UNIT 3 INTERNET AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Structure
3.0 Introduction to Internet
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Telnet
3.3 FTP
3.3.1 FTP commands
3.3.2 Steps to get/put data from an anonymous FTP site
3.4 Gopher
3.4.1 Usenet
3.4.2 Classification of news groups
3.5 Web Browser
3.6 Search Engines
3.7 Google Search Engine
3.7.1 Components of Google Search Engine
3.7.2 Search tips using Google
3.8 E-mail
3.8.1 Steps to create E-mail account
3.8.2 Spam mail
3.8.3 Voice mail
3.9 Internet Chat Session
3.9.1 Instant Messaging
3.9.2 Voice chat
3.10 Blog
3.11 Internet Development Tools
3.12 Internet Security and Security Measures
3.13 Summary
3.14 Further Readings

3.0 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET

Internet is a collection of million of computers and computing devices that are all
connected using wire and wireless technologies with star, bus, ring or mesh topologies.
Internet basically operates on TCP/IP protocol. With help of internet user can view
results of examination, access bank account, view stock market details, news, sports, etc,
Ftp allows user to download/upload files across multiple sites. Various web browsers
provides facilities to search on a specific topic, have email account, logs, etc., Internet
security can be provided by firewall and antivirus software.

3.1 OBJECTIVES

After studying this unit, the student is expected to be capable of the following:

• Knows about TELNET

• Knows about FTP
• Knows about GOPHER
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 • Will be able to browse Internet
• Use search engines
• Able to give e-mail
• Able to chat
• Create a blog
• Exposure to Internet development tools
• Exposure to Internet security

3.2 TELNET
TELNET (TErminal NETwork) is a protocol that enables the user to log on a different
system and use the resources. The different system (remote) can be located in same
building, city, and country or geographically located in another place of the world. The
system where the user works physically (local system) is called client and the remote
system is called host. Therefore, telnet follows client/server model. To access the host
system, user should know the IP address of that system. If user has login account and
password on remote system, then it is called full-privilege telnet session, otherwise user
can login as guest and share resources (files, memory and CPU) Restricted telnet
connection is called anonymous/guest telnet session

3.3 FTP
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a protocol to transfer file(s) from local machine to remote
machine or get file(s). FTP works on a client/server model. On the local machine FTP
client is installed and on the remote machine FTP server is installed. Many FTP sites
allow anyone to log on the server and download related files. Such ftp sites are known as
Anonymous FTP. In restricted ftp sites, user should get login and password from the ftp
server system.

3.3.1 FTP Commands

account, append, ASCII, bell, binary, bye, case, cd, cdup, close, cr, delete, debug, dir,
discount, form, get, glob, hash, help, lcd, ls, macdef, mdelete, mdir, mget, mkdir, mls,
mode, mput, nmap, ntrans, open, prompt, proxy, sendport, put, pwd, quit, quote, recv,
remotehelp, rename, reset, rmdir, runique, send, status, struct, sunique, tenex, trace, type,
user, verbose

3.3.2 Steps to get/put data from an anonymous FTP site

1. FTP to access file in Berkeley education web site. Type ftp
anarres.cs.berkeley.edu at command prompt. Login is anonymous and password is
guest. Any one can access these files. Figure 3.1 depicts successful login.

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 Figure 3.1

2. Help at ftp prompt displays a list of ftp commands(figure 3.2).

Figure 3.2

3. ls displays list of files on Berkeley site; Here folders are pub and ucb(figure 3.3)

Figure 3.3

4. cd pub. Change directory to pub (public) directory and ls displays list of file on
pub directory (figure 3.4)

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 Figure 3.4

5. cd algebra, change directory to algebra. ls –al, displays list of file in long format
(figure 3.5)

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 Figure 3.5

6. pwd – print/present working directory. Binary to get/put files in binary mode and
ASCII to get/put files in ASCII mode. lcd to display local directory path and get
MixedVolume gets the file to local directory c:\. Disconnet to close the
connection to Berkeley. put file.txt is valid, provided the anonymous user can put
files on the destination site. Otherwise put is not valid(figure 3.6)

Figure 3.6

7. Once the ftp task is done, close/disconnect will close the web site connection and
bye will terminate ftp session(figure 3.7)

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 Figure 3.7

3.4 GOPHER
Gopher is a tool to search, download and display related data from various sites across
the world. It is a client/server application similar to any web browsers. Presently, WWW
is used with much more search facilities and options compared to gopher. A gopher space
maintains all the related data of various fields .
For a gopher session any one of the following are used:
Browser for Gopher
Client based gopher tool based on the operating system being used
Archie – to search a file related to topic of interest. And later downloaded using FTP
Veronia – Used to access all gopher space for a search also use other search engine
features
CWIS – Campus Wide Information Servers. Using gopher servers, data related to campus
of school, university, office, banks, corporates can be maintained. Now-a-days much
sophisticate www tools are used.
WAIS – Wide Area Information Server. Using Veronia detail searching is not done and
contents of documents are not referred. Using WAIS, details search can be done over
more than 10,000 data bases.

3.4.1 Usenet
Usenet is an application tool which enables the user(s) to join the user group(s) and chat
or discuss on any topic of interest. These groups are called Usenet News Groups. There
are more than 7000 Usenet groups. Each usenet site is maintained by news server and
managed by administrator. Newsgroups are distributed around the globe through news
servers.

3.4.2 Classification of news groups

Comp - computer related features i.e. data bases, architecture, operating systems,
games, etc.,
News - news related network like announce, questions and answers etc.
Rec - recreational topics like sports, books, cinema, dance, music etc.
Biz - business and management related features
Soc - society related issues

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 sci - Scientific and technical features like physics, mathematics, chemistry,
biology, etc.
talk - group discussion and debate
alt - wide range of subjects
misc - miscellaneous topics

3.5 WEB BROWSER

An application that runs at user end and facilitates to access many internet resources like
email, search engine, train/air reservation, examination results, net banking, online
shopping, etc., Using URL, the corresponding web site is found. Web browsers operate
using HTTP protocol. Browsers support text, audio, video, animation, etc., features for
displaying web pages. Various types of web browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer,
Netscape Navigator, Mozilla, Konqueror, Firefox, Safari, Opera, Lynx, etc., With the
help of web browsers user can access search engines, and access emails and use all the
facilities of internet.

3.6 SEARCH ENGINES

Search engines provide the facility to search on any topic across many sites in various
formats. Programs called spiders scan web periodically and maintain latest update in
search engines. Search engine operates on the architecture of search query techniques.
Various types of search engines are AltaVista, Aesop Search, ASK Jeeves, Direct Hit,
Excite, Google, HotBot, Lycos, NorthenLight, SearchKing, WebCrawler,Yep,etc., Each
search engine is application specific and google search is wide generally used.

3.7 GOOGLE SEARCH ENGINE

Images, Video, Maps, News, Shopping, Gmail etc. are components of Google search
engine.

3.7.1 Components of Google Search Engine

1. Browse to http://www.google.com . Search can be done using in any regional or
national languages like Hindi. Default language is English (figure 3.8).

Figure 3.8
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2. To search for any image on any topic, click on Images on http://www.google.com
(figure 3.9).

Figure 3.9

3. To locate any part of the city in any country across the continents, click on Maps
on http://www.google.com (figure 3.10).

Figure 3.10

4. To track latest news in various countries, click on News on

http://www.google.com (figure 3.11).

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 Figure 3.11
5. With Orkut, user can create a community of friends and share text, audio, video
and instant message. Orkut mobile helps user to communicate through VoIP
(figure 3.12).

Figure 3.12

6. Google Scholar is an advanced search engine useful for researchers to search for
articles etc. (figure 3.13).

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 Figure 3.13

7. Google Translator will translate text from/to any language(figure 3.14).

Figure 3.14

8. Google YouTube to share, upload and view video clips. Video clips can be any
movie clip, user generated sequence of slides, TV clips or any clips. YouTube has
video clips with audio facilities in built. Browse to http://www.youtube.com
(figure 3.15)

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 Figure 3.15

3.7.2 Search tips using Google

For searching for any topic user has to type the relevant text and click on search option.
Various options used in google search are:
1. Quotes ( “Mega Structures “ ) - Searches for exact string Mega Structures is
shown in figure 3.16.

Figure 3.16

2. Exclude words ( Bio -Chemistry) – Searches for Bio and not related to chemistry
(figure 3.17).

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 Figure 3.17

3. Similar words (~Wireless) – Searches for words like mobile, cell, laptop, cellular,
etc. (figure 3.18).

Figure 3.18

4. Multiple Words (Quantum OR Nano Computing) – Searches for quantum or nano

computing (figure 3.19).
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 Figure 3.19

5. Range (Global climate change 2001 … 2005) – Searches for global climate
change from 2001 to 2005.
6. Define (Define YouTube) – Searches for the definition of YouTube (Figure 3.20)

Figure 3.20

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7. Site Specific (VLSI Design site:.edu)- Searches for VLSI Design in all
educational institutions (figure 3.21)

Figure 3.21

8. Link Page (MCA Course: www.ignou.ac.in) – Searches for MCA in ignou web
page (figure 3.22)

Figure 3.22

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3.8 E-mail
E-mail is Electronic Mail. E-mail works on Simple Network Management Protocol
(SNMP). Using e-mail we can send text, audio and video files to one person or a group of
persons. Free E-mail can be created in Google, Yahoo, Hotmail, Netscape, Lycos, etc.,
the following shows sequence of steps to create email account in Gmail which is a part of
Google.com. To create email account in yahoo site, hotmail site or any other site same
sequence of steps can be followed

3.8.1. Steps to create E-mail account

Steps to create E-mail account in Gmail from Google site:

1. In Internet Explorer or any other web browser, type www.google.com and at top
right corner click on sign in option and the page as shown in figure 3.23 appears.

Figure 3.23

2. Click on Create an account option and fill your personal details, as shown below.
Here first name is Student, last name is IGN. Desired login name is student, and
password is given by user and kept confidential (figure 3.24).

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 Figure 3.24

3. Security question can be entered as given by gmail or user can have his/her own
question and answer should be given in the below answer option
In case user forgets his/her password, gmail will prompt user this question, and
user should give the correct answer given by him, otherwise gmail will not access
use to login to the system. Word verification meant for confidentiality, so that no
automated tool can create user email account (figure 3.25).

4. After reading terms and conditions, finally user has to click on I accept create my
account option and his email account is created (figure 3.26).
5.

Figure 3.25

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 Figure 3.26

Therefore, account of studentign has been created.

The various components of e-mail are explained below:

1. Inbox - Consists of new mail that is not seen and old seen mails in a page. Inbox
is located on left column of gmail. Once the user clicks on the new mail received,
content of the mail is seen on new window (figure 3.27).

Figure 3.27

2. Compose Mail – Meant of composing a mail to a person or group of persons. In

To: recerver’ s email identity (studentignmca@gmail.com) is written
Subject: Welcome you or any other subject regarding user and content of
message is written
Message Box: Here the content of the message is written and fonts, size and color
can be changed.
Once the message is typed, send button at top of In Box is clicked and message is
send to the receiver (figure 3.28).

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 Figure 3.28

3. Sent Mail – Gives a list of messages sent by user studentign (figure 3.29).

Figure 3.29

4. Trash – Consists of list of mails deleted(figure 3.30)

Figure 3.30
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 5. Contacts – Helps the user to add user name and their email address, postal
address, phone numbers,etc., of their friends, family members, etc. (figure 3.31).

Figure 3.31

6. Settings Change - Click settings option on top right corner of the window to
modify/update user account settings (figure 3.32).

Figure 3.32

3.8.2 Spam mail

Spam is unsolicited junk email send my commercial companies for advertising or by any
unknown person sending email through know email address. Spam decreases email
traffic due to the capacity of unnecessary email flooding. Few spam mails can be detected
and for bulky of spam mails it is more difficult to detect who actually is sending the
spam. Web sites provide spam filter to restrict unnecessary emails to your system.

3.8.3 Voice mail

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Normal e-mail has text, animation and images files. In voice e-mail, the user must record
his/her voice and send. When the receiver opens the e-mail, voice is heard. At both the
ends voice mails need the audio hardware.

3.9 INTERNET CHAT SESSION

Chat is meant for live discussion using text and multimedia features. On the left bottom
of the window, click on chat option; add user email identity with whom we want to chat.
Confirmation comes from the recipient and the chat becomes a two way process.

Internet chat provides a facility to have live chat between many persons or group of
persons. It is a multi way chat technique. Internet Relay Chat (IRC) provides the facility
of internet chat. Each chat group has as separate channel maintained my IRC architecture.
It is normally not meant for one-to-one chat.

3.9.1 Instant Messaging

Mainly meant for one-to-one private communication through messengers or SMS
services in mobile phones. Using instant message text, picture can be send.
Tools that provide instant message features are Microsoft Messenger, Netscape AOL
Instant Messenger, Yahoo Messenger, etc,

3.9.2 Voice Chat

In instant message we can send message, but in voice chat we can have live audio
communication between two persons or group persons using the features of IP telephone
and VoIP (Voice over IP). Many messenger tools support the feature of voice chat also.

Let us assume there are two users given below want to login:
1. Student-MCA
2. Student-IGN

For these two users, email account has to be created in any email provider (yahoo mail,
gmail, hotmail, etc.,) and their respective email identity should be added in each chat
options.

1. Figure 3.33 shows a live chat between two students

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 Figure 3.33

2. Using left bottom option users can start voice chat and/or video chat. In this slide,
both the systems do not have audio and video peripherals, as the text appears on
the chat area (figure 3.34).

Figure 3.34

3. Users can use smiley faces for better dialogue (figure 3.35).

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 Figure 3.35

4. Above three slides indicate a separate chat window for each user. Here the chat
window is docked out to gmail user, to have full length chat. Docked option is
shown with middle arrow option on right top of chat window. Once the user
minimizes the chat window, it gets docked in to the gmail window as given below
(figure 3.36).

Figure 3.36

3.10 BLOG

A blog is a type of internet website, usually maintained by an individual or a small

company with frequent entries to descriptions of their interest, events, news, game,
movies or to any person sharing his/her views. Material such as text, graphics, audio and
video can also be shared using blog. Blog is normally a one way communication, where
user gives his ideas or comments on that blog site. There are various types of blogs like
science blog, social blog, movie blog, political blog, news channel blogs, etc.

3.11 INTERNET DEVELOPMENT TOOLS

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Java – A programming language enables to run applications from internet. Java applets
provide the facility of GUI and audio/video features. Supports various types of operating
systems and it is operating system independent.

Active X – Active X components and controls are downloaded and run on the computer.
Active X supports all features of internet. IE supports Active x technology.

JavaScript - Script for internet application to create forms, tables and GUI components.
Java script lacks the complexity of programming skills. Java script can call components
create by Java programming.

ASP and .NET also enhances the development of internet.

3.12 INTERNET SECURITY

Computer viruses provide major threat to the system and hamper users work. Memory
and data gets lost and corrupted. Virus slows down CPU and I/O performance. Virus
attack systems data from internet or portable devices like pen drive, CD/DVD drive, etc.
The solution is to have full updated antivirus software.

Cookies are bits of data put on disk when someone visits web site. Cookies keep track of
user login and password and list of files opened by the user. Hackers can access the
cookies and trace personal details about the person.

The following are some of the security measures possible:

• Access control software – Software should be license certified and permission

should be given to users having login accounts
• Antivirus software – Various types of antivirus and spyware software are to
installed to keep system secure
• Firewall – Acts as a protection between computer and external network. Firewall
can be a combination of hardware and software. It is normally installed on the
servers and routers. List of web sites can be listed in the firewall table, restricting
unwanted programs to access the system.
• User login and password – Only users having login and password should use the
systems. Users should not be given any administrator permission to modify any
files.

Session-1 (3 hours)

Question 1: Search for information on CIT programme using atleast two search
engines.
Question 2: Download a video related to the topic titled “How to browse Internet” or
any other technical topic of your interest from Internet.
Question 3: Create an e-mail account using any website which enables creation of
free e-mail accounts.
Question 4: Create your own blog, include information about the seven wonders of
the world on it.
Question 5: Chat with any of your friends.
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3.13 SUMMARY
This unit gives practical idea of Internet and their applications. Using FTP user can
download/upload any file from .edu or any other site. Main functionality of Web
Browsers are explained. Various features of Google search engine and its option are
explained with screen outputs. User can try these and get familiar with google search
options. Various steps to create email account in google are given and the same may be
followed for any email provider. Chat, instant message and voice chat are explained
briefly. Definition of blog and its applications are given. Further, various types of
programming development tools are mentioned briefly to enhance the feature Internet
and its applications. Lastly, Internet security and various security measures are explained.

3.14 FURTHER READINGS

• Internet 101: A Beginner’s Guide to Internet and World Wide Web by Elizabeth
Castro and Wendy G Lehnert; 1998; Addison Wesley Publications
• How the Internet Works:Millenium Edition by Preston Gralla, Sarah Ishida, Mina
Reimer and Stephen Adams; Techmedia Publications
• http://www.google.com
• http://www.wikipedia.org

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