Historically, participant observation was first developed by anthropologists and
ethnographers, and was considered as a means to learn about distinctive culture.
Contemporary participant observation as it is practiced by most social sciences, can be
applied in modern as well as in non-modern societies; its major aim as well as its major
advantage is the possibility to study a distinctive (sub)culture and explain its meanings as
they are understood and interpreted by its members. Paradoxically, it is considered that
studying unfamiliar cultures is usually more effective than researchers’ own culture, because
in the latter case the researcher can not approach his/her own culture as a complete
stranger.
Participant observation is always a long-time commitment and usually takes years to
collect the data. It starts with entering the field, establishing contact with the actors, finding
informants. Characteristics of good informants are also discussed during the lecture.
During the fieldwork, the researcher defines the exact focus of observations, starting
with descriptive stage of observation and eventually arriving to selective observation.
Fieldnotes are discussed in detail, as a way to document how the fieldwork proceeds.
As an example of possible analytic strategy used by participant observers, W.F.White’s
classical analysis of group structure in the Street Corner Society will be presented, to be
further discussed during next week’s class.
There is only one homework assignments for this week:
The students are required to go to a public library in pairs, take different seats and
observe what’s going on in the library for 3 hours. They are required to take notes during the
observation, but not to share any observations with each other. Immediately after the
observation, they have to write (again, separately) fieldnotes based on what they’ve
observed, and submit them.
Required readings for this week are:
James P. Spradley. 1997. Participant Observation. New York: Holt, Rhinehart and
Winston. Pp. 53-62; 73-84; 100-111; 122-129.
William Foote White. 1993. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian
Slum. Forth edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Pp. 3-51; 94-110; 279-373.
Recommended readings:
H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and
Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. AltaMira Press. Pp. 323-364 (“Participant
Observation”).
Week 5.
Participant Observation (continued)
Lecture, 1 hour; discussion, 3 hours
During our fifth week, we continue to learn participant observation, in particular – how to
write fieldnotes during the fieldwork, and how to transform them into the research report.
Relatively little new material will be delivered during this week; instead, we will focus of
detailed discussion of (a) fieldnotes submitted by the students as a result of observations
they made, and (b) readings from White’s Street Corner Society.
By next week, the students have to make final decisions regarding their course projects,
so these discussions will be particularly helpful at this stage.
108
Tema 1.
Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi:
Sesavali da saerTo mimoxilva
socialuri mecnierebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mWidro kavSiri Teoriasa da
empiriul kvlevebs Soris. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ama Tu im aspeqtis
Seswavlis mizniT, mecnierebi regularulad atareben empiriul kvlevebs, raTa
Seamowmon esa Tu is Teoriuli mosazreba; am kvlevebis Sedegebi xSirad iwvevs
arsebuli Teoriebis gadasinjvas da daxvewas, zogjer ki — Zveli Teoriis
uaryofas da axali Teoriis warmoSobas. magaliTad, socialuri mkvlevrebi jer
kidev XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze Seiswavlidnen siRaribes da mis gamomwvev
mizezebs; am kvlevebis Sedegad Seiqmna siRaribis klasikuri Teoriebi. magram XX
saukunis 60-ian wlebSi aSS-Si siRaribis specifikuri formebis empiriuli
Seswavlis Sedegad moxda am Teoriebis gadasinjva da Seiqmna “qveklasis” Teoria.1
siRaribis es forma klasikuri Teoriebis yuradRebis miRma iyo darCenili.
empiriuli socialuri kvlevebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs ara mxolod
Teoriuli codnis gamdidrebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed praqtikul donezec,
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis
gaRrmavebasa da saxelmwifo marTvis optimizaciaSi. aseT SemTxvevebSi saubaria
e.w. gamoyenebiTi kvlevebis Sesaxeb, romlebic Seiswavlis sazogadoebrivi cxov-
rebis iseT aspeqtebs rogorebicaa, magaliTad, araformaluri urTierTobebi
formalur organizaciebSi; korufciis gavrcelebis xelisSemwyobi faqtorebi;
siRaribis mizezebi; da sxva. gamoyenebiTi socialuri kvlevebis Sedegebi SeiZ-
leba gaxdes gadawyvetilebebis miRebis safuZveli saxelmwifo marTvis an
arasamTavrobo TviTmmarTvelobis doneze.
aranaklebi roli eniWeba empiriul kvlevebs samomxmareblo bazris Seswav-
laSi — e.w. marketinguli (sabazro) kvlevebis meSveobiT mimdinareobs momxmare-
belTa motivaciis, ama Tu im produqtis SeZenis survilis, reklamis efeqturobis
detaluri Seswavla. swored sabazro kvlevebis damsaxurebaa, rom wamyvani kom-
paniebis mier warmoebuli produqcia maqsimalurad iTvaliswinebs momxma-
rebelTa moTxovnebs da survilebs, xolo reklama sul ufro efeqturi xdeba.
socialuri sinamdvilis sul ufro da ufro meti mxare Seiswavleba
empiriuli kvlevebis meSveobiT, xolo Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi xSirad
mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens sazogadoebaze. amitom Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom
es kvlevebi kompetenturad iyos Catarebuli da miRebuli iqnes sando Sedegebi.
socialuri kvlevis meTodika2 Seiswavlis empiriuli socialuri kvlevis
ganxorcielebis konkretul gzebs, ganixilavs informaciis Segrovebis mecni-
eruli saSualebebis, anu meTodebis erTobliobas da im eTikur principebs,
romelTa dacviTac unda Catardes socialuri kvleva. empiriuli socialuri
kvlevis meTodika, rogorc sistematuri codnis dargi, socialur TeoriasTan
SedarebiT gvian Camoyalibda da Tumca ufro praqtikul xasiaTs atarebs, xSirad
gamoiyeneba Teoriuli problemebis Semowmebis, hipoTezebis damtkicebis an
uaryofis mizniT.
socialuri kvlevis meTodebi or did jgufad iyofa: raodenobriv da Tvi-
sebriv meTodebad. Tumca am ori jgufis meTodebs Soris aris mniSvnelovani
gansxvavebebi, maT erTi uaRresad mniSvnelovani garemoeba aerTianebs: maTi
mTavari da, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTaderTi mizania Cveni codnis gamdidreba
socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb.
kvlevis raodenobrivi meTodebi (rogorebicaa masobrivi gamokiTxva,
kontent-analizi) iSveliebs raodenobriv maCveneblebs — qulebs, procentebs —
1
ix. Michael B. Katz, ed. 1993. The “Underclass” Debate: Views from History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press; TinaTin zurabiSvili. 2002. “‘qveklasis’ Teoria da misi gamoyenebis
SesaZlebloba saqarTveloSi.” epoqa 2: 76-84.
2
sityvebi “meTodi”, “meTodika” warmoiSva berZnuli sityvisgan methodos, rac SeiZleba
iTargmnos rogorc “Seswavlis gzebi”.
5
da miznad isaxavs daadginos ama Tu im socialuri fenomenis gamovlenis sixSire.
meTodebis es jgufi uaRresad formalizebulia, ris gamoc isini “mkacri”
meTodebis saxeliTaa cnobili.
raodenobrivi meTodebis mecnierulobas da am meTodebis meSveobiT
miRebuli Sedegebis sandoobas statistikuri kanonzomierebebi uzrunvelyofs.
raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegebis erT-erT umTavres Rirsebas am Sedegebis
reprezentatuloba warmoadgens, rac gulisxmobs, rom kvlevis procesSi
gamokiTxuli adamianebi (respondentebi) proporciulad warmoadgenen mTel
mosaxleobas, an mosaxleobis im nawils, romlis Seswavlac dagegmilia kvlevis
procesSi (anu generalur erTobliobas, romelic ganisazRvreba yoveli kon-
kretuli kvlevis amocanebidan gamomdinare). respondentebis reprezentatuli
SerCeva mecnierulad amarTlebs gamokiTxvis Sedegebis gavrcobas generalur
erTobliobaze, ris Sedegadac saSualeba gveZleva, respondentTa mier gamoT-
qmuli azri generaluri erTobliobis warmomadgenlebis azrad CavTvaloT.
raodenobriv meTodebs Soris msoflio praqtikaSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia
masobrivi gamokiTxva — xalxis azris Seswavla ama Tu im problemasTan
dakavSirebiT. am meTods safuZvlad udevs ori daSveba: (1) rom mosaxleobis mier
socialuri movlenebis Sefasebebis gavrceleba garkveul statistikur kanonebs
emorCileba, da (2) rom msgavsi socialuri mdgomareobis mqone pirovnebebi,
rogorc wesi, analogiurad afaseben movlenebs. masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros
yoveli respondenti ganixileba ara rogorc unikaluri pirovneba mdidari da
ganumeorebeli Sida samyaroTi, aramed rogorc ama Tu im socialuri erTobis
(jgufis) nawili, romelic warmoadgens misi msgavsi pirovnebebis azrs da gvawv-
dis informacias CvenTvis saintereso socialuri fenomenis an misi Sefasebis
Sesaxeb. aseTi midgomidan gamomdinare iTvleba, rom analogiuri socialuri
mdgomareobis mqone individebi kvlevis procesSi “urTierTSemcvlelni” arian. 3
Tumca raodenobrivi meTodebis farglebSi intensiurad Seiswavleba respon-
dentebis mier dafiqsirebuli mosazrebebi da/an Sefasebebi mniSnvelovan socia-
lur problemebTan dakavSirebiT, es meTodebi, rogorc wesi, ver dagvexmareba
respondenTa mier gamoTqmuli azrebis motivaciis SeswavlaSi; respondentebs ar
eZlevaT saSualeba, axsnan, Tu ratom fiqroben ase, da ara sxvagvarad.
socialuri kvlevis meTodebis meore jgufi, Tvisebrivi meTodebi siRr-
miseulad Seiswavlis socialur cxovrebas; xSir SemTxvevaSi es Seswavla xdeba
ara mkvlevris ofisSi an sxva xelovnurad Seqmnil garemoSi, aramed “bunebriv”
pirobebSi, iq, sadac realurad viTardeba urTierToba adamianebs Soris — iqneba
es saklaso oTaxi, soflis maRazia, gazeTis redaqcia Tu sxva.
Tvisebrivi meTodebi interdisciplinarulia da farTod gamoiyeneba TiTqmis
yvela socialur mecnierebaSi: sociologiaSi, eTnografiaSi, anTropologiaSi,
fsiqologiaSi, fsiqiatriaSi, biografiul mecnierebaSi, istoriaSi, da sxv.
zogadad, Tvisebrivi meTodebi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc meTodebi,
romelTa meSveobiT mopovebuli monacemebic sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ver
daeqvemdebareba raodenobriv analizs (es mizezebi SeiZleba iyos dakvirvebaTa
mcire ricxvi; iSviaTi an sulac unikaluri movlenebis Seswavla; arafor-
malizebuli midgoma calkeuli SemTxvevebis Seswavlisadmi, da sxva). am meTodebs
aklia maTematikuri sizuste; maTi meSveobiT Cven ver miviRebT informacias imis
Sesaxeb, Tu procentulad rogoraa gavrcelebuli sazogadoebaSi esa Tu is azri.
samagierod, Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebis Sedegad mkvlevrebs eZlevaT
saSualeba, SeniSnon, daafiqsiron da axsnan adamianebis qcevis iseTi niuansebi,
romlebic SeiZleba SeumCneveli darCes raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyenebisas.4
Tvisebrivi meTodebis meSveobiT Cven ufro Rrma codnas viRebT im xalxis
Sesaxeb, vis cxovrebas an vis mosazrebebsac SeviswavliT; Cven ara mxolod
3
Tumca es ar aris aucilebeli piroba am saleqcio kursis SemswavlelTaTvis,
sasurvelia, rom studentebs hqondeT Tudnac sawyisi warmodgena socialuri kvlevis
raodenobrivi meTodebis Sesaxeb. es meTodebi ganxilulia saleqcio kursSi: Tamar
zurabiSvili, TinaTin zurabiSvili. 2004. socilogiuri kvlevis meTodika.
raodenobrivi meTodebi. Tbilisi: “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti”.
4 popular qualitative research methods.
ix. Earl Babbie. 2002. The Basics of Social Research. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson Learning. P. 281.
6 107
moderator.
Next section is devoted to the 10 most frequently used projective techniques that
facilitate focus group discussions. These techniques are: verbal associations, finishing
sentences, personification, stereotypes, collages, brand mapping, etc.
Last section discusses the possibilities of analysis of the data obtained through focus
group discussions. Analysis of focus group results is quite similar to the analysis of in-depth
interview data, although there are several specific considerations, first of all – the level of
analysis should be determined; although both individual and group level can be justified, our
advise is to base analysis on the interplay of the two levels of analysis (Morgan 1997: 60).
Two examples are offered in the end of this lecture, one of which is a possible
discussion guide, and the other – a descriptive report of a research project based exclusively
on focus groups. In addition, Appendix 1 offers a transcript of a focus group conducted with
students of one of Georgian universities, where the causes of corruption in Georgian higher
education are discussed.
Homework assignments for this week are:
1. To find out which projective techniques are used in the Discussion Guide presented
in the Example 2.
2. To write a Project Proposal on a given topic (“Causes of Corruption in the Georgian
Higher Educational Institutions”); the project should be conducted using focus groups.
3. To prepare a discussion guide which could be used to conduct a series of focus-
group discussions, where the students are required to use projective techniques they find
suitable for the topic they choose.
Our discussion classes will be based on the analysis of the students’ homework
assignments; besides, we’ll watch a tape of a focus-group discussion and evaluate how it
was conducted. If possible, I’ll try to arrange a visit to a research center where the students
will have an opportunity to see a room designed for focus group discussions, with all
necessary equipment.
Required readings for this week are:
David L. Morgan. 1997. Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. Second Edition.
Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Pp. 31-65.
Richard A. Krueger. 2000. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Third
edition. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Pp. 39-68; 97-124.
maia araviaSvili, Tamar zurabiSvili. 2001. “narkomania: problemis Sefaseba
axalgazrdebis mier.” // sociologia saqarTveloSi: Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da
perspeqtivebi. Telavi: “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti”.
Recommended readings:
С. Белановский. 2001. Метод фокус-групп. М.: Никколо М.
Week 4.
Participant Observation
Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour
As we move towards non-verbal techniques of data collection, observation is obviously
the first method to be introduced. In contrast with the interview techniques discussed during
the previous weeks, observation takes place in the natural environment, which presents
additional challenges to the researcher. Although a distinction will be made between non-
participant and participant observation, we will focus on the latter, which is one of the most
interviews. An example of a discussion guide is presented in the appendix, which can help
students to work on their own guide;
2) to conduct 3 in-depth interviews based on this guide, and to discuss the process of
conducting these, specifically focusing on the difficulties they encounter;
3) the students are also required to transcribe one of these interviews – the one they
think was the most successful.
The most important and/or typical experiences reported by the students will be
discussed during next meeting.
Required readings for this week are:
Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative
Interview Studies. New York: Free Press. Pp. 121-150 (“Issues in Interviewing”).
H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and
Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Pp. 206-220
(“Unstructured Interviewing”).
gabriele kapai. 2000. “biografiul-naratiuli interviu: Teoriuli
winamZRvrebi da gamoyenebis xerxebi.” (Targmani wignidan: Gabriele Cappai. 2000. Fra
realtà locale e processi globali. Emigrazione, associanismo ed identità nelle società
multikulturali. Halle/Saale: Hallescher Verlag).
Recommended readings:
Robert S. Weiss. 1994. Learning from Strangers. The Art and Method of Qualitative
Interview Studies. New York: Free Press. Pp. 61-120 (“Interviewing”).
H. Russel Bernard. 2002. Research Methods in Anthropology. Qualitative and
Quantitative Approaches. Third edition. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Pp. 449-488
(“Some Traditions of Text Analysis”).
Gail Kligman. 1998. The Politics of Duplicity. Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu’s
Romania. Berkley: University of California Press. Pp. 148-205 (“Bitter Memories: The Politics
of Reproduction in Everyday Life”).
С. Белановский. 2000. Глубокое интервью. М.: Никколо М., 2000.
Week 3.
Focus Groups
Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 2 hours
We discuss focus group as a “group in-depth interview,” which, however, has several
specific features, which are determined, first of all, by the fact that up to a dozen of
respondents participate in a single focus group discussion. The greatest advantage of focus
groups as a qualitative research method is that it gives the researchers the possibility to
observe the process of forming group judgments and/or decisions.
A short review of the historical development of the focus groups in the social
sciences focuses on Robert K. Merton’s and his colleagues’ work in this field. Major areas of
use of focus groups in contemporary research practice are reviewed, namely, marketing
research, social and political research; these are the areas where focus groups proved to be
most effective, while there are some areas where it is not usually recommended to use focus
groups – e.g., personal relationships; income.
In the section devoted to the main features of this method, we discuss distinctiveness
of focus groups, technical aspects of their preparation, selection of participants, and advises
regarding how to conduct them, specifically focusing on the role and functions of the
106
vafiqsirebT maT mier gamoTqmul azrebs azrebs, aramed, agreTve saSualebas
vaZlevT, axsnan Tavisi pozicia, Tqvan, Tu ratom fiqroben ise, rogorc fiqroben;
ra faqtorebma iqonia gavlena maT cxovrebaze da rogor afaseben yoveli am
faqtoris rols Tavis cxovrebaSi. kvlevis mxolod es meTodebi gvaZlevs
saSualebas, SeviswavloT ama Tu im movlenis mizezebi; vupasuxoT ara kiTxvebs
“ra?”, “ramdeni?” (am or kiTxvas raodenobrivi meTodebis meSveobiT vupasuxebT),
aramed kiTxvebs “ratom?”, “rogor?”
Tvisebrivi meTodebis erT-erTi umTavresi Rirseba isaa, rom es meTodebi
saSualebas gvaZlevs, davinaxoT da aRvweroT samyaro kvlevis obieqtebis Tva-
liT. vinaidan Tvisebrivi meTodebiT muSaobisas mkvlevris mizania individua-
luri saqcielis gageba, es meTodebi xSirad “interpretaciuli sociologiis”
farglebSi ganixileba. magram Tvisebriv meTodebTan dakavSirebiT erTi serio-
zuli sirTule arsebobs: gamokvlevis Sedegebis damuSavebisas problemuri xdeba
individualuri donidan saerTo kanonzomierebebze gadasvla, ris gamoc
socialur mecnierTa nawils eWvi Seaqvs am meTodebis mecnierulobaSi (am sityvis
pozitivisturi gagebiT) anu imaSi, rom maTi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia sando
monacemebis miReba socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb. Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamo-
yenebisas Cven, rogorc wesi, gagviWirdeba imis mecnierulad damtkiceba, rom
srulad SeviswavleT esa Tu is fenomeni, da rom Cvens mier miRebuli Sedegebi
obieqturi da sandoa, miT umetes — rom Catarebuli kvleva pasuxobs repre-
zentatulobis moTxovnebs. Tvisebrivi Sedegebi arasodes ar aris reprezen-
tatuli, rac imas niSnavs, rom Tvisebrivi meTodebiT warmarTuli kvlevis Se-
degebi ar SeiZleba ganvazogadoT da movaxdinoT maTi eqstrapolacia generalur
erTobliobaze. magram mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom es arc aris Tvisebrivi
kvlevis mizani — Tvisebrivi meTodebi Seiswavlis imas, Tu rogor xsnis adamiani
socialur samyaros da Tavis adgils masSi.
Tvisebrivi meTodebi intensiurad iyenebs informaciis Segrovebis iseT sa-
Sualebebs, rogorebicaa araformaluri interviu da dakvirveba, amitom pirveli
SexedviT Tvisebrivi mkvlevris muSaoba Zalian hgavs Cveulebrivi adamianis
yoveldRiur saqmianobas. Tumca, am saleqcio kursis farglebSi Cven davrwmun-
debiT, rom es msgavseba zedapiruli da moCvenebiTia.5
Tvisebrivi meTodebi mraval kvleviT teqnikas aerTianebs. esenia, magaliTad:
• siRrmiseuli interviu;
• “cxovrebis istoria”;
• biografiuli interviu;
• zepiri istoria;
• werilebis, piradi dRiurebis da sxva werilobiTi dokumentebis Tviseb-
rivi Seswavla;
• fokus-jgufi da jgufuri interviu;
• dakvirveba;
• monografiuli gamokvleva (“SemTxvevis Seswavla”).
xSirad Tvisebriv meTodebze damyarebuli kvleva moiTxovs erTdroulad
ramdenime kvleviTi teqnikis gamoyenebas, rac mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs,
sxvadasxva kuTxiT Seiswavlos misTvis saintereso fenomeni. Tvisebrivi meTo-
debis kompleqsuri gamoyeneba yvelaze xSirad monografiuli gamokvlevis
(“SemTxvevis Seswavlis”) farglebSi xdeba.
5
Tumca es ar aris aucilebeli piroba am saleqcio kursis SemswavlelTaTvis, sasurve-
lia, rom studentebs hqondeT Tudnac sawyisi warmodgena socialuri kvlevis raode-
nobrivi meTodebis Sesaxeb. es meTodebi ganxilulia saleqcio kursSi: Tamar zurabi-
Svili, TinaTin zurabiSvili. 2004. socilogiuri kvlevis meTodika. raodenobrivi
meTodebi. Tbilisi: “samoqalaqo ganaTlebis proeqti”.
7
 mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed ingli-
surenovan qveynebSic, sadac warmoiSva socialuri kvlevis Tvisebrivi meTodebi,
dRemde ar aris Camoyalibebuli Tvisebriv meTodebTan dakavSirebuli uni-
ficirebuli terminologia. Zalze xSirad terminebs “Tvisebrivi meTodebi”,
“eTnografia”, “CarTuli dakvirveba”, “SemTxvevis Seswavla” xmaroben rogorc
sinonimebs, Tumca zog naSromSi isini ganixileba, rogorc gansxvavebuli me-
Todebi. yvelaze ufro xSirad, Tvisebrivi meTodebi gaigivebulia eTnogra-
fiasTan,6 Tumca, Cveni azriT, eTnografia ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre nebismieri
Tvisebrivi meTodi; rogorc j.spradli aRniSnavs, eTnografia niSnavs
[gansxvavebuli] kulturis aRweras, da misi ZiriTadi mizania cxovrebis gan-
sxvavebuli wesebis gageba ise, rogorc es wesebi Tavad am kulturis
warmomadgenlebs esmiT7; amgvari eTnografiuli Seswavla ki SeiZleba ramdenime
Tvisebrivi meTodis gamoyenebiT moxdes.8
Tvisebrivi meTodebi naklebadaa formalizebuli, amitom maT “rbil”, “moq-
nil” meTodebsac uwodeben. iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, rodesac arsebobs konkretuli
instruqciebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor unda moiqces mkvlevari ama Tu im
situaciaSi — rogorc wesi, mas uwevs gadawyvetilebis miReba Seqmnili viTa-
rebidan gamomdinare, is TiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswinebs kvlevis obieqtebis
individualur Tvisebebs. “gadawyvetilebis miRebisas Tqven unda ixel-
mZRvaneloT meTodologiuri da eTikuri mosazrebebiT. vinaidan isini xSirad
upirispirdeba erTmaneTs, gadawyvetilebis miReba Zalze rTuli iqneba”, —
afrTxilebs momaval mkvlevrebs e. babi9.
ramdenadac Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi Zalze mcirea im
aucilebel moTxovnaTa sia, romelTac kvleva unda akmayofilebdes, aseTi
kvlevis warmateba didadaa damokidebuli iseT subieqtur faqtorze, rogoricaa
mkvlevris gamocdileba da ostatoba. Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyeneba indi-
vidualuria, isini did Tavisuflebas aniWeben mkvlevars, romelic, rogorc wesi,
gamodis ara mxolod gamokvlevis ideis avtoris, misi Teoriuli nawilisa da
problematikis SemmuSaveblis, aramed aseve empiriuli informaciis Semgroveb-
lis, interviueris da/an damkvirveblis rolSic.
is garemoeba, rom Tvisebrivi mkvlevari ar unda emorCilebodes mkacr
instruqciebs, ar niSnavs, rom Tvisebrivi kvlevis Catareba iolia — piriqiT, es
Zalian rTuli da Sromatevadi saqmea, romelic araCveulebriv koncentrirebas
da Sromisunarianobas moiTxovs, iseve rogorc mTel rig specialur unar-
Cvevebs, romelTa umravlesobac mxolod kvlevis Catarebis procesSi SeiZleba
iqnes Camoyalibebuli. xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tvisebrivi mkvlevris individualuri
pasuxismgebloba kvlevis msvlelobazec da miRebul Sedegebzec ufro didia,
vidre raodenobrivi mkvlevrisa.
Tvisebrivi mkvlevris profesionalizmi unda gamoixatebodes, agreTve im
garemoebis gacnobierebaSi, rom gamokvlevis procesSi mkvlevari Zalauneburad
axdens gavlenas Sesaswavl socialur jgufebze da urTierTobebze; Tumca
garkveulwilad SesaZleblia am gavlenis minimizacia, misi srulad gamoricxva
SeuZlebelia.
Tvisebrivi kvlevis procesSi mkvlevari, rogorc wesi, axlo da xangrZliv
urTierTobebs amyarebs im xalxTan, vis cxovrebasac Seiswavlis, sargeblobs maTi
ndobiT. Tvisebrivi meTodebis umravlesobis warmatebiT gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia
respondentebis aqtiuri daxmarebis gareSe, romlebic savele muSaobis dros
6
ix., magaliTad: James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston;
Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I. Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw. 1995. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press; Michael Burawoy et al. 1991. Ethnography Unbound: Power and Resistance in
the Modern Metropolis. Berkeley: University of California Press.
7
Spradley, James P. 1979. The Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. P. 3.
8
am saleqcio kursis farglebSi yoveli meTodis ganxilvisas moyvanili iqneba
qarTulenovan literaturaSi gamoyenebuli yvela Sesabamisi termini da moSveliebuli
iqneba misi inglisurenovani Sesatyvis(eb)i.
9
Earl Babbie. Op. cit. P. 285.
8 105
John Lofland and Lyn Lofland. 1995. Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative
Observation and Analysis. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth. Pp. 101-122 (“Thinking Topics”).
iago kaWkaWiSvili. 1998. “konkretuli sociologiuri kvlevis meTodologia.”
// sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi. Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1998. gv. 22-44.
Recommended readings:
Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of Social Research. 10th Edition. Belmont, Calif.:
Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 282-268 (“Qualitative Filed Research”).
Howard S. Becker. 2001. “The Epistemology of Qualitative Research.” Pp. 317-330 in:
Robert M. Emerson, ed. Contemporary Field Research. Perspectives and Formulations.
Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press.
W. Lawrence Newman. 2003. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative
Approaches. Fifth edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Pp. 363-381 (“Field Research”).
В. Ядов. 1995. Социологическое исследование: методология, программа, методы.
Изд-во «Самарский университет». С. 42-80 («Методология»).
After the first lecture, students are required to prepare two assignments to be submitted
two days prior the next class:
a) Think of and bring a list of 5 issues which are suitable for qualitative research; and
b) Come up with a research design of their own, where both theoretical and practical
aspects of the proposed research will be considered; research proposals submitted by the
students will be discussed during the next seminar.
Week 2.
In-Depth Interview
Lecture, 2 hours; discussion, 2 hours
The first method that is covered in detail in terms of this course is in-depth interview.
While introducing this method, we first distinguish between structured, semi-structured and
non-structured interviews. In-depth interview is an example of semi-structured interviews
which are conducted based on a discussion guide as a major research instrument, which,
however, is not directive, and allows both researcher/interviewer and respondent to develop
new issues not mentioned in the guide, provided that they are of interest to the study.
After Robert S. Weiss, we consider in-depth interviewing as a process of collaboration
between researcher and respondent. Use of open-ended questions stimulates
development of the respondent’s narrative, which can be directed by the questions of the
interviewer. We also discuss several probing techniques (silence, echo, baiting) that can
help us get more information, often – without interviewer’s injection in respondent’s narrative.
We also discuss technical aspects of conducting in-depth interviews, such as selection
and preparation of the setting; recording equipment; selection of respondents.
In addition to general discussion about in-depth interview as qualitative research method
in the social sciences, we consider two variations of in-depth interviewing, namely, life
histories and biographic narrative interviews (Gail Kligman’s and Gabriele Cappai’s works
are used to get better understanding of these types of in-depth interview).
The lection finishes with the discussion of possibilities of analyzing in-depth interviews.
In the end, we offer an example of how a Discussion Guide of an in-depth interview can
look like, with a short review which emphasizes its major features.
Homework assignments for this week are:
1) to prepare a discussion guide which could be used to conduct a series of in-depth
 Tinatin Zurabishvili
QUALITATIVE METHODS IN SOCIAL RESEARCH
Course outline
As stated in the course syllabus, the main objectives of this 8-week course are two-fold:
as a result of attending this course, the students will: (a) get familiar with the theory and
history of qualitative research methods in social sciences; and (b) learn how to conduct
various types of qualitative research which are most frequently used in the contemporary
social research practice.
Main topics covered in the course are outlined below.
Week 1.
Qualitative Methods in Social Research: Introduction and Historical Overview.
Lecture, 3 hours; discussion, 1 hour
The first lecture offers introduction to qualitative research methods in social sciences.
We start with discussion of the nature and distinctive features of qualitative research
methods, which are compared with quantitative methods, such as surveys. We stress that,
unlike quantitative research method results, qualitative data are not representative, which,
however, does not mean that they are less scientific; they provide deeper understanding of
the social world than the quantitative methods do, although they can not be generalized and
claimed that their results are representative for the population under study.
Qualitative research methods offer more flexibility to the researcher while doing field
work. On the other hand, this leads to higher responsibility of the researcher, and poses
specific ethnical issues, which will be covered more in detail later on.
Major issues in the discussion of the nature of qualitative and quantitative research
methods are connected with the idea that qualitative and quantitative methods of social
research are of different, but not of opposite nature; they should be used appropriately in
order to achieve reliable results. The model of “qualitative – quantitative interactive
continuum” developed by Isadore Newman and Carolyn R. Benz (1998) is introduced, which
stresses the idea that the two groups of methods can mutually enrich the research.
First lecture also offers a historical analysis of development of qualitative research
methods, and a discussion of theoretical paradigms that lay behind qualitative and
quantitative research methods
At the end of the lecture, we discuss research design and the ways to develop it.
Detailed analyses of components of research design are presented, in order to make the
students familiar with the ways of thinking about new research projects and getting prepared
to start one.
At the end of the class, we will have discussion and/or Q&A session.
Required readings for this week are:
Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of Social Research. 10th Edition. Belmont, Calif.:
Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 288-298 (“Some Qualitative Filed Research Paradigms”).
Michael Burawoy. 1991 “The Extended Case Method.” Pp. 271-287 in: Michael Burawoy et al.
1991. Ethnography Unbound. Power and Resistance in the Modern Metropolis. Berkley: University of
California Press.
Isadore Newman and Carolyn R. Benz. 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research
Methodology. Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University
Press. Pp. 1-12 (“Qualitative-Quantitative Research: A False Dichotomy”).
104
mkvlevris “informantebis” rols kisruloben da exmarebian mas “SeaRwios”
Sesaswavl jgufSi. Sesabamisad, raodenobriv meTodebTan SedarebiT, Tvisebrivi
meTodebis gamoyenebisas ufro mwvaved dgeba kvlevasTan dakavSirebuli eTikuri
normebis dacvis sakiTxi, kerZod: gvaqvs Tu ra moraluri ufleba, Cveni kvleviTi
miznebis misaRwevad gamoviyenoT adamianis Cvendami ndoba da gulaxdiloba,
saaSkaraoze gamovitanoT misi piradi cxovreba? Tvisebriv mkvlevars gansa-
kuTrebuli eTikuri pasuxismgebloba akisria; mniSvnelovania, rom masa da
kvlevis obieqtebs Soris arsebuli ndoba kvlevis damTavrebis da Sedegebis
gamoqveynebis Semdegac iqnes SenarCunebuli.
rogorc wesi, Tvisebriv meTodebze damyarebuli gamokvlevis savele etapi,
iseve rogorc monacemTa damuSaveba, ufro met dros moiTxovs, vidre
raodenobrivi kvlevis SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan Tvisebrivi mkvlevrebi sruliad
gansxvavebul kvleviT instrumentebze dayrdnobiT muSaoben. Tumca arsebobs
kompiuteruli programebi, romlebic specialurad Tvisebrivi meTodebiT
miRebuli Sedegebis damuSavebisTvisaa Seqmnili, Tvisebrivi Sedegebis analizis
sakvanZo etapebi dRemde kompiuteris gareSe xorcieldeba. rogorc wesi,
Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegad yvelaze xSirad viRebT sakvlevi obieqtis Sida
struqturis analizs da/an kvlevis sakiTxis adekvatur tipologias.
Teoriuli winamZRvrebi
Tu raodenobrivi meTodebis ganviTareba socialuri kvlevis praqtikaSi
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis miRwevebs ukavSirdeba, Tvisebrivi meTodebi
humanitarul sferosa da xelovnebasTanaa kavSirSi; maT damkvidrebaSi
garkveuli roli iTamaSa, agreTve samedicino praqtikam, romelic yvela
pacientisadmi individualur midgomas da calkeuli samedicino SemTxvevebis,
daavadebebis Rrma da safuZvlian Seswavlas moiTxovs. Tvisebrivi meTodebi
calkeuli pirovnebis an pirovnebaTa patara jgufis gamocdilebis, grZnobebis,
Sefasebebis irgvlivaa koncentrirebuli, amitom am midgomas xSirad “subieqturi
sociologiis”, an mikrosociologiis farglebSi ganixilaven. Tu raodenobrivi
meTodebis farglebSi respondenti ganixileba, rogorc ama Tu im socialuri
jgufis warmomadgeneli, Tvisebriv kvlevaSi yoveli respondenti sainteresoa
rogorc pirovneba. adamianebisadmi gamovlenili Rrma interesis gamo mkvlevrebi
Tvisebrivi meTodebis rolis gazrdas XX saukunis meore naxevarSi sociologiis
da, ufro farTod, socialuri mecnierebebis humanizaciis periods ukavSireben.
Tvisebriv da raodenobriv meTodebs sxvadaxva “filosofia” udevs safuZ-
vlad. Tu raodenobrivi meTodebi pozitivistur ideebs emyareba da gulisxmobs,
rom xalxi srulad acnobierebs Tavis grZnobebs, saqciels da Sexedulebebs,
Tvisebrivi meTodologia simboluri interaqcionizmis principebs iziarebs.
simboluri interaqcionizmis mizania SevecadoT gavigoT adamianis saqcieli ise,
rogorc es Tavad moqmed pirs, anu aqtors esmis. am Teoriis fuZemdeblis,
herbert blumeris Tanaxmad, simboluri interaqcionizmis oTxi ZiriTadi
principi SemdegSi mdgomareobs:10
1) adamianebis qceva ganpirobebulia im mniSvnelobiT, romelsac adamianebi
ukavSireben sagnebs, romelic maTi samyaros nawilia; e.i. adamianebi moqmedeben
ara sagnebis, aramed im mniSvnelobis mimarT, romelsac isini am sagnebSi xedaven;
2) sagnebis mniSvneloba yalibdeba socialuri interaqciis procesSi, Sesa-
bamisad, kultura adamianebs Soris sagnebis damkvidrebuli mniSvnelobebis
urTierTgaziarebaa;
3) rogorc individualuri, aseve koleqtiuri socialuri moqmedeba damoki-
debulia aqtorebis mier socialuri situaciis interpretaciis form(eb)ze;
4) sagnebis mniSvneloba icvleba aqtorebis mier samyaros interpretaciis
procesSi.
es sami principi Tvisebrivi kvlevis principebadac SegviZlia miviCnioT. ro-
gorc ukve aRvniSneT, Tvisebrivi meTodebis mizania, gamovlenili da aRwerili
10
Herbert Blumer. 1998 [1969]. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.:
Prentice-Hall. P. 50.
9
iqnes is mniSvneloba, romelsac moqmedi pirebi Tavad ukavSireben ama Tu im
moqmedebas, da ara — daadginon ama Tu im azris gavrcelebis sixSire.
istoriuli mimoxilva
Tvisebrivi meTodebis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili Seitanes
evropelma anTropologebma, romlebmac ganaviTares “CarTuli dakvirvebis”
meTodi afrikisa da aziis primitiuli sazogadoebebis Seswavlis mizniT. Cikagos
sociologiuri skolis pirveli yvelaze cnobili gamokvleva, uiliam Tomasisa da
florian znaneckis “poloneli glexi evropasa da amerikaSi” (1918 w.) srulad
emyareba Tvisebriv meTodebs, kerZod, amerikaSi gadasaxlebuli poloneli
glexebis mier gamogzavnili werilebis, maTi Canawerebis (piradi dRiurebi da
sxv.) da e.w. “cxovrebis istoriebis” Seswavlas. raodenobrivi meTodebi da,
upirveles yovlisa, masobrivi gamokiTxvis meTodi mxolod XX saukunis 30-ani
wlebis dasawyisidan damkvidrda aSS-Si adgilobrivi gazeTebisa da politikuri
partiebis iniciativiT da materialuri mxardaWeriT.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi aSS-s socialur mecnierebebSi da, kerZod, sociolo-
giaSi ganviTarda “meTodebis konfliqti”, romelic raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi
meTodebis momxre mecnierTa dapirispirebaSi gamoixata. am dapirispirebaSi
sufTa meToduri kamaTis garda igrZnoboda, agreTve im droisaTvis wamyvani
amerikuli universitetebis ori meToduri skolis, kolumbiis da Cikagos
skolebis dapirispireba. Tu Cikagos skolis waromadgenlebi did yuradRebas
uTmobdnen Tvisebriv meTodebs da mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes maT ganviTa-
rebaSi, kolumbiis universitetis mecnierebi raodenobrivi meTodebis momxreni
iyvnen da miiCnevdnen, rom sociologia ar unda acxadebdes Tavs namdvil
mecnierebad, Tu mas ar SeuZlia miRebuli empiriuli monacemebis utyuarobis
dasabuTeba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis analogiurad. swored sabunebis-
metyvelo mecnierebebi iyo, kolumbiis skolis warmomadgenelTa azriT,
“WeSmariti” mecnierebebi; isini miiCnevdnen, rom sociologiaSi da, zogadad,
socialur mecnierebebSi empiriuli monacemebis utyuarobis dasabuTeba mxolod
maSinaa SesaZlebeli, rodesac kvleva raodenobrivi meTodebiT, upirveles
yovlisa — respondentTa reprezentatuli SerCevis safuZvelze tardeba.
Tvisebriv meTodebs kolumbiis skolis warmomadgenlebi aramecnierulad
miiCnevdnen da maTi damkvidrebis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen.
amis sapirispirod, Tvisebrivi meTodebis momxreebi xazs usvamdnen im
garemoebas, rom am meTodebiT SesaZlebelia rTuli da naklebad gavrcelebuli
fenomenebis siRrmiseuli Seswavla, rom es meTodebi dagvexmareba iq, sadac yvela
raodenobrivi meTodi uZluria; Tvisebrivi meTodebi aseve sasargebloa
adamianTa Sinagani samyaros, Sidajgufuri urTierTobebis Seswavlis dros. maTi
meSveobiT, rogorc wesi, xdeba problemuri situaciis sruli da yovelmxrivi
Seswavla, da ara misi calkeuli gamovlinebebis dafiqsireba.
ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebeli iyo imis uaryofa, rom arc erTi Tvisebrivi meTodi
ar pasuxobda statistikuri reprezentatulobis moTxovnebs, arc Tvisebrivi
kvlevis Sedegebis generalizacia iyo SesaZlebeli. garkveul sirTuleebs war-
moadgenda Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegebis analizis strategiac, romelic, agreTve
minimalurad iyo formalizebuli da Zalze mwvaved svamda mkvlevaris obieq-
turobis sakiTxs. aRiarebdnen ra am sirTuleebs, Tvisebrivi meTodebis
mxardamWerni xazs usvamdnen im garemoebas, rom aseT kvlevebs ZaluZT mniS-
vnelovnad gaamdidron Cveni codna socialuri samyaros Sesaxeb. amisaTvis ki
saWiroa, rom es meTodebi maTTvis Sesaferis adgilas iyos gamoyenebuli da ar
iqnes Sefasebuli raodenobrivi kriteriumebiT.
1930-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis “meTodebis konfliqtSi” droebiTi gamar-
jveba moipoves kolumbiis universitetis warmomadgenlebma. 1935 wels maT mier
daarsebuli iqna axali mecnieruli Jurnali American Sociological Review.11 Review-s
fonis meSveobiT tardeba. satelefono interviuebi, rogorc wesi, 10-15 wuTze
met xans ar grZeldeba. satelefono gamokiTxvis Catarebisas gansakuTrebiT
Znelia reprezentatulobis dacva.
siRrmiseuli interviu — intervius saxeoba, romelic farTod gamoiyeneba
Tvisebriv meTodebSi. esaa nawilobriv struqturirebuli interviu, romelic
sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze warimarTeba da miznad isaxavs, Seityos
respondentis ara mxolod damokidebuleba da pozicia, aramed motivaciebi.
transkripti — intervius an fokus-jgufis audio-Canaweris qaRaldze
gadatanis (“gaSifvris”) Sedegad miRebuli teqsti. Tvisebriv kvlevaSi xSirad
swored transkriptis saxiT viRebT pirvelad (“nedl”) monacemebs, romelTa
damuSavebac xdeba kvlevis Sedegebis analizis mizniT.
fokus-jgufi — Tvisebrivi kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli meTodi,
romelic aseve cnobilia “jgufuri diskusiis” saxeliT. rogorc wesi, fokus-
jgufSi 6-dan 12-mde respondenti iRebs monawileobas; is warimarTeba
sadiskusio gegmis safuZvelze specialuri kvalifikaciis mqone wamyvanis,
moderatoris mier.
“Ria” kiTxva — kiTxvis saxeoba, romelic ar sTavazobs respondentebs pasuxis
SesaZlo variantebs. am tipis kiTxvebi Zalian mizanSewonilia imdenad,
ramdenadac isini minimalur gavlenas axdens respondnetTa pasuxebze, magram
maTi statistikuri damuSaveba Zalian Sromatevadia, amitom Ria kiTxvebi ufro
farTodaa gavrcelebuli, da ufro damaxasiaTebelia Tvisebrivi kvlevisTvis.
SerCeva — wesebi, romelTa Tanaxmadac unda moxdes respondentTa SerCeva
generaluri erTobliobis wevrebisagan. am process gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
aqvs masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebis dros, sadac SerCeva reprezentatuli unda
iyos; Tvisebriv kvlevaSi SerCevis SedgenasTan dakavSirebiT naklebi moTxovna
arsebobs.
SerCeviTi erToblioba — respondentTa jgufi, romelsac Cven viRebT
SerCevis Sedegad da romlebsac uSualod gamovkiTxavT. Tu SerCeva sworad
ganxorcielda, SerCeviTi erToblioba generaluri erTobliobis
reprezentatuli iqneba.
“cxovrebis istoria” — siRrmiseuli intervius nairsaxeoba, romelic miznad
isaxavs ama Tu im problemis Seswavlas respondentis cxovrebaSi am problemis
adgilis, misi gavlenis dadgenis meSveobiT. ix. agreTve: biografiuli interviu.
hipoTeza — mecnierulad dasabuTebuli varaudi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori
pasuxia mosalodneli mkvlevris mier dasaxul kvleviT kiTxvebze. hipoTeza
gamokvlevis programis aucilebeli nawilia.

11
manamde, jer kidev 1895 wels, pirveli sociologiuri Jurnali, American Journal of
Sociology, Cikagos universitetis sociologiis fakultetze iqna daarsebuli albion
smolis mier.
10 103
damuSavebis da gamoyenebis meTodebis erToblioba.
socialuri kvlevis meTodologia — samecniero kvlevis logika, romelic
erTian sistemaSi aerTianebs mis principebs, wesebsa da meTodebs. socialur
kvlevaSi meTodologia ganixileba rogorc kvlevis Teoriuli safuZveli,
ukavSirdeba mis problemur monaxazs da Tavis gamoxatulebas poulobs
gamokvlevis programaSi.
moderatori — fokus-jgufis wamyvani, romelic SeiZleba iyos rogorc Tavad
mkvlevari, aseve mowveuli piri.
monografiuli gamokvleva — kvleviTi midgoma socialur mecnierebebSi,
romelic ramdenime meTods aerTianebs; cnobilia, agreTve “SemTxvevis Seswavlis”
saxeliT. es midgoma upirveles yovlisa gamoirCeva imiT, rom mis farglebSi
mravali meTodi gamoiyeneba (upirveles yovlisa — CarTuli dakvirveba), savele
samuSaoebi ki Zalian didi xnis manZilze grZeldeba. Tumca yvelaze xSirad
monografiuli gamokvleva Tvisebriv meTodebTan asocideba, mis farglebSi
raodenobrivi meTodebic gamoiyeneba.
naxevrad daxuruli kiTxvebi — kiTxvebis saxeoba sociologiur kiTxvarSi,
romlebsac Tan erTvis pasuxis SesaZlo variantebis sia, magram, agreTve
mocemulia damatebiTi varianti “sxva”, sadac respondentebs saSualeba eZlevaT,
daafiqsiron gansxvavebuli azri, romelic ar iqna (an ver iqna) gaTvaliswinebuli
gamokiTxvis organizatorebis mier.
pirispir interviu — intervius yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeoba, romlis
drosac interviueri pirispir esaubreba respondents da kiTxvarSi iniSnavs mis
mier gacemul pasuxebs. pirispir interviu, rogorc wesi, respondentis binaze
tardeba; misi xanrgZlivoba SeiZleba meryeobdes 20 wuTidan 60 wuTamde.
intervius sxva saxeobebia satelefono da safosto interviu.
raodenobrivi meTodebi — socialuri kvlevis formalizebuli meTodebi,
romelTa gamoyenebac statistikur kanonzomierebebs emyareba da romlebic miz-
nad isaxavs gamoavlinos ama Tu im socialuri fenomenis gavrceleba, misi gamov-
lenis sixSire. es iseTi meTodebia, rogorc masobrivi gamokiTxva, kontent-ana-
lizi.
reaqtiuloba — mkvlevris an kvleviTi situaciis gavlena aqtorebis
saqcielsa da naTqvamze, kvlevis obieqtebis reaqcia im garemoebaze, rom
mkvlevari Seiswavlis maT; gansakuTrebiT vlindeba CarTuli dakvirvebis
warmoebis procesSi. ician ra, rom maT moqmedebas akvirdebian, adamianebi
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqceven imas, Tu rogor iqcevian, rogor epyrobian
sxva adamianebs, ras da rogor amboben, da saboloo jamSi maTi saqcieli bunebrivi
aRar aris, mkvlevris arseboba rom ara, isini ase ar moiqceodnen. reaqtiuloba
adamianebis bunebrivi reaqciaa, magram dakvirvebis warmoebisas es Zalze
seriozuli problemaa, vinaidan amaxinjebs miRebul Sedegebs.
reprezentatuloba — mTavari moTxovna respondentTa SerCevisadmi
masobrivi gamokiTxvis Catarebis dros. reprezentatuloba gulisxmobs, rom
SerCeva proporciulad asaxavs generaluri erTobliobis ZiriTad maCveneblebs,
warmoadgens ra mis “mikromodels”.
respondenti — adamiani, romelic kvlevis Catarebis dros informaciis
uSualo wyaroa, romlisganac mkvlevrebi iReben maTTvis saWiro informacias;
gamokiTxuli.
sadiskusio gegma — kvlevis instrumenti, romelic gamoiyeneba siRrmiseuli
intervius da fokus-jgufebis struqturirebis mizniT. esaa intervius sava-
raudo kiTxvebis sia. sadiskusio gegma ZiriTadad “Ria” kiTxvebisgan Sedgeba.
savele samuSaoebi — termini, romliTac moixsenieba kvlevis Catrebisas
pirveladi informaciis Segrovebis procesi.
satelefono gamokiTxva — masobrivi gamokiTxvis saxeoba, romelic tele-
102
furclebze ver gamoinaxa adgili verc Tvisebrivi meTodebisaTvis da verc
Cikagos sociologiuri skolis warmomadgenlebisaTvis. magram es gamarjveba ar
iyo xangrZlivi — meore msoflio omis Semdeg ganaxlda da Semdgom TandaTan
gaizarda mkvlevrebis interesi Tvisebrivi meTodebis mimarT, romlebic dRes
sul ufro da ufro myar adgils ikaveben socialur gamokvlevebSi.
“meTodebis konfliqti” dRes
Tumca raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan, ar arsebobs erTazrovani pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu romelia am
meTodebidan “ukeTesi” da romeli — “uaresi”, an romels unda mivaniWoT
upiratesoba. yvela meTods aqvs Tavisi Zlieri da susti mxareebi, yvela SeiZleba
kargi da saWiro iyos Tavis adgilas, gamomdinare iqidan, Tu ra sakiTxis
Seswavlas vapirebT da ra kvleviT kiTxvebze veZebT pasuxs. kvlevis meTodis
SerCeva konkretuli kvleviTi amocanidan gamomdinare unda moxdes — aris
amocanebi da kiTxvebi, romelTa gadaWrasac ukeT SeZlebs raodenobrivi
meTodebi, iseve rogorc aris amocanebi, romelTa gadawyvetac Tvisebrivi
meTodebis meSveobiTaa yvelaze mizanSewonili.12 rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
Tvisebrivi meTodebi gamoiyeneba ama Tu im problemis, socialuri situaciis
siRrmiseulad Seswavlis mizniT. am meTodebis meSveobiT Seswavlili problemebi
moicavs, magaliTad, migracias da emigrantebis cxovrebas axal garemoSi;
damnaSaveTa samyaros Sida struqturas da/an damnaSaveTa pirovnul Tvisebebs;
Zalauflebis ganawilebas mcire socialur jgufebSi; gansxvavebuli yofis mqone
adamianTa (mag., musikosebis, mocekvaveebis) cxovrebis aRweras da sxv. sxva mxriv,
raodenobrivi meTodebis gamoyeneba iqneba gamarTlebuli, Tu SeviswavliT
sazogadoebaSi arsebul stratifikaciul sistemas; ama Tu im politikuri
partiis mxardaWeris perspeqtivebs; romelime masobrivi informaciis saSualebis
auditoris demografiul Tvisebebs, da sxv.
amasTan, socialuri sinamdvile imdenad rTulia, rom warmoudgenelia misi
Seswavla mxolod erTi meTodis saSualebiT. Cven yovelTvis gvaqvs arCevani
mraval midgomas Soris, xolo saukeTeso Sedegs, rogorc wesi, Tvisebrivi da
raodenobrivi meTodebis gaerTianebisas, maTi paraleluri gamoyenebisas
miviRebT.
sociologiis istoriaSi cnobilia ramdenime kvleva, romlebic am ori jgufis
meTodebis Serwymis TvalsazrisiTaa gansakuTrebiT saintereso. maT Soris erT-
erTi yvelaze adrindelia 1930-ian wlebSi avstriis sofel marientalSi maria
iahodas, pol lazarsfeldis da hans caizelis mier Catarebuli gamokvleva,
romlis Temac umuSevroba da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi iyo.13 ukanasknel
wlebSi Catarebuli kvlevebidan aRsaniSnavia ielis universitetis mier 2000-2001
wlebSi Catarebuli gamokvleva aRmosavleT evropis 7 qveyanaSi, romelic
Seiswavlida e.w. “eTnikuri siRaribis” problemas.14 aseTi kvlevebi adasturebs,
rom “meTodebis konfliqtis” gadaWris yvelaze mizanSewonili gza iqneba
raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebis erToblivi gamoyeneba, rac saSualebas
mogvcems, ufro srulad davinaxoT is problema an sakiTxi, romelsac
SeviswavliT.
amerikeli mkvlevrebi isador niumani da kerolain benci, romlebmac Tavisi
wigni Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebis Tanaarsebobisa da TanamSromlobis
gzebs miuZRvnes, xazs usvamen am meTodebis dapirispirebis xelovnurobas da, amis
12
raTa miviRoT gadawyvetileba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu romeli meTodis gamoyeneba
mogvcems ukeTes Sedegs ama Tu im problemis Seswavlisas, aucileblad unda
gaviTvaliswinoT is garemoebac, Tu ramdeni dro gvaqvs gamokvlevis Casatareblad da
ramdeni Tanxaa gamoyofili amisaTvis.
13
Marie Jahoda, Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Hans Zeisel. [1971.] Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed
Community. Chicago: Aldine-Atherton.
14
am kvlevis Sedegebi jer ar gamoqveynebula. aseTi kompleqsuri gamokvlevebi SedarebiT
iSviaTad tardeba, im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom maTi Catareba Zalze rTulia, da
amasTan — Zalian ZviradRirebuli.
11
sapirispirod, laparakoben maT Soris arsebuli “interaqtiuli kontiniumis”
Sesaxeb, romelsac, maTi rwmeniT, ara aqvs gamokveTili sawyisi da bolo wertili —
kvleviTi amocanidan gamomdinare, mkvlevarma SeiZleba daiwyos muSaoba am
“kontiniumis” nebismier wertilSi, rac kvlevis sworad warmarTvis pirobebSi ar
Seamcirebs am kvlevis xarisxsa da mecnierul faseulobas15.
Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebis “kontimuumze” laparaki socialuri
kvlevis mimarT axlebur midgomas warmoadgens. Tanamedrove etapze mkvlevari ar
unda Semoifarglos meTodebis mxolod erTi jgufiT, miT umetes — romelime
erTi meTodiT. piriqiT, Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi meTodebi unda ganixile-
bodes rogorc urTierTSemavsebeli da urTierTgamamdidrebeli. rac ufro
mravali kuTxidan SevecdebiT Cvens winaSe mdgari amocanis Seswavlas, miT ufro
mniSvnelovan da faseul Sedegebs miviRebT.
gamokvlevis programa
empiriuli socialuri gamokvlevis Catareba arasodes ar aris TviTmizani — is
miznad isaxavs axali codnis miRebas socialuri sinamdvilis ama Tu im aspeqtis
Sesaxeb, emsaxureba akademiuri samyaros, mTavrobis, kerZo biznesis, Tu farTo
sazogadoebis interesebs. kvlevis daniSnuleba da is interesebi, romlebsac is
emsaxureba, gamoxatulia gamokvlevis programaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tvisebrivi kvleva naklebad formalizebulia, misi
Catarebisas, iseve rogorc raodenobrivi kvlevis Catarebis SemTxvevaSi,
aucilebelia, rom Sedgenili iqnes gamokvlevis programa. programis Sedgena
aucilebelia gamokvlevis miznebis, amocanebisa da problemebis Camoyalibebis
mizniT. amasTan, am dokumentSi Camoyalibebuli iqneba SerCeuli meTodis
gamoyenebis marTebuloba.
gamokvlevis programebi gansxvavdeba kvlevis tipidan gamomdinare. socia-
luri gamokvlevis sami ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs: dazverviTi, aRweriTi da
analitikuri. gamokvlevis tipis SerCeva damokidebulia imazec, Tu ramdenad iqna
Seswavlili esa Tu is problema adrindeli gamokvlevebis Sedegad.
dazverviTi gamokvleva kvlevis yvelaze martivi tipia — misi mizania,
Seagrovos pirveladi monacemebi ama Tu im problemis irgvliv, “dazveros” misi
mdgomareoba. aseT gamokvlevas, rogorc wesi, Zalian martiv programaze
dayrdnobiT da mxolod erTi meTodis gamoyenebiT atareben. yvelze xSirad
dazverviTi gamokvleva ama Tu im problemis Seswavlis pirveli etapia.
aRweriTi gamokvleva ufro rTulia, misi mizania garkveuli problemis an
adamianTa jgufis Sesaxeb vrceli informaciis miReba, romelic SemdegSi
saSualebas miscems mkvlvrebs daadginon, arsebobs Tu ara raime kavSiri am
problemis sxvadasxva elements Soris. aRweriTi gamokvleva sruli kvleviTi
programis SemuSavebas moiTxovs.
analitikuri gamokvleva yvelaze ufro rTulia. socialuri problemis
aRwerasTan erTad is miznad isaxavs misi mamoZravebeli Zalebis, mizezebis
gamoaSkaravebas. sworad Catarebuli analitikuri gamokvleva movlenebis ganvi-
Tarebis prognozirebis saSualebasac iZleva. analitikur gamokvlevaSi, rogorc
wesi, paralelurad gamoiyeneba informaciis Segrovebis ramdenime gansxvavebuli
meTodi.
yvela tipis kvleva ramdenime etapisagan Sedgeba, romlebic, rogorc wesi,
Tanamimdevrulad xorcieldeba. esenia:
‰ gamokvlevis programis SemuSaveba;
‰ savele etapi, romlis drosac xdeba informaciis Segroveba;
‰ informaciis damuSaveba;
‰ miRebuli Sedegebis analizi;
‰ kvlevis angariSis momzadeba da publikacia.
15
ix. Isadore Newman, and Carolyn R. Benz. 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology.
Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
12
srulad iziarebs dakvirvebis obieqtTa yofas, monawileobas iRebs maT
saqmianobaSi, esaubreba maT, raTa ukeT Seiswavlos maTi cxovreba.
daxuruli kiTxvebi — kiTxvebis saxeoba sociologiur kiTxvarSi, romlebsac
Tan axlavs pasuxis SesaZlo variantebis sia.
demografia — mosaxleobis struqturis mecnieruli Seswavla, romelic
awarmoebs mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdisa da Semcirebis, Sobadobis, sikvdi-
lianobis, sicocxlis xangrZlivobis, migraciis analizs; agreTve, ganixilavs mis
asakobriv, sqesobriv Tanafardobas da am maCveneblebis cvlilebebs. demogra-
fiuli informaciis Segrovebis umTavresi wyaroa regularuli aRwera, romelic
yvela saxelmwifoSi saSualod 10 weliwadSi erTxel tardeba.
eTnografia — gansxvavebuli kulturis Seswavla da aRwera, romelic
ZiriTadad Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebiT xdeba. eTnografiis ZiriTadi mi-
zania cxovrebis gansxvavebuli wesebis gageba ise, rogorc es wesebi am kulturis
warmomadgenlebs esmiT.
eTika — profesiuli saqmianobis ganmsazRvreli principebis da normebis
erToblioba, romelic ama Tu im profesiis zneobriv Rirebulebebs gamoxatavs.
eTikuri normebi Tavmoyrilia eTikis kodeqsebSi.
Tvisebrivi meTodebi — socialuri kvlevis meTodebis jgufi, romelic
aerTianebs iseT meTodebs, rogorebicaa siRrmiseuli interviu, “cxovrebis is-
toria”, fokus-jgufi, dakvirveba, monografiuli gamokvleva, da sxv. es meTodebi
cnobilia rogorc “moqnili” meTodebi da raodenobrivi meTodebisagan gan-
sxvavebiT miznad isaxavs ara Sesaswavli fenomenis raodenobrivi gavrcelebis
suraTis dadgenas, aramed mis siRrmiseul Seswavlas.
interviu — respondentis gamokiTxvis, misgan informaciis miRebis procesi.
interviu verbaluri informaciis miRebis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli
saSualebaa socialur kvlevebSi. misi ramdenime ZiriTadi tipi gamoirCeva,
gamomdinare iqidan, ramdenad struqturirebulia interviu: struqturirebuli,
nawilobriv struqturirebuli da arastruqturirebuli.
interviueri — kvleviTi jgufis wevri, romelic uSualod esaubreba
respondents, mimarTavs mas kiTxvaris kiTxvebiT da iniSnavs miRebul pasuxebs.
interviueri ZiriTadad masobrivi gamokiTxvis procesSi gamoiyeneba.
informanti — CarTuli dakvirvebis dros mkvlevaris informaciis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi wyaro; Sesaswavli kulturis warmomadgeneli, romelic exmareba
mkvlevars am kulturis SeswavlaSi.
kiTxvari — specialuri wesebis Tanaxmad Sedgenili kiTxvebis erToblioba,
romelTac respondentebi pasuxoben masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros. gamokiTxvis
tipidan gamomdinare, kiTxvari SeiZleba miZRvnili iyos mxolod erTi Temisadmi,
an sxvadasxva Tematuri blokisagan Sedgebodes.
kontent-analizi — sociologiuri kvlevis meTodi, romlis meSveobiTac
Seiswavleba sxvadasxva tipis dokumentebi maTSi ama Tu im maCveneblebis gamov-
lenis sixSiris dafiqsirebis mizniT. termini iTargmneba qarTul enaze rogorc
“Sinaarsis analizi”; is SeiZleba iyos rogorc raodenobrivi, aseve Tvisebrivi.
masobrivi gamokiTxva — sociologiuri kvlevis yvelaze farTod gavrce-
lebuli raodenobrivi meTodi, mosaxleobis azris Seswavla ama Tu im prob-
lemasTan dakavSirebiT misi reprezentatuli nawilis (SerCevis) gamokiTxvis
safuZvelze. gamokiTxva xdeba formalizebuli kiTxvaris safuZvelze,
specialuri wesebis Tanaxmad SerCeul respondentebTan.
meTodi — ama Tu im saqmianobis praqtikuli ganxorcielebis konkretuli
xerxi. socialur kvlevaSi — pirveladi informaciis Segrovebis saSualeba. ix.
agreTve: Tvisebrivi meTodebi da raodenobrivi meTodebi.
socialuri kvlevis meTodika — pirveladi informaciis Segrovebis,
101
 danarTi #2.
Tvisebrivi kvlevis meTodikis terminologiis
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni
analitikuri gamokvleva — socialuri gamokvlevis yvelaze rTuli saxeoba,
romelic miznad isaxavs ara marto socialuri problemis aRweras, aramed,
agreTve misi mamoZravebeli Zalebis, mizezebis gamoaSkaravebas. ix. agreTve:
dazverviTi gamokvleva da aRweriTi gamokvleva.
anketireba — masobrivi gamokiTxvis saxeoba, romelic kiTxvaris gamoyenebiT
warimarTeba. anketirebis dros respondenti TviTon kiTxulobs kiTxvaris
kiTxvebs da Tavadve aRniSnavs pasuxebs, romlebic mis azrs Seesabameba. ix.
agreTve: interviu.
aqtori (Tvisebriv kvlevaSi) — pirovneba, romlis moqmedebac mkvlevris
dakvirvebis da Seswavlis sagania. termini gamoiyeneba ZiriTadad CarTuli
dakvirvebis Sesaxeb saubrisas.
biografiuli interviu — siRmiseuli intervius nairsaxeoba, romelic
miznad isaxavs respondentis cxovrebis (biografiis) qronologiur rekonstruq-
cias, raTa Seswavlil iqnes ama Tu im socialuri problemis gavlena individis
cxovrebaze, mis mier ama Tu im movlenebis gaazreba da Sefaseba, da sxv.
biografiul interviusa da “cxovrebis istorias” Soris bevria saerTo, Tumca
pirveli gansakuTrebiT farTod gamoiyeneba evropaSi, kerZod — germaniaSi, xolo
meore — aSS-Si. ix. agreTve: cxovrebis istoria.
aRweriTi gamokvleva — socialuri gamokvleva, romelic tardeba ama Tu im
socialuri problemis SeZlebisdagvarad sruli aRweris mizniT, xSirad — raTa
gamovlenili iqnes, arsebobs Tu ara kavSiri am problemis Semadgenel elementebs
Soris. ix. agreTve: dazverviTi gamokvleva da analitikuri gamokvleva.
gamokvlevis programa — sabuTi, romelic aucilebelia empiriuli
socialuri gamokvlevis Casatareblad. gamokvlevis programa kvlevis dawyebamde
unda SemuSavdes. aq Camoyalibebulia gamokvlevis strategia, dasabuTebulia
gamokvlevis problemis mniSvneloba da aqtualuroba da mis Sesaswavlad
SerCeuli gzebis (meTodebis) gamoyenebis marTebuloba. gamokvlevis programis
safuZvliani damuSaveba xels uwyobs xarisxiani gamokvlevis Catarebas da sando
Sedegebis miRebas, Tumca wminda gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebis SemTxvevaSi misi
SemuSaveba SeiZleba ar moxdes.
generaluri erToblioba — yvela im adamianTa erToblioba, visac axasiaTebs
is socialur-demografiuli Tvisebebi, romelTa Seswavlac mkvlevris mizans
warmoadgens. gamokvlevis obieqtidan gamomdinare, generaluri erToblioba
SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos. magaliTad, Tu Cveni mizania saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
azris Seswavla, generalur erTobliobas warmoadgens saqarTvelos yvela
srulwlovani moqalaqe; Tu SeviswavliT qarTveli qalebis damokidebulebas ama
Tu im problemisadmi, generaluri erTobliobaa saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi qalebi;
Tu Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis studentebis azris Seswavlas visaxavT
miznad, Cveni generaluri erToblioba am universitetis studentebi iqnebian.
generaluri erTobliobis gansazRvra SerCevis Sedgenis safuZvelia.
dazverviTi gamokvleva — socialuri gamokvlevis yvelaze ubralo tipi,
romlis mizanicaa ama Tu im problemis winaswari Seswavla, misi mdgomareobis
“dazverva”. ix. agreTve: aRweriTi gamokvleva da analitikuri gamokvleva.
dakvirveba — informaciis Segrovebis meTodi (ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba
eTnografiaSi, antropologiaSi da sociologiaSi), romlis drosac mkvlevari
akvirdeba aqtor(eb)is moqmedebas. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben e.w. “ubralo” da
“CarTul” (“monawile”) dakvirvebas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevari aranairad ar
ereva im movlenebSi, romlebsac akvirdeba, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi is xSirad
100
nebismieri kvleva programis SedgeniT iwyeba. Tu am dokumentis Sedgenas
saTanado yuradRebis gareSe movepyrobiT, SeiZleba mTeli gamokvleva CaiSalos.
maSinac ki, rodesac yvelaze martivi, dazverviTi gamokvlevis programis Sesaxeb
vsaubrobT, aucilebelia misi Sedgenis dros maqsimalurad davasabuToT Cveni
miznebi da amocanebi.
gamokvlevis programis mTavari mizania gamokvlevis problemis gansazRvra,
misi aqtualobis dasabuTeba da am problemis SeswavlisaTvis SerCeuli gzebis
marTebulobis damtkiceba. programa unda pasuxobdes kvleviTi kiTxvebis
logikur Tanamimdevrobas:
o ra unda SeviswavloT?
o ra miznebis misaRwevad unda SeviswavloT?
o sad da ra pirobebSi unda SeviswavloT?
o kvlevis ra saSualebebis gamoyenebiT unda SeviswavloT?
am kiTxvebze pasuxebis Camoyalibeba gamokvlevis ukeT momzadebasa da
CatarebaSi gvexmareba.
gamokvlevis programa, romelic, agreTve “gamokvlevis koncefciis”
saxeliTaa cnobili, rogorc wesi, ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: meTodologiuri da
proceduruli.
programis meTodologiur nawilSi, romelic Teoriuli xasiaTisaa, xdeba (1)
socialuri problemis Camoyalibeba da misi aqtualobis dasabuTeba; (2) gamo-
kvlevis obieqtisa da Temis gansazRvra; (3) dasmuli problemidan gamomdinare,
gamokvlevis miznis (an miznebis) da amocanebis dasaxva da (4) gamokvlevis
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba.
programis procedurul (meTodur) nawilSi saWiroa (1) Sesaswavli erTeulis
(jgufis) gamoyofa da (2) informaciis Segrovebis meTodebis aRwera da daxa-
siaTeba.
ganvixiloT moTxovnebi gamokvlevis programis orive nawilisadmi.16
programis meTodologiuri nawili
1. problemis Camoyalibeba. SeuZlebelia socialuri gamokvlevis Catareba
“saerTod” — mas aucileblad unda hqondes fokusi, unda gamoiyos konkretuli
sakiTxebis jgufi, romelic mkvlevris ZiriTadi interesia. yvela kvleva tardeba
ama Tu im socialuri problemis Seswavlis mizniT. sazogadoebaSi arsebuli so-
cialuri problemebi SeiZleba exebodes cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos, magram isi-
ni yovelTvis xalxis erToblivi cxovrebiT, urTierTqmedebiT da/an maTi socia-
lur institutebTan urTierTobiTaa gamowveuli, asaxaven interesebis sxvada-
sxvaobas da mosaxleobis farTo fenebisTvisaa mniSvnelovani. ra Tqma unda,
gamokvleva am problemebs ver gadaWris, magram mas SeuZlia, gaamdidros Cveni
codna maT Sesaxeb da daexmaros sazogadoebas arsebuli problemebis gadaWraSi.
ar aris mizanSewonili erTi gamokvlevis farglebSi ramdenime socialuri
problemis Seswavla — aseTi kvlevis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba Zalian Znelia,
xSirad ki SeuZlebelic.
gamokvlevis problemis ukeT Camoyalibebisa da misi aqtualobis dasabuTebis
mizniT aucilebelia Seswavlili iqnes arsebuli literatura am problemasTan
dakavSirebiT. agreTve mniSvnelovania am problemisadmi miZRvnili wina kvlevebis
Sedegebis moZieba. literaturis mimoxilvaSi xdeba moZiebuli literaturis
ganxilva da dagegmili kvlevis adgilis gansazRvra arsebul samecniero wyaroebs
Soris.
gamokvlevis programis es nawili mizanSewonilia davasruloT Cveni uSualo
kvleviTi kiTxvis CamoyalibebiT.
2. gamokvlevis Temisa da obieqtis gansazRvra. gamokvlevis TemaSi gamo-
16
qvemoT moyvanili moTxovnebi ar aris SemuSavebuli specifikurad Tvisebrivi kvlevi-
saTvis. ramdenadac, rogorc aRvniSneT, gamokvlevis programa yvela tipis
gamokvlevisTvis unda iqnes SemuSavebuli, es moTxovnebi SeiZleba wavuyenoT rogorc
Tvisebriv, aseve raodenobriv kvlevas.
13
kveTilia socialuri problemis is aspeqtebi, romelTa uSualo Seswavlacaa
dagegmili. rogorc wesi, socialuri problemebi Zalian rTulia; gamokvlevis
Temis gamoyofa aucilebelia imisTvis, rom kvleva mimarTuli iyos problemis
swored im mxareebze, romelTa Seswavlac kvlevis mizans warmoadgens. gamokvle-
vis Temis gamoyofa problemis gansazRvris Semdeg xdeba da mis yvelaze mniS-
vnelovan maxasiaTeblebs ukavSirdeba. magaliTad, gvalvis gavlenis Seswavlisas
gamokvlevis uSualo Tema SeiZleba iyos (a) zaralis odenoba, romelic gvalvam
mosaxleobas miayena; (b) resursebi, romelic aqvs mosaxleobas, raTa gaumklavdes
zarals; (g) sxvadasxva saxis saxelmwifo an saerTaSoriso daxmarebis efeqtu-
robis Sefaseba da sxv.
gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvra advilia gamomdinare im Temidan, romlis
Seswavlacaa dagegmili. gamokvlevis obieqti Seswavlis uSualo sagania.
socialur gamokvlevebSi, rogorc wesi, esaa mosaxleoba (an misi romelime nawili)
an sabuTebi. magaliTad, Tu SeviswavliT kaxeTSi gvalvis gamo warmoqmnil
problemebs, ara aqvs azri, gamovkiTxoT Tbilisis mosaxleoba, romelsac
araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs soflis meurneobasTan an glexebi, romlebic imereTSi
an aWaraSi cxovroben. gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvris Sedegad Cven vayalibebT
generalur erTobliobas, anu yvela im adamianis erTobliobas, romlebic im
specifikuri socialur-demografiuli Tvisebebis matareblebi arian, romelTa
Seswavlac kvlevis mizans warmoadgens.
sxva magaliTebi: Tu Cveni mizania saqarTvelos mosaxleobis azris Seswavla
umaRlesi ganaTlebis reformasTan dakavSirebiT, generalur erToblioba iqneba
saqarTvelos yvela srulwlovani moqalaqe; Tu SeviswavliT qarTveli qalebis
damokidebulebas ama Tu im problemisadmi, generalur erToblioba
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yvela qalia; Tu Telavis saxelmwifo universitetis
studentebis azris Seswavlas visaxavT miznad, generalur erToblioba iqneba am
universitetis yvela studentebi.
3. gamokvlevis miznisa da amocanebis dasaxva. gamokvleva SeiZleba atarebdes
sufTa mecnierul xasiaTs. am SemTxvevaSi mas mxolod SemecnebiTi mizani eqneba —
garkveuli problemis an sazogadoebrivi jgufis Sesaxeb monacemebis Segroveba,
codnis gaRrmaveba an Teoriuli mosazrebebis Semowmeba. arsebobs, agreTve e.w.
gamoyenebiTi kvlevebi, romlebic raime praqtikuli miznis misaRwevad tardeba.
es SeiZleba iyos romelime azris gavrcelebis an sareklamo kampaniis
efeqturobis Sefaseba; xalxis cxovrebis donis Sefaseba; ama Tu im sferoSi
arsebuli problemebis gadaWris gzebis dasaxva da a.S.
Tu gamokvlevis mizani mkvlevris farTo interess gamoxatavs, amocanebi am
miznis dakonkretebis Sedegia. magaliTad, Tu gamokvlevis mizani kaxeTSi gvalvis
Sedegebis Sefasebaa, misi amocanebi SeiZleba iyos gvalvis gamo yvelaze metad
dazaralebuli glexebisaTvis daxmarebis SesaZlo gzebis SemuSaveba.
4. gamokvlevis hipoTezis Camoyalibeba. hipoTeza mecnierulad dasabuTebuli
varaudia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori pasuxia mosalodneli mkvlevaris mier dasmul
kiTxvebze, rogor SeiZleba aixsnas Sesaswavli procesebi. nebismieri socialuri
gamokvlevis Catarebas win uswrebs met-naklebad Camoyalibebuli mosazreba imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra bunebis problemasTan gvaqvs saqme, raa misi warmoSobis mizezebi da
rogori SeiZleba iyos misi gadaWris gzebi. gamokvlevis Catarebis Sedegad
hipoTeza an dadasturdeba, an uaryofili iqneba.
kargi hipoTeza iseT hipoTezas ar niSnavs, romelic aucileblad
dadasturdeba. uaryofili hopiTezac SeiZleba kargi kvleviTi
kiTxvebis dasmaSi dagvexmaros da swori mimarTuleba misces
gamokvlevas.
programis proceduruli nawili
1. Sesaswavli jgufis gamoyofa eyrdnoba gamokvlevis obieqtis gansazRvras,
romlis Sedegadac gamoiyofa im mosaxleobis Tu sabuTebis raodenoba da
konkretuli maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic uSualod unda iqnes Seswavlili.
socialur gamokvlevebSi aucilebelia Sesaswavli erTeulebis SerCeva, radgan
praqtikulad SeuZlebelia gamokvlevis obieqtSi gansazRvruli yvela erTeulis
14
konkretulad ra SeiZleba gavakeToT Cven?
- me, magaliTad, Zalian cud mdgomareobaSi var, imitom rom me bevrad
mirCevia, rom mivce fuli leqtors da raRac CavTvalo, imitom rom namdvilad
problemebiT var savse, magram dRes-dReobiT me amas ar gavakeTeb, miT umetes,
maqvs saSualeba. me sami gamocda gadavitane da vapireb swavlas. me vfiqrob, es iyo
Cemi erT-erTi Setanili wvlili am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
- marTali xar.
- albaT marTla, rom aRar gadavixadoT gamocdebSi da CaTvlebSi fuli.
- Cveni cxovreba xom marto gamocdebi da CaTvlebi ar aris?
- ara.
- arc arsad.
- me vfiqrob, zogadad interesi unda gaviRviZoT imisa, rom ar CavdgaT fexi
iq, sadac...
- Cvens uflebebs unda gavecnoT, unda gavacnoT sxva adamianebic am uflebebs.
- erTi, pirveli — Seni piradi magaliTiT misce magaliTi sxvas, meores; es aris
erTi momenti, da meore momenti — is, rac Sen ici da iman ar icis (Tundac
uflebebi, Tundac Sen ufro mebrZoli xar, vidre is) — Sen daexmaro im adamians im
resursiT, rac Sen gaqvs. bunebrivia, Tu raime organizaciis wevri xar, meti
saSualeba SeiZleba gqondes, TavisTavad, magram Tu xar rigiTi pirovneba, es ar
niSnavs, rom ar SegiZlia — Tundac kerZo saubarSi Sens megobars uTxra,
elementarulad is informacia, romelic SeiZleba ver moipova, SeiZleba ar
undoda, ar gaigo; anda qmediTi daxmareba aRmouCino, gahyve imas, igive
informaciis gamoTxovebis momentSi, yvelam xom ar icis? egec Setanili wvlilia.
bevri rame SeiZleba!
- Tundac, ukanono gadasaxads — magaliTad, pasportis aReba mindoda,
Sevitane gancxadeba. 6 lari Tu 12 lari momTxoves. me vuTxari: “damiwere qviTari
da vixdi”. ar dagiwero. ratom ar damiwer, veubnebi — sxvaTaSoris, maSin vicrue da
Tavisuflebis institutis saxeli gamoviyene...
- ar aris eg korufcia?
- pasporti, Tu piradobis mowmoba?
- pasporti.
- 6 lari Zalian iafia pasportisTvis.
- ara, ubralod gancxadebis Setana.
- veubnebi, damiwere [qviTari] da 24 lari unda mogce. analogiurad, diplomis
fuli minda, rom bankSi Sevitano — ar aris aranairi gza!
- angariSis nomeri ici, rom Seitano?
- Tundac, bavSvi myavs, da ramdenime dRis win aRricxvaze aviyvane bavSvTa
poliklinikaSi. maqvs polisi, dedisac da bavSvisac. TbilisSi samSobiaroSi 100
dolari moaWra polisma. aq mivitane — rveuli xom mivitane, kargi, istoriebi ara
aqvT; 10 lari xom gadavixade, risTvis — eg RmerTma icis. da 5 lari kidev wamlebi
mogvces raRac da imaSi gadagvaxdevines.
- da is sadazRvevo polisi raRa iyo?
- hoda, polisis funqcia ver gavige. Zlivs vikavebdi Tavs, magram aqeT sidedri
medga, iqiT dedaCemi — “kargi, gaCumdi! eqimebia, dagvWirdeba”. gavCumdi. mere
gamovdivar da yvirian, intriganiao. intrigani var?
- eg aris kidev — mSoblebis faqtori Zalian is aris. Cems das Sehqonda
pasportze 10 lari rom mosTxoves, me vuTxari, ar gadavixdiT-meTqi, da
deidaCemma: “sircxvilia, gadavixadoT, ra moxdao”.
- jer skolidanve, Ramis skolaSi vswavlobdi, 9 Tve xom vswavlob, TveSi 10
lari unda gadamexada, ese igi 90 lari, ara? fasianze vswavlobdi. kaco, 120
lariani gadasaxadi momitanes. me vuTxari, damiwereT-meTqi qviTari — damiweres,
Senaxuli maqvs dRemde. rom moviTxove es qviTari — ratom moiTxoveo, direqtori
iZaxis, eg giJiao, rom dadis, TavisTvis laparakobso. anu igive, ra!
didi madloba!
99
 maS axla aravin ar unda ifiqros imaze, rom rame seriozuli brZola
daiwyos korufciis winaaRmdeg?
- ara, rogor ara.
- seriozuli brZola da seriozuli cvlilebebi moitana am revoluciam.
- aba ra aris seriozuli cvlileba?
- Zalian bevri!
- me davinaxe cvlileba, dRes-dReobiT myavs axalgazrda axloblebi TbilisSi,
romlebic samsaxurs eZebdnen da sakmaod kargi codna aqvT, erTma gogom sami ena
icis, yvela Tavis profesiaSi, ase vTqvaT, karg donezea. aqamde Zalian wva-
lobdnen, da sxvaTaSoris oTxidan samma ukve samsaxuri naxa. me vfiqrob, ukve
iciT, rogori done Semovida da rogori azrovneba? rom Tu ar geyoleba
samsaxurSi profesionali, ukve rom midixar, TbilisSi elementarulad: “ingli-
suri ici? kompiuteri ici?” atestacias gadixar da giReben samsaxurSi.
- eg kerZo struqturebSi.
- ki, kerZoSia, magram am SemTxvevaSi TviTon Cveni codniT, Cemi azriT, raRac
patara wvlils SevitanT korufciis winaaRmdeg.
- ki!
- imitom, rom sul rom gvqondes magis imedi, weRan rogorc vTqvi, Tu qvevidan
ar wamovida, is zemodan namdvilad ar iqneba.
- Cemi azriT, kidev, unda Seiqmnas (da mgoni ukve Seqmnilic aris) anti-
korufciuli komisiasaviT raRaca, sadac iqnebian arasamTavrobo organizaciebis
wevrebi, ucxoeTidan moyvanili eqspertebi... unda gaakontrolon.
- oRond, es ar unda iyos... [formalurad.]
- da unda Sedges es antikorufciuli sabWo da unda gaakontrolon igive Cveni
universiteti da ase mivaRwevT Sedegs.
kidev ra SeiZleba gakeTdes?
- Zalian kargia, precedentebi iqmneba, rom korumpirebulebs iWeren, vinc
ixlarTeba raRaceebSi, iWeren, magram Cumad mainc xdeba, ra.
- Cumad ki ar xdeba, yvelaze didi Secdoma ra aris — iWeren, magram ar iWeren
Tavisebs. axla saCvenebel daWerebze nu damiwyebT laparaks, ra!
- wavidnen, daiWiron anzor burjanaZe da davijereb rom asea, ra!
vin unda ibrZodes, Tqveni azriT, axla saqarTveloSi korufciis wina-
aRmdeg?
- yvela.
- xalxi.
- yvela absoluturad.
- yvelam, magram mTavrobisgan unda modiodes keTili neba. me rac ginda viy-
viro...
- ra Tqma unda!
ra SemTvevaSi iqneba brZola korufciis winaaRmdeg dRevandel
saqarTveloSi warmatebuli?
- Tu kanoni ikanonebs.
- Tu ara marto sityviT, aramed Cveni saqmiTac... sinamdvileSi ai gamodian
revoluciis dros, da sinamdvileSi saqme saqmeze rom midges, saqmiT verafers ver
gaakeTeben.
- kanoni ikanonebs da xelfasebi gaizrdeba. magram erTi SemTxveva moxda —
sagadasaxados TanamSromlebs hqondaT 400 lari xelfasi. axla daaWres da 30
lari dautoves.
- ara, 40 lari — nuli mouWres.
- ara, vici rom 30 — Zmakacis deda 400 lars iRebda, atestacia gavlilebi,
samjer gamocdebi Caabarebines, axla meoTxed Caabarebines da 30 larze dasves.
adre iRebda 400 lars. axla wadi da nu moaparineb imas!
- jerjerobiT mainc Zalian Znelad moxdeba es, magram imedi ar unda
daikargos.
98
anu generaluri erTobliobis yvela warmomadgenlis Seswavla.
magaliTad, Tu Cveni gamokvlevis generalur erTobliobas kaxeTis glexebi
warmoadgenen, kaxeTSi mcxovreb yvela glexs, anu ramdenime aTeul aTas adamians,
mkvlevarTa jgufi ver gaesaubreba SezRuduli droisa da finansuri resursebis
gamo. es arc aris saWiro. aucilebelia mxolod glexebis nawilis Seswavla, rome-
lic sworad unda iyos SerCeuli. generaluri erTobliobis am nawils SerCeviTi
erToblioba hqvia, da misi amorCeva gansakuTrebul kanonzomierebebs eyrdnoba.
Sesaswavli jgufis gamoyofas sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs raodenobrivi da
Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebisas. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, raodenobrivi
meTodebiT muSaoba moiTxovs SerCevis reprezentatulobis uzrunvelyofas,
maSin rodesac Tvisebrivi meTodebiT muSaobisas aseTi moTxovna ar arsebobs.
2. informaciis Segrovebis meTodebi aRwerili unda iyos programis daskvniT
nawilSi. aq aRiniSneba, kvlevis romel meTodebs aniWeben upiratesobas
gamokvlevis organizatorebi, da ratom. garda amisa, mizanSewonilia specialur
danarTSi moyvanili iqnes yvela is kvleviTi instrumenti (kiTxvebi,
instruqciebi da sxva), romlebic gamoyenebuli iqneba gamokvlevis Catarebisas.
davalebebi:
1. moifiqreT 5 socialuri problema, romelTa Seswavlac mizanSewonilad
migaCniaT Tvisebrivi meTodebis meSveobiT.
2. SeadgineT gamokvlevis programa TqvenTvis saintereso socialuri
fenomenis empiriulad Seswavlis mizniT; dagegmeT am fenomenis Seswavla
romelime Tvisebrivi meTodis gamoyenebiT.
rekomendebuli literatura:
1. iago kaWkaWiSvili. 1998. “konkretuli sociologiuri kvlevis meTodologia.”
// sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi. Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis
gamomcemloba. gv. 22-44.
2. В. Ядов. Социологическое исследование: методология, программа, методы. Изд-во
«Самарский университет», 1995. С. 42-80.
3. Earl Babbie. 2004. The Practice of Social Research. 10th Edition. Belmont, CA:
Thomson/Wadsworth. Pp. 281-311 (Chapter 10. “Qualitative Filed Research”).
4. Howard S. Becker. 2001. “The Epistemology of Qualitative Research.” Pp. 317-330 in: Robert M.
Emerson, ed. Contemporary Field Research. Perspectives and Formulations. Second Edition.
Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press.
5. Herbert Blumer. 1998 [1969]. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Englewood
Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. Pp. 1-60.
6. Michael Burawoy. 1991. “The Extended Case Method.” Pp. 271-287 in: Michael Burawoy et al.
1991. Ethnography Unbound. Power and Resistance in the Modern Metropolis. Berkley:
University of California Press.
7. W. Lawrence Neuman. 2003. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative
Approaches. Fifth edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Pp. 363-401 (Chapter 13. “Field Research”).
8. Isadore Newman and Carolyn R. Benz. 1998. Qualitative-Quantitative Research Methodology.
Exploring the Interactive Continuum. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Pp. 1-26.
9. James P. Spradley. 1979. Ethnographic Interview. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Pp. 3-
16 (Chapter 1. “Ethnography and Culture”).
10. Anselm Strauss and Juliet Corbin. 1998. Basics of Qualitative Research. Techniques and
Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks: Sage
Publications. Pp. 3-14 (Chapter 1. “Introduction”).
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