed of a synchronous motor: 1. the frequency 2. the
number of poles. The speed of a synchronous motor may be determined by the equation:
N = 120 x f
p
Where:
N = revolution of rotor
per minute, RPM. f =
frequency in cps p =
no of poles

A synchronous motor are similar to those of a three phase generator. In fact when two to three
generators are in parallel and one of them is motorized, it becomes a synchronous motor.
Application of Synchronous motor
There are several classes of service to which synchronous motor are quiet will adapted.
• Constant speed service. Because of higher efficiency it can be advantageously applied
to most loads where constant speeds are desirable.
• Reciprocating compressor drives. Can be built in low speeds, with high efficiency for
direct connection to reciprocating compressor.
• Power factor correction. If the power factor of a plant is low because of a large induction
motor load, a synchronous motor can be used to raise the power factor.
• Voltage regulation. On the ends of long transmission lines, the voltage tends to vary
greatly, especially of a large inductive load is present. If the inductive load is thrown off,
then because of the capacity effect or condenser action of the long transmission line the
voltage may rise above normal.
Small synchronous motors, like those of the hysteresis are made in very small sizes only,
about 1/100 hp or less with built–in hardened magnet steel (are use in electric clock) and
reluctance type, are used for timing devices (timers, phonographs) in which it is essential that
the speed be absolutely constant.
Induction motor- electrical power is not conducted to the rotor directly the rotor receives its power
inductively in exactly the same way as the secondary of a transformer receives its power. It must operate
at a speed dependent upon the load applied, but never at synchronous speed. Induction motors is either
single phase or three phases.
Voltage supplies for induction motors.
A typical request for a three phase motor may state that the power supply 440/220 volts 60 hertz
dual voltage or 50 Hertz, 220/380 volts. This generally means 380 volts, three

phase/220 volts, and single phase. See Figure.

The figure shown is the

 construction of induction motor.

Single phase induction motor

Several types of Single phase motor
• Split-phase induction motor
• Capacitor-Start Motor
Split-phase induction motor – is a squirrel-cage motor that operates from a single-phase
supply (two-wire AC) or the most popular single-phase motor. The speed of a squirrel-cage
induction motor operating from a fixed frequency system can be changed only by changing
the number of poles in the system. The number of poles for which a split-phase motor is
wound is governed, as in poly-phase motors by the frequency and the desired synchronous
speed. Thus

P=
Example: For how many poles is a split phase motor wound if it operates at 1,800 rpm at full load
from a 60 cycle source?

Solution: P= =4
Capacitor-Start Motor – are induction motors of 1/20 to 35 horse power in size. They operate
all types of loads, from small fans to large compressors. According to NEMA standards, a
capacitor motor is a single phase induction motor with a main winding arranged for direct
connection to a source of power and auxiliary winding connected in series with a capacitor.
Three types of Capacitor Motor
1. Capacitor-start Motors – a capacitor motor in which the capacitor phase (start winding) is
energized only during the starting period. This motor has centrifugal switch contact to
disconnect the starting (auxiliary) winding at 75% rated speed.
Figure: Capacitor start motor

A) Pictorial B) Schematic Diagram

2. Permanent-split Capacitor Motor – a capacitor motor on single-value capacitor motor
having the same value of capacitance for both starting and running conditions. This
motor has no centrifugal switch. Figure:
 A) Pictorial B) Schematic diagram
3. Two-value Capacitor Motor – a capacitor motor using different values of effective
capacitance for the starting and running conditions. The reason two different capacitance
values must be used is that the starting capacitor (electrolytic type) is too large for good
running performance. An additional requirement is that the running capacitor (oil-filled
type) must have a continuous duty rating. Starting capacitors are generally of the short
duty and it must be disconnected at 75% rated speed by a centrifugal switch.
Figure:

A) Pictorial B) Schematic diagram

ELECTRICAL FORMULA FOR DETERMINING HORSEPOWER (Hp) & AMPERES (I) 1- phase

Hp = ;
Figure: Schematic diagram of Reversible Single-phase Permanent-split Capacitor
start motor

Figure: Schematic diagram of two- speed Permanent -split Capacitor start motor

Simple Capacity Test of a Capacitor: Capacity in MFD = 2650 x Other types of single
phase motor conduction type
Conduction type - the electrical power is conducted directly to the rotor through brushes and
commutator.
Repulsion-type Motors – are among the oldest forms of single-phase induction motors and
were widely used from 1930’s through 1950’s. They have been largely replaced by split-phase
and capacitor-start motors. When compared with the split-phase motor and capacitor-start
motor, the repulsion type motor is much more efficient when starting a load, as it has a
minimum amount of inrush, or starting current. This gives it the capability of doing well on low
voltage conditions. Many of these older motors are still in use. In general, repulsion motors
may be divided into three classifications.
 1. Repulsion motor – is a single phase motor that has a stator winding arranged for
connection to a source of power and a rotor winding connected to a commutator.
Brushes on the commutator are short-circuited. This type of motor has a varying speed
characteristic.
2. Repulsion-Start Induction motor – is a single-phase motor having same windings as
repulsion motor, but a predetermined speed, the rotor winding is short circuited or
otherwise connected to give the equivalent of squirrel cage winding. This motor starts
as a repulsion motor but operates as an induction motor w/ constant speed
characteristics.
3. Repulsion-Induction motor – is a form of repulsion motor that has a squirrel cage
winding in the rotor in addition to the repulsion-motor winding. A motor of this type
may have either a constant-speed or a varying speed characteristic.
These three classes are often confused by the beginners because of the similarity of
names. But each is different from the others, having its own characteristics and
applications. However, one feature common to all is that each has to fan containing a
winding that is connected to a commutator.

Figure: Repulsion-Start Induction motor

Three-phase Induction motor - is the first choice marine motor because of its
electrical and mechanical simplicity. Three-phase induction motor size varies from fractional
horsepower size to thousand of horsepower.
In 3-phase motor, insulated 3-phase winding are located in the slots. The stator winding
produces a rotating magnetic field when it is connected to a 3-phase supply. The rotor rotates
inside the stator. The coils in the stator slots are connected to form three-windings called
phases. Air-gap between rotor and stator is only 1 – 2 mm wide.
The small the air gap, the smaller the starting surge current and the higher the power factor.
 Operating characteristics of 3-phase motor of the induction type are:
1. it is simple, tough and very little attention
2. starting and stopping of these motors can be done with simple, reliable direct on-line contactor
starters
3. supply voltage are usually connected dual voltage at 440/220 supply voltage

Components from a three phase induction motors:

1. Rotor – is the rotating part. It will rotate inside the stator, and is a forge steel shaft carrying a
laminated magnetic core. The rotor is not connected to any external supply. The current flows
through the rotor due to the principle of induction. Hence the induction motor.
2. Bearing – are required for the alignment of the rotor. It is either high precision or roller.
Fan (for self cooling) - For some large variable speed motors it may have an air calculated fan driven by
a small auxiliary motor.
3. Stator – is the stationary part of the motor. It consists of a frame (yoke) which is fitted with quality
slotted steel laminations forming a magnetic core.
4. Field Winding – is an insulated 3-phase winding that is located in slots of the stator. The function
of stator winding is to be produced a rotating magnetic field (RMF) in air gap between the stator
and rotor.
5. Rotor Cage – rotating part of the motor. It is made of forge steel shaft.
Terminals – terminal designations is based on the manufacturer’s standards.
Methods of lubrication- The lubrication method is based on the manufacturer’s manuals.
Figure: Three phase motor Construction and parts
1. B5 Flange 11. Name Plate 21. Terminal Box Lid
2. Front End shield 12. Washer 22. Screw
3. Spring Washer 13. Wave Form 23. Jacket
4. Bolt 14. Rear End shield 24. Brass Washer
5. Shaft Cover 15. Fan 25. Brass Net
6. Bearing 16. Fan Clamp 26. Brass Lug
7. Key 17. Fan Cowl 27. Terminal Board
8. Rotor 18. Fan Cowl Screw 28. Leather Washer
9. Stator 19. Terminal Box Base 29. Earth Mark
10. Frame 20. Gasket

RATING DETAILS ON THE MOTOR NAMEPLATE BASE AT 40°C MAX. AMBIENT

TEMPERATURE

• Rated Current (I) – this is the maximum value of current that the motor can continuously take
from supply without exceeding the temperature limit for the insulating materials used.
 • Rated Voltage (V) –the motor has been assigned to operate successfully when connected to
this value of supply voltage. If the rated voltage is not applied, overheating, stalling and burn-
out can result.
• Rated Frequency (Hz) – the motor speed is directly affected by the supply frequency. If the
motor is operated other than rated frequency overheating can occur.
• Power Rating (kW) – That is the shaft power output of the motor when it is connected to rated
voltage and frequency and drawing rated current from the supply.
• Rated Speed (RPM) – This is the full-load speed of the motor when connected to rated voltage
and frequency.
• IP Number (Ingress Protection Code) – Indicates the degree of protection given by the motor
enclosure. The rating details are shown on the motor nameplate.

ELECTRICAL FORMULA FOR DETERMINING HORSEPOWER (Hp) & AMPERES (I) 3-

phase

;
Hp
Power Losses
• Occur during the energy conversion which results in the production of heat in the motor.
• Increases when the load on the motor increases because the motor takes more current from
the supply.

The losses in Electrical rotating machines

(Other losses are exactly the same as in DC machines)
There are five categories of losses occurring in electrical machines.
1. Electrical or copper losses – the resistive losses in the armature and field
windings of the machine.
Armature loss:
Field loss:
Where IA and IF are armature and field currents and RA and RF are armature and field (winding)
resistances usually measured at normal operating temperature.
2. Brush (drop) losses – the power lost across the contact potential at the brushes of the machine.

Where IA is the armature current and VBD is the brush voltage drop. The voltage drop across the
set of brushes is approximately constant over a large range of armature currents and it is usually
assumed to be about 2 V.
3. Core losses – hysteresis losses and eddy current losses. They vary as B2 (square of flux density) and
as n1.5 (speed of rotation of the magnetic field).
4. Mechanical losses – losses associated with mechanical effects: friction (friction of the bearings) and
windage (friction between the moving parts of the machine and the air inside the casing). These
losses vary as the cube of rotation speed n3.
5. Stray (Miscellaneous) losses – losses that cannot be classified in any of the previous categories.
They are usually due to inaccuracies in modeling. For many machines, stray losses are assumed as
1% of full load. Variation of current when directly starting an induction motor and its effect on
the motor winding and the other electrical equipment.
The starting current will be several times the normal running current. In every large motor this
abnormal flow may be injurious to the driven machinery and some sensitive loads. On small
motors, this injurious effect is seldom noticeable, so across the line starters may be used
safely.
The effect of shaft load while the motor running normally, the load on the motor shaft is
increased, the rotor will tend to slow down. The flow of motor speed between no-load and
full-load is very small between (1% and 5%) so induction motors are considered to be constant
speed machines. Five percent slip is maximum best result.

Figure: Graph showing the relationship between speed and load, between current and
from no load to full load.
 no-
load Speed
speed
full-load speed

full-load current
no- Current
load
current
No Load Full Load

Three phase Induction motor connection

Table of Connection: Dual Voltage 3- Phase Motor (9-leads)
 Table of Connection: Dual
Voltage 3- Phase Motor (12
leads)

Locked Rotor or Starting Torque

The Locked Rotor Torque or Starting Torque is the torque the electrical motor develop when its
starts at rest or zero speed.
A high Starting Torque is more important for application or machines hard to start - as
positive displacement pumps, cranes etc. A lower Starting Torque can be accepted in
applications as centrifugal fans or pumps where the start load is low or close to zero.
Pull-up Torque
The Pull-up Torque is the minimum torque developed by the electrical motor when it runs from
zero to fullload speed (before it reaches the break-down torque point)
When the motor starts and begins to accelerate the torque in general decrease until it reach
a low point at a certain speed - the pull-up torque - before the torque increases until it reach
the highest torque at a higher speed - the break-down torque - point.
The pull-up torque may be critical for application that needs power to go through some temporary
barriers achieving the working conditions.
Break-down Torque
The Break-down Torque is the highest torque available before the torque decreases when the machine
continues to accelerate to the working conditions.

Full-load (Rated) Torque or Braking Torque

The Full-load Torque is the torque required to produce the rated power of the electrical motor at full-
load speed.
In imperial units the Full-load Torque can be expressed as

T = 5252 Php / nr (1)

Where:
T = full-
load
torque (lb
ft) Php =
rated
horsepow
er
nr = rated rotational speed (rev/min, rpm)
In metric units the rated torque can be expressed as

T = 9550 PkW / nr

Where:
T = rated
torque (Nm)
PkW = rated
power (kW) nr
= rated
rotational
speed (rpm)

Example - Electrical Motor and Braking Torque

The torque of a 60 hp motor rotating at 1725 rpm can be expressed as:
Tfl = (60 hp) 5,252 / (1725 rpm)
= 182.7 lb ft
In metric system

T = 60Hp x = 44.776 kW
T = 9550 Pkw /nr

= = 247.89 Nm

NEMA Design
NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association) have classified electrical motors in four
different NEMA designs where torques and starting-load inertia are important criterions.

IEC/NEMA Standard Torques (percent of full load torque)

2 Pole 4 Pole

Break Down
Locked Rotor Pull Up Torque Locked Rotor Pull Up Break Down
Power (hp) Torque Torque Torque Torque Torque

3 170/160 110/110 200/230 180/215 120/150 200/250

5 160/150 110/105 200/215 170/185 120/130 200/225

7.5 150/140 100/100 200/200 160/175 110/120 200/215

10 150/135 100/100 200/200 160/165 110/115 200/200

15 – 20 140/130 100/100 200/200 150/150 110/105 200/200

Accelerating Torque
Accelerating Torque = Available Motor Torque - Load Torque
 Reduced Voltage Soft Starters
Reduced Voltage Soft Starters are used to limit the starting current and reducing the Locked
Rotor Torque or Starting Torque and are common in applications which is hard to start or must
be handled with care - as positive displacement pumps, cranes, elevators and similar.
Slip of Induction Motor
Slip of the induction motor is defined as the difference between the synchronous speed (NS)
and actual speed of rotor i.e. motor (N) expressed as a fraction of the synchronous speed (NS).
This is also called absolute slip or fractional slip and is denoted as ‘s’.
(absolute slip). The percentage slip is expressed as,
Thus In terms of slip, the actual speed of motor (N) can be expressed as, at
from the expression of slip. At start, motor is
rest and hence its speed N is zero,
This is maximum value of slip s possible for induction motor which occurs at start. While s = 0
gives us N = NS which is not possible for an induction motor. So slip of induction motor cannot
be zero under any circumstances. Practically motor operates in the slip range of 0.01 to 0.05
i.e. 1% to 5%. The slip corresponding to full load speed of the motor is called full load slip.
Example 1: A 4 pole, 3 phase induction motor is supplied from 50 Hz supply. Determine its
synchronous speed. On full load, its speed is observed to be 1410 rpm. Calculate its full load slip.

Solution: Given values are: P = 4, f = 50 Hz, N = 1410 rpm

Full load absolute slip is given by,

x 100% = 6%

Example 2: A 4 pole, 3- phase, 50 Hz, star connected induction motor has a full load slip of
4%. Calculate full load speed of the motor.

Solution: Given values are, P = 4, f = 50 Hz, %sfl = 4%

, Nf l = 1440 rpm

MOTOR ENCLOSURES
Enclosure protection for electrical equipment is defined in terms of its opposition to the
Ingress (entrance) of solid particles and liquids and against mechanical change impact. The
enclosure protection is defined by the Ingress Protection (IP) code. Example: IPO – no
protection.
Different Motor Enclosure
a. Open Drip Proof (ODP) - Allows air to circulate through the windings for cooling, but
prevent drops of liquid from falling into motor within a 15 degree angle from vertical.
Typically used for indoor applications in relatively clean, dry locations. See Figure:

Figure: ODP
b. Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled (TEFC) - Prevents the free exchange of air between the
inside and outside of the frame, but does not make the frame completely air tight. A fan
is attached to the shaft and pushes air over the frame during its operation to help in the
cooling process. See Figure:

c. Totally Enclosed Non-Ventilated (TENV) - Similar to a TEFC, but has no cooling fan and
relies on convention for cooling. No vent openings, tightly enclosed to prevent the free
exchange of air, but not airtight. See Figure:

d. Totally Enclosed Air Over (TEAO) - Dust-tight fan and blower duty motors designed for
shaft mounted fans or belt driven fans. The motor must be mounted within the airflow
of the fan. See Figure:

e. Totally Enclosed Wash Down (TEWD) - Designed to withstand high pressure wash-
downs or other high humidity or wet environments. Available on TEAO, TEFC and
ENV enclosures totally enclosed, hostile and severe environment motors. See Figure:
 E. Explosion-Proof Enclosures (EXPL) - The explosion proof motor is a totally enclosed
machine and is designed to withstand an explosion of specified gas or vapor inside
the motor casing and prevent the ignition outside the motor by sparks, flashing or
explosion. See Figure:

F. Hazardous Location (HAZ) - Hazardous location motor applications are classified by

the type of hazardous environment present, the characteristics of the specific material
creating the hazard, the probability of exposure to the environment, and the
maximum temperature level that is considered safe for the substance creating the
hazard.

How cooling is achieve in each type of enclosures.

a. Open Drip Proof (ODP) - Allows air to circulate through the windings for cooling,
but prevent drops of liquid from falling into motor within a 15 degree angle from
vertical. Typically used for indoor applications in relatively clean, dry locations.
b. Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled (TEFC) - Prevents the free exchange of air between
the inside and outside of the frame, but does not make the frame completely air
tight. A fan is attached to the shaft and pushes air over the frame during its
operation to help in the cooling process.
c. Totally Enclosed Non-Ventilated (TENV) - Similar to a TEFC, but has no cooling
fan and relies on convention for cooling. No vent openings, tightly enclosed to
prevent the free exchange of air, but not airtight.
d. Totally Enclosed Air Over (TEAO) - Dust-tight fan and blower duty motors
designed for shaft mounted fans or belt driven fans. The motor must be mounted
within the airflow of the fan.
e. Totally Enclosed Wash Down (TEWD) - Designed to withstand high pressure
wash-downs or other high humidity or wet environments. Available on TEAO,
TEFC and
ENV enclosures totally enclosed, hostile and severe environment motors
f. Explosion-Proof Enclosures (EXPL) - The explosion proof motor is a totally
enclosed machine and is designed to withstand an explosion of specified gas or
vapor inside the motor casing and prevent the ignition outside the motor by
sparks, flashing or explosion.
 g. Hazardous Location (HAZ) - Hazardous location motor applications are classified
by the type of hazardous environment present, the characteristics of the specific
material creating the hazard, the probability of exposure to the environment, and
the maximum temperature level that is considered safe for the substance creating
the hazard.

Other types of motor enclosure:

• Drip Proof (Open Ventilated) – are used where the risk of dripping liquids from overhead pipes
and valves may be a problem. Allows air to circulate through the windings for cooling, but
prevent drops of liquid from falling into motor within a 15 degree angle from vertical. Typically
used for indoor applications in relatively clean, dry locations.
• Totally Enclosed Fan Ventilated (TEFV) – are used where a greater degree of protection is
required. No external air is allowed inside the motor.
• Deck Watertight – are enclosure that is normally used outside weather deck.
• Flameproof – are used as deck motors for tankers.

Motors located outside on weather decks have deck watertight enclosures. But the external
fan is omitted because of the possibility of ice formation. Enclosures for marine motor range
from drip proof, open ventilated (IP22), for locations where water and dust problems are
unlikely to totally enclose. What do you mean by IPxxx?

• I.P. – means International Protection or Ingress Protection.

• X (left) – denotes the degree of protection against solid.
• X (right) – denotes the degree of protection against liquid.
• X (left) – denotes the degree of mechanical protection.

Example: Give the significance of the following Degree of

Protection. Given:
IP International Protection or Ingress Protection
5 Dust protected
IP56
6 Protected against heavy seas.
IP International Protection or Ingress Protection
2 Protection against solid objects > 12mm
IP241 4 Protection against splashing water
1 Protected mechanically against object 150g, range 15cm
IP International Protection or Ingress Protection
4 Protected mechanically against solid object > 1.0mm
IP453 5 Protected against water jets
3 Protected mechanically against objects < 250g, range 20cm

Tables of Ingress Protections:

Table1: Degree of protection indicated by first numeral
1st Characteristic Numeral Description
0 Non-protected
Protected against solid objects
1 exceeding 50mm dia.
2 Protected against solid objects >
12mm
Protected against solid objects >
3 2.5mm
4 Protected against solid objects >
1.0mm
5 Dust Protected
6 Dust Tight
Table2: Degree of protection indicated by second numeral
2nd Characteristic Numeral Description
0 Non-protected
1 Protected against dripping water
Protected against dripping water
2
when filtered-up to 15°
3 Protected against spraying water
Definition
No special protection.
A large surface of a body, such as
hand, (but no protection against
deliberate access) solid objects
Fingers or similar objects not
exceeding 80mm in length, solid
objects exceeding 12mm in
diameter.
Tools, wires, etc. of diameter or
thickness 2.5mm; solid objects >
2.5 mm diameter.
Wires or strips of thickness > 1.0
mm; solid objects > 1.0 mm in
diameter.
Ingress of dust is not totally
prevented but dust do not enter
in sufficient quantity to interfere
with satisfactory operation of the
equipment.
No Ingress of dust.
Definition
No special protection.
Dripping water (vertically falling
drops) shall have no harmful
effect.
Vertically dripping water shall
have no harmful effect when the
closure is tilted at any angle up to
15° from its normal position.
Water falling as a spray at an
angle up to 60° from the vertical
shall have no harmful effect.

4 Protected against splashing water
5 Protected against water jets
6 Protected against heavy seas
Protected against the effects of
7 when the enclosure is immersed
immersion
8 Protected against submersion
Water splashing against the
enclosure from any direction shall
have no harmful effect.
Water projected by a nozzle
against the enclosure from any
direction shall have no effect
Water from heavy seas or
projected in powerful jets shall
not enter the enclosure in
harmful quantities.
Ingress of water in harmful
quantities shall not be possible
in water under defined conditions
of pressure and time.
The equipment is suitable for
continuous submersion in water
under conditions which shall be
specified by the manufacturers.
Note: Normally this will mean
that the equipment is hermitically
sealed. However, with certain
types of equipment it can mean
that the water can enter but only
in such a manner that it produces
no harmful effect.

Table 3: Degree of protection indicated by third numeral

IP TEST DEFINITION
0 Non-protected No protection.
1 Impact energy
2 Impact energy
3 Impact energy

ELECTRICAL FORMULA FOR DETERMINING AMPERES,

HORSEPOWER, KILOWATTS AND KILOVOLT-AMPERES

ALTERNATING CURRENT

Deserted Data Single Three Phase Direct Current

 Kilowatts

Kilovolt-amperes

H.P. Output

Amperes when H.P.

known

Amperes when
Kilowatts known

Amperes when Kv-a

known

Where: E – Volts I – Amperes %Eff. – Percent Efficiency P.F. – Power