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Chapter 2
Differentiation and its application
2.1 Differentiability of a function
f x x 0 ∈ I . The function f x is
Let the function be defined on an open interval I and
said to be differentiable at
x 0 if
f x0 x f x0
lim
x 0 x
f x0 x f x0
Lf ( x0 ) lim
exists, i.e., left hand derivative x 0 x is equal to right
f x0 x f x0
Rf x0 lim
hand derivative x 0 x .
P(x0 , y0)
P
Q y
Q(x0+∆x, y0+∆y)
x
O x0+∆x x0
y
Q Q(x0+∆x, y0+∆y)
P
y
P(x0 , y0)
x
O x0 x0+∆x
Fig-2: ( right hand derivative )
Note: Every differentiable function is continuous but reverse is not always true.
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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19
5 x 1, x 1
f x
3 x x , x 1 at x=1 .
2
Example 1: Discuss the differentiability of
Solution: Differentiability at x = 1.
1. Sketch the following graphs and determine whether functions are differentiable at
the indicated points.
2
(a) y=¿ x−3∨¿ at x=3, (b) f ( x )= 2 x , x ≤ 1 , at x=1,
{
4 x−2 , x >1
x 2 , x 1
f ( x) , at x 1.
2 x 1, x 1
(c)
Answers:1. (a) Not differentiable, (b) Differentiable, (c) Differentiable.
f x
Let be defined on an open interval I and is differentiable at each point x ∈ I ,we
f x
simply say it is differentiable and the resulting function denoted by is called the
f x
derivative of .
y f x x 0 , we simply say it is differentiable and the
If is differentiable at the point
f x0 f x x
resulting function denoted by is called the derivative of at 0 and gives the
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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19
y f x
Fig-3:Right derivative of (Ref: Calculus-Anton)
f x x f x x x x p 1 xx x p
p p
xp
lim lim lim
x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x [using binomial
expansion]
x p 1 p xx
p p 1
xx x p
2
lim 2!
x 0 x
p p 1 p p 1 p 2
lim px p 1 x p 2 x x p 3 x
2
x 0
2! 3!
=px p−1 .
For the process of differentiations we need to know the formula of derivatives of some basic
functions which are given bellow:
d d x d 1
( c )=0 ( e )=e x ( ln x )= , x >0
dx , c is constant dx dx x
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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19
d d d du dv
( sin x ) =cos x ( cos x )=−sin x [ au( x )±bv( x ) ]=a ±b
dx dx dx dx dx
f x 6 x3 5x 2 9 f x 6 3 x 2 5 2 x 0 18 x 2 10 x.
Example 2:(i)If , then
3
f x x 2sin x 3ln x e x f x 1 2 cos x e x
(ii)If then x .
Example 3: Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to the curve y=x
2
at
1,1 .
dy
=2 x
Solution: dx . When x=1 ,
dy
=2
dx
Example 4: Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to the curve y sin 2 x at
,0
2 .
dy
2 cos 2 x x
Solution: dx . When 2,
dy
2.
dx
,0
Equation of tangent line at the point 2
y 0 2 x
is: 2
Or, 2x y
,0
Equation of normal line at the point 2
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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19
1
y 0 x
is: 2 2
x 2y .
Or, 2
Example 5: Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to the curve y=exp ( x) at
dy
=exp ( x)
Now, dx . When
dy
=1
x=0 , dx
Example 6: Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to the curve y ln x at
dy 1
=
Now, dx x . When x=1 ,
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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19
dy
=1
dx
Example 7:
If a free- falling object is dropped from a height of 100 feet, and air resistance is neglected,
the height h (in feet) of the object at a time t (in seconds) is given by h=−16 t 2+100 .
Find the average velocity of the object over each time interval.
a) [1,2] b) [1, 1.5] c) [1,1.1]
Solution: You can use the position h=−16 t 2+100 to determine the heights at t=1, t=1.1,
t=1.5 and t=2 as shown in the table.
t (in seconds) 0 1 1.1 1.5 2
h(in feet) 100 84 80.64 64 36
a) For the interval [1,2], the object fall from a height of
84 feet to a height of 36 feet. So, the average velocity
is
∆ h 36−84 −48
= = =−48 feet per second.
∆t 2−1 1
b) For the interval [1, 1.5], the average velocity is
∆ h 64−84 −20
= = =−40 feet per second.
∆ t 1.5−1 0.5
Exercise 2.2
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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19
Suppose that y is a function of u and that u is a function x . Now suppose that a small change
Δx in the variable x gives rise to small changes Δy and Δu in the variables y and u
respectively.
Δy Δy Δu
=
Δx Δu Δx
Assuming that, limit of the product in equal the product of the limits of its function, we get,
Δy Δy Δu dy dy du
lim = lim lim =
Δx →0 Δx Δu →0 Δu Δx→0 Δx This leads to dx du dx .
Example 8:
dy
2
y x 2
5
(i) Find dx where .
2
y x2 5 2 −2
Solution: . Let, u=x +5 , then y=u .
dy dy du 4 x
2x
3
2u 3 2 x 2 x 2 5
x 5
3
dx du dx 2
Now, .
dy
(ii) Find dx where y=sec x .
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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19
1 1
y=sec x= y=
Solution: cos x . Let, u= cos x , then u .
dy dy du sin x
u 2 ( sin x) (cos x) 2 sin x sec x tan x
Now, dx du dx cos 2 x .
Exercise 2.3
1. Differentiate the following functions with respect to argument:
1 x 5
, sin , cos , (3 t ), 4 cos 2 x, 6sin x 2 , ln 6 x 2 , csc x and exp 4t 2 1 .
x 2 3
4
4 x
2.Find the equation of tangent and normal lines to the curves at the indicated point.
8
y 2
(i) x 4 at x 2 , (ii) y 2 x 1 at x 5
x xy=4 x=2
(iii) y sin x at 6 , (iv) at
Ans: The equations of tangent lines of the above problems are given bellow:
1 3 1 2
y x , y x
(iii) 2 2 6 2 3 6 , (iv) x y 4 0, x y 0 .
1. Consider y=uv , where u and v are functions of x. Let x increases by a small amount
Δx
and this terms gives rise to small changes Δy , Δu and Δv in y ,u and v respectively.
Then,
y u u v v uv
uv v u u v
dy du dv
=u +v
Thus we get dx dx dx .This is known as product rule.
u
y= =u v−1
2. Consider v
By product rule,
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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19
dy du d du d dv 1 du u dv
v 1 u v 1 v 1 u v 1
dx dx dx dx dv dx v dx v 2 dx
du dv
v −u
dy dx dx
⇒
dx = v2 .
This result is known as the quotient rule.
Example 9:
d 3
dx
x cos x 3x 2 cos x x 3 sin x
i).
d d sin x cos x cos x+sin x sin x 1
ii). dx
tan x= ( )
= 2
dx cos x cos x
= 2 =sec 2 x
cos x .
Exercise 2.4
1. Differentiate the following functions:
x 3 ln 2 x cos 2 x
x exp(2 x), sin 2 x cos x, exp(2 x) ln( x 3 ), x 5 x ,
, 2 and .
x5 x 3x
2. Find the equation of tangent and normal lines to the curves at the indicated point.
2
y 2 x 2
1 x=2 y= 2 x=2 .
(i) at (ii) x −8 at
Ans: The equations of tangent lines and normal lines of the above problems are:
f x, y 0
The derivative of the function of the form can be obtained by differentiating each
dy
term separately and solving for dx .This technique of differentiation is known as Implicit
Differentiation.
d 2 d 2 dy
dx
y
dy
y dx
2 y y
Example 10:
d d dy
dx
sin y 2 dy
sin y 2
dx
2 y cos y 2 y x
.[Prime denotes differentiation w.r.t. ]
dy
y sin 2 xy x 0
2 4
Example 11: Given that , Find dx .
Differentiating each term with respect to x, we have
dy dy
2y
dx (
+cos(2 xy ) 2 y +2 x
dx
−4 x 3=0 )
dy 4 x 2 y cos 2 xy 2 x y cos 2 xy
3 3
dy
dx 2 y 2 x cos 2 xy y x cos 2 xy
Solving for dx we get, .
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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19
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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19
exp y x 3 y 2 3,
(d) sin y cos xy , (e)
2
(f) ln(4 y) y 3 x. .
2
dy
2. Find dx in terms of the parameter t.
(a)
x t 1, y t t 2 3 ,
4
(b)
x sin t , y exp 2t ,
(c) x t cos 3t , y sin 2t ,
2
x a 1 sin 2t , y a t cos 3t
(d) x 5sin t , y 4 cos t , and (e)
3
.
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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19
d 1 d 1
tan −1 x= cot−1 x=−
dx 1+x 2 dx 1+x 2
d −1 1 d −1 1
sec x= for (−∞,−1)∪(1,∞) csc x=− for (−∞,−1 )∪(1 ,∞)
dx 2
|x|√ x −1 dx 2
|x|√ x −1
d d d
sech x =−sech x tanh x csch x=−csch x coth x coth x=−csch 2 x
dx , dx and dx .
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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19
3
Example 18: Determine the derivative of y=x sinh 5 x with respect to x.
dy
5 x 3 cosh 5 x 3x 2 sinh 5 x.
Solution: dx
Exercise 2.7
1. Differentiate the following functions with respect to argument:
We define the second derivative of y=f ( x ) as the first derivative of dy/dx and is
2 2
d y d y d dy
2
denoted by dx . That is
y '' = 2 =
dx dx dx ( )
y f x
In general, the nth derivative of is defined by
d n y d d n−1 y
y( n )= = ( )
dx n dx dx n−1
Other notations, i.e.
y, y, y, , y ( n ) , or y1 , y2 , y3 , , yn
may be used to indicate these derivatives from time to time.
f x 5 x 4 3x3 7 x 2 9 x 2
Example 19: Find the first, second, and third derivatives of .
f x f 1 x 20 x 3 9 x 2 14 x 9
Solution:
f x f 2 x 60 x 2 18 x 14
Example 20: Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to the curve y cosh x at
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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19
dy
=sinh ( x)
Now, dx . When x=0 ,
dy
=0
dx
f x x0 :
2.12 Local Linear Approximation of at
In this section we will show how derivatives can be used to approximate nonlinear function
by linear functions. A function that is differentiable at
x 0 is sometimes said to be locally
linear at
x 0 that means a line (tangent line) approximates the graph of fin the vicinity of
x0 , f x0 x
at 0 by the equation
y f x0 f x0 x x0
.
f x f x f x0 f x0 x x0
Thus, we can approximate values of by .
f x x0 .
This is called local linear approximation of at
Example 21:
f x x x 0=1 .
(a) Find the local linear approximation of at
(b) Use the local linear approximation obtained in part (a) to approximate √ 1.1 and
compare
your approximation to the result produced directly by a calculating utility.Also find the
percentage of error.
1
f x
f x x 2 x . So the local linear approximation of √ x
Solution (a): and at
x 0 is f x f x0 f x0 x x0
1
x x0 ( x x0 )
2 x0
1
x 1 x 1 x 1
Thus, local linear approximation of x at 0 is 2 .
1 1
x 1 x 1 1.1 1 1.1 1 1.05
Solution (b): 2 2 .
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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19
1.04881 1.05
100% 0.11%
By using calculator √ 1.1≈1.04881 .Percentage of error = 1.04881
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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19
4 x 3
3
,
exp 2 x 2 3 x 5 , 3
x3 5 , sin x 5 x 3 , ln 4 x , 2t , ln ,
, , , ,
4
ln sin 2 x cos ln 3 x sin cos 2x x3 tan 3x 5 ln sin x exp x exp arctan x ,
1
, 3x x 5 4 x ,
x cos x ln3x
cos 1 5x 2 2 6
5 x 4 ln 3x , sin 3 x ,
x2 5
, x
sin 2x
,
tan x
1 x3
2 3
dy d y d y
2 3
2. Find the values of dx , dx and dx for the following functions at the indicated
point.
x 1
y sin x , x ,
(a) 4 at 2 (b) y = arctan x at 2 (c)
y exp 3 x sin 2 x
at x=0 .
3. The height s ( in feet) at time t (in seconds) of a silver dollar dropped from the top of a
mountain is given by s=15t 2−44.
(a) Find the instantaneous velocity and acceleration of the particle at time t=2 and t=3.
(b) Find the average velocity in the interval [2,3]
(c) How long will it take to hit the ground?
(d) Find the velocity and acceleration when it hit the ground.
4. At 00 Celsius, the heat loss H (in kilocal/m2h) from a persons’s body can be modeled by
H 33 10 v v 10.45 where v is the wind speed (m/s).
dH
(a) Find dv and interpret its meaning in this situation,
(b) Find the rates of change of H when v=2 and when v=5.
5. A racecar travels northward on a straight, level track at a constant speed, traveling 0.750
km in 20 secs. The return trip over the same track is made in 25 secs.
(a) What is the average velocity of the car in m/s for the first lap of the run?
(b) What is the average velocity for the total trip?
dy
in terms of x and y where (a) x 2t 1, y t 1 , and (b)
3 2
6. Find dx
x 3cos t , y 2sin t .
7. Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to the curve x 2 y x y x 2 at the
4 2
point (0,1) .
8. Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to the curve xy ( x−4 ) +2 x− y=6
at the point where the curve cuts the straight line y=0 .
9. Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to the curve x=− √3+2 cos θ ,
π
y=2−2 sinθ ( 0 ≤ θ ≤2 π ) at θ= .
6
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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19
10. A particle P moves in a straight line so that its distance, s m, from a fixed point O on the
line, is given by s=t(t−6)2, where t is the time in seconds after passing O. Find
a) the velocity of P when t=1,
b) the values of t when P is instantaneously at rest,
c) the acceleration of P when t=3.
f x 4x2
11. The following diagram shows part of the graph of the function .
y x p x q
the form , where p, q .
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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19
y x h k
2
16. The number of bacteria, n, in a dish, after t minutes is given by n=800 e 0.13t .
(a) Find the value of n when t = 0.
(b) Find the rate at which n is increasing when t=15.
(c) After k minutes, the rate of increase in n is greater than 10 000 bacteria per minute. Find
the least value of k, where k ∈ Z
17. Find the equations of tangent and normal lines to the curve y e at the point at
x
0,1 .
x
18. Find the equations of tangent and normal lines to the curve y e at the point where
x 0.
y ln x 1 2, 0 .
19. Find the equations of tangent and normal lines to the curve at
y ln x 1
20. Find the equations of tangent and normal lines to the curve at the point
where x 0 .
y sinh x
21. Find the equations of tangent and normal lines to the curve at the point
where x 0 .
22. A particle P moves in a straight line so that its displacement, s meters, from a fixed point
O is given by s=t 3−9 t 2 +24 t +2 where t is the time in seconds after the start of motion.
Calculate
(a) the initial velocity and acceleration,
(b) the values of t when P is instantaneously at rest,
(c) the distance travelled in the first 4 seconds.
23. (a) Find the local linear approximation of f ( x )=sinx at x 0=0
(b) Use local linear approximation obtained in part (a) to approximate sin 20, and compare
your approximation to the result produced directly by your calculating device.
3.a) velocity=60m s−1 and 90 m s−1 , acceleration 30 m s−2 , b)75, c)1.71, d)25.69, 15.
165
4.a) −33 , b)83.67, 40.790, 5.a) 37.5m/s, b)33.3m/s.
√v
7. Tangent line: x 2 y 2 0, normal line: 2 x y 1 0.
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Differential Calculus and Coordinate Geometry Fall 2018-19
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