SECURITY AND STRATEGIC

STUDIES – THE ASIA/

PACIFIC REGION (B)
(ASIA2030)

SECURITY ANALYSIS PROGRAM

FACULTY OF ASIAN STUDIES
AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY
2008

United Nations peacekeeping forces from Thailand participate in a ceremony marking the
transfer of control of East Timor (Timor-Leste) to East Timorese forces in Los Palos, East
Timor, on July 23, 2002.
SECURITY AND STRATEGIC STUDIES
THE ASIA/PACIFIC REGION (B)
ASIA2030 (2008)
CONVENER
Dr Marcus Mietzner
Faculty of Asian Studies
Australian National University
T: 02 6125 5111
E: marcus.mietzner@anu.edu.au

Tutor
Dr John Monfries
Faculty of Asian Studies
Australian National University
T: 02 6125 8568
E: john.monfries@anu.edu.au

COURSE OUTLINE
The purpose of ASIA2030 – Strategic and Security Studies (B) is to extend the student’s
understanding of the different dimensions of security in the Asia-Pacific region by
examining various issues, actors, threats and means to promote security.
ASIA2030 is organised around three themes:

o Theme 1: A Contested Concept. This theme allows you to revisit the concept of
security, and to consider how to apply it in the making of security policy.

o Theme 2: Security of What? Traditional and non-traditional actors and issues in the
Asia-Pacific Region. Under this theme we will examine a range of areas, including
transnational crime, technology, environmental issues, health security, economic security
and energy security. On the last week of this theme, special emphasis will be given to
discuss the security of the Pacific states.

o Theme 3: Promoting Security in the Asia-Pacific Region. The final theme looks at
different approaches to promoting security in the region, and will consider the issues of
democratisation in Asia, role of civil society, multilateral arrangements, international law
and the UN, human rights law, international humanitarian law, separatism and ethnic
violence and intervention and peace operations as examples of the range of approaches. It
will conclude the course with a discussion on how these approaches should be balanced in
Australia’s policy towards Asia.

Marcus Mietzner will convene the course. Guest lecturers for the course include
specialists from the Faculty of Asian Studies of ANU, the Strategic and Defence Studies
Centre, Pacific History, International Relations and other departments of the Research
School of Pacific and Asian Studies, as well as experts from other parts of the university
and outside with backgrounds in Australia’s foreign affairs establishments.

The course consists of one 2-hour lecture session per week for eleven weeks, with weekly
follow-up tutorials.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
ASIA2030 aims to:
o Develop a broad knowledge of the major traditional and non-traditional security issues
in the Asia-Pacific region (at the inter-state, intra-state, and trans-national levels),
including an understanding of the essential theoretical approaches and concepts necessary
for interpreting them;
o Develop a familiarity with the key disciplinary principles and methodologies in
security and strategic studies;
o Enhance the student’s research, writing, presentation and analytical skills;
o Encourage a collaborative approach to learning, including reflective thinking skills,
teamwork in an academic environment and an appreciation of different points of view;
o Promote the capacity to think critically about strategic and security studies, including
an ability to:
o consider the implications of, and relationships between, events and ideas;
o assess evidence, draw independently formed arguments and conclusions.

LECTURERS
Week 1: Tuesday 22 July
Course Introduction
Dr Marcus Mietzner and Dr John Monfries (one-hour session only)

Week 2: Tuesday 29 July

Human Security and Non- Traditional Security Approaches
Guest lecturer

Week 3: Tuesday 5 August

Trans-national Crime and Peacekeeping
Guest lecturer

Week 4: Tuesday 12 August

Development Models
Development in Pacific Micro-economies
Dr Paul D’Arcy

Week 5: Tuesday 19 August

Resource Disputes and Communal Violence
Dr Paul D’Arcy

Research paper due 22 August

Week 6: 26 August - No lectures

Week 7: Tuesday 2 September

Democratisation and Military Rule
Dr Paul D’Arcy

Week 8: Tuesday 9 September

Energy Security
TBA
Human Rights in the Region
Dr Marcus Mietzner

Essay due 12 September

Week 9: Tuesday 16 September

Health and Security, and Maritime Security
Dr Paul D’Arcy

Week 10: Tuesday 23 September

Asian Regional Security Architecture
Dr Ron Huisken, SDSC
The Environment as a Security Issue
Dr Lorraine Elliott, International Relations, RSPAS

MID-SEMESTER BREAK

Week 11: Tuesday 14 October

Technology and Warfare
Prof Hugh White
International Law and Security
Dr Hitoshi Nasu, Law Faculty

Week 12: Tuesday 21 October

Civil Society and Security
Guest lecturer
Small Arms And Landmines
Stephanie Koorey, SDSC

Week 13: Tuesday 28 October -

Australian Security
Prof Paul Dibb, SDSC
Course Wrap-Up and Discussion of Exam
Marcus Mietzner and John Monfries
LECTURE VENUE
Venue: J J Dedman Building (bldg 27), Lecture Theatre JD 102, (behind the
Manning Clark Centre) – see map
Time: Tuesdays, 09.00 am-11.00 am

TUTORIALS
Tutorials will begin in the second week of term. They are held on Tuesdays and
Thursdays and will always treat the topic of the lecture of the same week. Tutorials run
for 55 mins. Tutorial enrolment is through Web CT.

• Tuesday 2-3 pm (4.44)

• Tuesday 3-4 pm (4.44)
• Thursday 2-3 pm (4.44)
• Thursday 3-4 pm (4.44)

You are strongly encouraged to maintain contact with your tutor by e-mail and
discussions during consultation periods. To that end, all students are required to provide
their email address so that the course coordinator can create a ‘class list’. Please provide
more than one address if you wish, but the primary contact is your student email account
(because some email servers reject group emails). Your tutor will advise consultation
times and preferred contact methods in the first tutorial.
COURSE LITERATURE
RECOMMENDED TEXTS

Alan Collins (ed), Contemporary Security Studies, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
2007.

Ken Booth (ed), Critical Security Studies and World Politics, New York: Lynne Rienner,
2005

Muthiah Alagappa (ed), Asian Security Practice: Material and Ideational Influences,
Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998

William T. Tow, Ramesh Thakur, and In-Taek Hyun (eds), Asia's Emerging Regional
Order: Reconciling Traditional and Human Security, Tokyo and New York: United
Nations University Press, 2000

The required tutorial readings can be found each week in Web CT under the ASIA 2030
(2008) section, and are compulsory reading for full student participation in tutorial
discussions.

Each week has three types of reading:

• Required. These readings are contained in the brick and will be discussed in the
tutorials.
• Recommended. These readings are either contained on Web CT, or available in the
library or in the internet. They will provide you with additional help when preparing
presentations and essays. It is recommended that you familiarise yourself with at least
some of them before tutorials.
• Αdditional. These readings can be found in the general collection and in the electronic
journals. They will help you to prepare essays and learn more about the subject.

Note: Some of the required readings might seem dated. Publication dates that are long
past should, however, not be taken as a sign of dated content. The academic discussion
tends to concentrate on one issue for a few years, and then move on once the important
facts and theories are agreed upon. Not everything that is true and valid gets repeated
every year. Classics in the field of strategy, like Thucydides or Sun Tzu, are even still
read and quoted today, thousands of years after they have been written.

COURSE ASSESSMENT AND TASKS

In order to pass this course each assessment task must be completed.

BREAKDOWN OF ASSESSMENT
Tutorial Attendance and Participation: 15%
Research Paper (2,200 words) 35% Due: 22 August
Essay (1,500 words) 25% Due: 12 September
Take Home Exam (1,500 words) 25%
RESEARCH PAPER (2200 words)
This assignment allows you to develop a deeper understanding of a security issue and
consider how this issue could influence the region’s future. You may choose to build
upon your ideas from ASIA 2028. You must advise your tutor if you are doing that. The
assignment is:

“Select an issue or actor covered in ASIA 2030, and identify how that issue or actor
could influence the region’s security over the next 5 to 10 years”.

The research paper is due on 22 August, 2008 (11.55 pm) through WEB CT. It will allow
you to submit till 29 August, 2008 (11.55 pm). Research papers will not be accepted
after 29 August 2008.

Research Papers submitted late without an approved extension will incur a reduction of
2% of the final mark per day in accordance with Faculty of Asian Studies Guidelines.
Any student having difficulties in meeting the submission date is strongly encouraged to
talk to their tutor. Students wishing to apply for an extension must contact John before 19
August, 2008. If required, the student will be asked to provide a formal written request for
an extension.

RESEARCH PAPER LAYOUT REQUIREMENTS

Papers must be typed, using “12” font and 1.5 or double-spacing. The paper must include
a bibliography and be referenced in accordance with the normal conventions. The length
is 2000 words, +/- 10%.
Plagiarism – in forms including copying, paraphrasing, summarising and cobbling –
is unacceptable and will attract severe penalties. Please read the handout at:
http://www.anu.edu.au/academicskills/online_materials/reading_notetaking_and_pl
agiarism/plagiarism.pdf.

ESSAY (1500 words)

The essay topic or topics will be released later in the semester.

The essay is due on Friday 12 September (11.55 pm) through WEB CT. It will allow you
to submit till 19 September, 2008 (11.55 pm). Essays will not be accepted after 19
September 2008.

Essays submitted late without an approved extension will incur a reduction of 2% of the
final mark per day in accordance with Faculty of Asian Studies Guidelines. Any student
having difficulties in meeting the submission date is strongly encouraged to talk to their
tutor. Students wishing to apply for an extension must contact John before 16 September,
2008. If required, the student will be asked to provide a formal written request for an
extension.

Layout requirements are as stated for the Research Paper – see above.

TUTORIAL PARTICIPATION

Tutorial attendance is compulsory. A minimum of eight tutorials must be attended in

order to pass the course.
You are expected to make a full contribution to tutorials by engaging in the discussion
and participating in the activities assigned by your tutor. Since much of the work during
second semester consists of examining security concepts and themes, tutorial discussions
will be vital for developing your comprehension and understanding. Failure to attend
tutorials without a legitimate reason (and generally some form of documentary evidence
to support your reason) will adversely affect your tutorial participation mark.

EXAMINATION

The course finishes with a take-home examination, on a subject or subjects to be released

later.

ASSESSMENT GRADING – GUIDELINES

The general criteria or rationale for the various marks given for assignments are:
A Pass mark (50-59%) indicates that the assignment addresses the topic chosen,
demonstrates understanding of the issues it entails, and provides a basic answer to the
question. It demonstrates familiarity with the set material and shows awareness of the
need to argue a case. The student has demonstrated an ability to arrange ideas and express
them with sufficient clarity to enable his or her audience to follow what is said without
difficulty. Written work includes appropriate citations and references showing what use
has been made of the work of others.
A Credit mark (60-69%), as well as the above, indicates a demonstrated ability to
respond critically to the work of others and think analytically about the issues it contains.
It shows ability to weigh up alternative points of view and the evidence supporting them.
It indicates that the student is able to construct an argument or develop a theme in a
systematic manner. It also indicates that the student has shown an awareness of the wider
context in which the issues need to be understood, including the strategic context.
A Distinction mark (70-79%), in addition to the above, indicates that the student has
demonstrated an ability to consider the issues from a number of perspectives and to
understand their interrelation. The answer is clear and insightful, the argument is well
structured and appropriate evidence is used. The student has also shown an understanding
of relevant general concepts and theories, and ability to combine these with information
from other sources to form a coherent view that is clearly the student's own.
A High Distinction (80-100%) mark, further, indicates that the student has demonstrated
a thorough understanding of the topic in all its major aspects and/or an ability to approach
the topic from a fresh direction and generate new insights.
This may involve, for instance, bringing to the topic a wide range of ideas and showing an
ability to establish connections between this and other topics or fields; or demonstrating a
capacity to 'unpack' and analyse, in a revealing way, the complexities of events or ideas.
A High Distinction mark implies a sophisticated level of argumentation that includes,
where appropriate, the use of general concepts and theories.
A Fail mark (less than 50%) indicates that the student has not answered the question; has
failed to show a basic understanding of the main issues or has failed to address these
issues in a fruitful way; has failed to communicate ideas with reasonable clarity; has
failed to meet minimum standards of presentation; has failed to reference their work.
While each case will be considered separately, work deemed to constitute plagiarism will
be given a failing mark.
[See also the section on ‘The ANU Grading System’, in the brochure Start Making Sense,
by the Academic Skills and Learning Centre, ANU, 2004, pp. 24-25.]
REFERENCING
Referencing is one essential step to ensuring rigour in your work and for the correct
attribution of sources. You may use either the Chicago or Harvard citation styles, and
while the choice is yours, you must be consistent in the application.
Chicago citation style. The citation is contained in a footnote to the text:
1. Barry Buzan, People, States, and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in
the Post-Cold War Era, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead, 1991, p 124.
2. Ibid, pp.221-4.
3. Even here, the authors fold strategic considerations into preferences by making the
preference for resource maximisation conditional upon the survival of the state. See Bill
McSweeney, Security, Identity and Interests, Cambridge Studies in International
Relations, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p.24.
4. Buzan, op cit, p.162.
5. Victor D. Cha, ‘Nuclear Weapons, Missile Defence and Stability: A Case for “Sober
Optimism”’, in Muthiah Alagappa (ed), Asian Security Order: Instrumental and
Normative Features, Stanford University Press, Stanford California, 2003, p.459.
6. Alan Mitchell, ‘Plenty of oil, little to show for it’, The Weekend Financial Review, 2-3
October 2004, p.45.
7. ‘The Dragon and the Eagle’, The Economist, 30 September 2004.
8. International Crisis Group, ‘Taiwan Strait II: The Risk of War’, Asia Report No 54, 6
June 2003, available: http://www.crisisweb.org//library/documents/
report_archive/A4009 91_06062003.pdf, accessed 5 July 2004.
Harvard Citation Style. The citation is contained in the body of the text: ‘A group of
states whose primary security concerns link together sufficiently closely that their
national securities cannot realistically be considered apart from one another (Buzan,
1991: 190).’

Bibliography. You must submit a bibliography with all written work. The bibliographic
style remains the same irrespective of which citation style you choose.

Examples: Buzan, Barry, People States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security
Studies in the Post-Cold War Era, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Hemel Hempstead, 1991.
Victor D. Cha, ‘Nuclear Weapons, Missile Defence and Stability: A Case for
“Sober Optimism”’, in Muthiah Alagappa (ed), Asian Security Order:
Instrumental and Normative Features, Stanford University Press, Stanford
California, 2003, pp.458-496.
International Crisis Group, ‘Taiwan Strait II: The Risk of War’, Asia Report No
54, 6 June 2003, available:
http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=1651&l=1, last accessed 17 July,
2006.
Sweeney, Bill, Security, Identity and Interests, Cambridge Studies in International
Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999.
Please note the specific way that internet sources are presented.

SOURCES
The reading list for each week also provide a good start to finding references for your
studies. You should look to find a balance between media, think-tanks, journal articles
and books in your references, and – most importantly – understand the strengths and
weaknesses of each. There are more sources than could be listed here – and you will
come to know different ones in time. Some sources that we use regularly are listed below.
You are encouraged to do a ‘refamiliarisation’ at the Chifley and Menzies
Libraries to learn more about the sources available. You should also enter some of the key
terms for the course into www.google.com or http://scholar.google.com/ to see the range
of writings on these topics.

MEDIA
• Local. SBS news and current affairs (including Jim Lehrer News Hour); ABC AM,
PM, Insiders, Asia-Pacific Profile, Foreign Correspondent and 1440 News Radio (on the
AM band); The Australian, Sydney Morning Herald, Australian Financial
Review and The Age.
• International. The Economist, Far Eastern Economic Review, The Washington
Post, International Herald Tribune, Newsweek, The Atlantic Monthly. Most Asian
countries have an English-language daily that is well-worth tracking.

ELECTRONIC SOURCES (search through the library website to get access to the articles)
• http://www.ciaonet.org/
• http://www.ingentaconnect.com/
• http://www.jstor.org/
• http://journalsonline.tandf.co.uk/
• http://www.extenza-eps.com/
• http://www.rand.org/publications/
• http://muse.jhu.edu/
• http://www3.oup.co.uk/jnls/online/
• www.crisisweb.org

THEME 1
SECURITY – A CONTESTED CONCEPT
WEEK 1 – 22 July

COURSE INTRODUCTION - SECURITY CONCEPTS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

ASIA2028 started with a broad discussion of strategy and security. In the first week of
Asia 2030, we will discuss the overall course structure, the main concepts and issues to be
dealt with and the assignment requirements.

Dr Marcus Mietzner will lead the discussion this week.

Please note that the required reading for this week is also relevant for Week 2 and for
discussion in the first tutorial in Week 2.

You should spend time thinking about the topic for your research paper. In general, you
should begin to research in an interesting area covered in ASIA2030 and find some
literature to get you started. This might include looking at relevant readings from the
(complete) Reading List, searching the Library Catalogue and searching journal search
engines, such as Project Muse, JSTOR, Proquest, CIAO Online, Ingentia and Blackwell
Synergy.
REQUIRED READING FOR WEEK 1

Muthiah Alagappa, ‘Rethinking Security: A Critical Review and Appraisal of the

Debate,’ in Muthia Alagappa, ed., Asian Security Practice, Stanford University Press,
Stanford, 1998, pp. 27-64.

John Baylis and James J. Wirtz, ‘Introduction’, in John Baylis, James Wirtz, Eliot Cohen
and Colin S. Gray (eds.), Strategy in the Contemporary World, Oxford
University Press, Oxford, 2007, pp. 1-15.

RECOMMENDED READING

David Jones and Mike Smith, ‘The Changing Security Agenda in Southeast Asia:
Globalization, New Terror, and the Delusions of Regionalism,’ Studies in Conflict and
Terrorism, No. 24, 2001, pp 271-288.

David Kang, ‘Acute conflicts in Asia After the Cold War: Kashmir, Taiwan and Korea’,
in Muthiah Alagappa (ed), Asian Security Order: Instrumental and Normative
Features, Stanford University Press, Stanford California, 2003, pp. 349-379.

FURTHER READING

Anthony Burke, ‘Caught between National and Human Security: Knowledge and Power
in Post-crisis Asia’, Pacifica Review, Volume 13, Number 3, October 2001, pp.
215-239.

Dan Henk, ‘Human Security: Relevance and Implications,’ Parameters, Vol. XXXV,
No. 2, Summer 2005, pp. 91-106.

WEEK 2 – 29 July
Human Security and Non- Traditional Security Approaches
Guest lecturer

In these lectures, the guest lecturer will revisit the concepts of human and traditional
security, and further discuss their similarities and differences. In particular, we will
examine in how far the academic discussion regarding both is, or can be made more
relevant to policy makers.

Tutorial Questions

- How far should the concept of security be extended? Is there a limit? If so, what
should the limit be?
- Are some aspects of non-traditional security more amenable to security
approaches than others?
- How can you convince policy-makers that non-traditional security approaches are
valid?

REQUIRED READING

Nicholas Thomas and William T. Tow, ‘The Utility of Human Security: Sovereignty and
Humanitarian Intervention,’ Security Dialogue, Vol 33, No. 2, pp. 177-192.
Alex J. Bellamy and Matt McDonald, ‘The Utility of Human Security’: Which Humans?
What Security? A Reply to Thomas and Tow,’ Security Dialogue, Vol. 33,
No. 3, pp 373-377.

RECOMMENDED READING

Paul M. Evans, ‘Human Security and East Asia: In the Beginning,’ Journal of East Asian
Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2004, pp. 263-284.

Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in
the Post-Cold War Era, Second Edition, Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991, Chapter 10.

Keith Krause and Michael C. Williams, ‘Broadening the Agenda of Security Studies:
Politics and Methods’, Mershon International Studies Review, No. 40, 1996, pp. 229-
254.

Benjamin Miller, ‘The Concept of Security: Should it be Redefined?’, The Journal of

Strategic Studies, 24:2, June 2001, pp. 13-41.

WEEK 3 – 5 August

PEACEKEEPING AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME

Guest Lecturer
This lecture examines an issue of enormous complexity and significant risk:
When to intervene? Governments and international institutions have asked this question
a number of times in the last decade and a half, and they have clearly not always got the
answer right. In this session, our guest lecturer will talk about the similarities and
differences between Australia’s interventions in Bougainville, East Timor and the
Solomon Islands.

The second lecture will cover trans-national crime in the region. What is it? How does it
affect regional security?

Tutorial Questions:

−What political and military challenges do peace operations pose? What can and what
cannot be achieved by them?
−In which regards have Australia’s interventions been successful, and in which have they
not achieved their objectives?
−Why is trans-national crime considered a security threat in Southeast Asia?
–In what circumstances can and should state sovereignty be overtaken by international
action?

REQUIRED READING

INTERVENTION AND PEACEKEEPING

Michael Evans, ‘Contemporary Military Operations’, in Strategy and Security in the
Asia-Pacific, Robert Ayson and Desmond Ball, eds, 2006, pp. 39-54.
TRANSNATIONAL CRIME
John McFarlane, ‘Transnational Crime and Asia-Pacific Security’, in Sheldon W.
Simon (ed), The Many Faces of Asian Security, Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham,
2001, pp. 197-229.

RECOMMENDED READING

Benjamin Reilly, ‘Internal Conflict and Regional Security in Asia and the Pacific’,
Pacifica Review, Vol. 14, No. 1, February 2002, pp. 7-21.

Arun R. Swamy and John Gershman, ‘Managing Internal Conflicts: Dominance of the
State’, in Muthiah Alagappa (ed), Asian Security Order: Instrumental and Normative
Features, Stanford University Press, Stanford California, 2003, pp.497-535.

Mohammed Ayoob, ‘Humanitarian Intervention and State Sovereignty,’ International

Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Spring 2002), pp. 81-102.

David Hegarty, Peace Operations in the South Pacific: Lessons from Bougainville and
Solomon Islands, Paper for Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies Conference Island
State Security 2003: “Oceania at the Crossroads” Session IV: “Ways Out” Honolulu,
Hawaii, 15-17 July 2003.

John McFarlane, Organised Crime and Terrorism in the Asia-Pacific Region: The
Reality and Response, Working Paper 370, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre,
Canberra, July 2002.

Ralf Emmers, ‘ASEAN’s Response to Transnational Crime’, Australian Defence

Studies Centre Working Paper No 70, October 2002.

WEEK 4 – 12 August

DEVELOPMENT AND SECURITY

Dr Paul D’Arcy

Lecture 1: Development Models

Lecture 2: Development in Pacific micro-economies (Note – the second session will be
50 minutes only, because of the constraints of Paul’s schedule).

The Pacific Island nations are a series of archipelagos with relatively small populations
by world standards. Most are politically independent, but few have succeeded in forming
self-sustaining economies without external support, especially in the form of large grants
and aid packages from their former colonial rulers. Most of the colonial powers in the
Pacific used few resources to control and develop their Island territories.
The result was that Pacific Island nations inherited limited modern infrastructure, and a
great deal of their traditional culture remained intact. Corruption and limited provision of
government services plague much of the Pacific today, prompting questions about how to
bring about sustained economic development and whether tradition is a barrier to progress
or a source of stability in a time of globalization and change.
Tutorial Questions: Tradition, Stability and Modernisation in the Pacific

This week’s tutorial questions are:

• What major barriers do Pacific Island nations face in attempting to create modern,
prosperous societies in the current era of globalisation?
• Can and should traditional elements of Pacific Island culture be integrated with modern,
western style institutions to achieve modernity?
• Given the constraints they face and nature of their societies, what development
priorities and goals will be most effective and beneficial for Island nations?

REQUIRED READING

Firth, Stewart, “Pacific Islands Trade, Labor, and Security in an Era of Globalization,”
The Contemporary Pacific, vol. 19(1), 2007, pp. 111-135.
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/contemporary_pacific/v019/19.1firth.pdf

Ward, R.G., "South Pacific Futures: Paradise, Prosperity, or Pauperism?", The

Contemporary Pacific, vol. 5(1), 1993, pp. 1-22.

RECOMMENDED READING
Schoeffel, Penelope, ‘Social Change’, in K.R. Howe, Robert C. Kiste, & Brij V. Lal
(eds.), Tides of History: The Pacific Islands in the Twentieth Century, Allen & Unwin,
Sydney, 1993, pp. 350-380.

Bertram, I.G. & Watters, R.F., "The MIRAB Economy in South Pacific Microstates",
Pacific Viewpoint, vol. 26(3), 1985, pp.497-520.
17
Nero, Karen, “The Material World Remade” in D. Denoon (ed.) The Cambridge History
of the Pacific Islanders, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997,
pp. 359-396.

FURTHER READING
Barcham, M., “The Politics of Economic Reform: The Failure of PNG’s 1995 Structural
Adjustment Programme”, Revue Juridique Polynesienne, vol. 2, 2002, pp. 193-211.

Crocombe, Ron, The South Pacific, Suva, 2001.

WEEK 5 – 19 August
Dr Paul D’Arcy

RESOURCE DISPUTES AND COMMUNAL VIOLENCE

Lecture 1: West Papua and Mining
Lecture 2: Muslim versus Christian in the Southern Philippines (Note – the second
session will be 50 minutes only, because of the constraints of Paul’s schedule).

Colonial boundaries took little account of pre-existing political, ethnic, cultural and
religious divisions. The result has been to create a series of culturally diverse postcolonial
states. Ethnic and cultural minorities often face barriers to political and economic
advancement in such circumstances. They may even face an influx of population into
their territory in response to population pressure elsewhere or resource wealth within their
lands.
West Papua (or Irian Jaya) in Indonesia and the lands of Muslim peoples within the
overwhelmingly Roman Catholic Philippines are two classic examples of these
circumstances. Both have faced intermittent and bloody warfare since the influx of
outsiders into their lands from the late 1960s/early 1970s. Justice and an end to violence
remain elusive for both groups.

Tutorial Questions: The Southern Philippines and Indonesian Papua

This week’s tutorial questions are:

−What are the main local, national and international forces influencing inter-communal
tensions in the Southern Philippines?
−How do these various influences and levels interact with each other? How has
the combination of problems underlying the conflict altered in recent decades?
−How should these underlying problems be tackled, and in what order of
priority?
–How much benefit from the mining projects in Papua (Irian Jaya) province accrues to
the local people?

REQUIRED READING

Daniel Joseph Ringuet, “The Continuation of Civil Unrest and Poverty in Mindanao,”
Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 24(1), April 2002, pp. 33-49.

T.J.S. George, ‘The Lure of Land’, in his Revolt in Mindanao: The Rise of Islam in
Philippines Politics, Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1980, pp. 107-128.

Octovianus Mote and Danilyn Rutherford, “From Irian Jaya to Papua: The Limits of
Primordialism in Indonesia's Troubled East”, Indonesia, Vol. 72, (Oct, 2001), pp.
115-140, Southeast Asia Program Publications, Cornell University.

RECOMMENDED READING
Thomas M. McKenna, Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed
Separatism in the Southern Philippines, Anvil Publishing, Manila, 1998, pp.
113-137.

Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers, Report of the Secretary General on the

Question of Muslims in Southern Philippines, ICFM, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 27-30
June, 2000, http://www.justpeace.net.ph/process/peacetalk/p2000_0811_03.htm, 2000.

FURTHER READING: SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

Armour, Rollin, Islam, Christianity, and the West: A Troubled History, New York,
2002.

Banlaoi, Rommel C., “The Role of Philippine-American Relations in the Global

Campaign Against Terrorism: Implications for Regional Security”, Contemporary
Southeast Asia, vol. 24(2), 2002, pp. 294-312.
WEEK 6: 26 August - No lectures

WEEK 7: 2 September

DEMOCRACY AND MILITARY RULE

Paul D’Arcy

Lecture 1: From dictatorship to democracy in the Philippines

Lecture 2: From Democracy to Military Rule in Fiji (Note – the second session will be 50
minutes only, because of the constraints of Paul’s schedule).

Most established western nations were unified through force of arms with their current
democratic forms only emerging much later. Similarly, most successful modern Asian
nations forged ahead economically under autocratic rule initially and only later moved
towards more democratic forms of rule. Modern states elsewhere were initially forged
and held together by colonial military rule rather than any internal unity or harmony. It
s therefore perhaps not surprising that many of the later have reverted back to strong
authoritarian rule in the decades following their granting of independence by colonial
powers with democratic constitutions modelled on those of their colonizers. This
week’s lectures and tutorial examine what processes erode democracy in favour of
authoritarian rule, and how democracy can be restored. Key issues are whether
democracy is appropriate or beneficial for post-colonial states, and if so, what form of
democracy is best?

Tutorial Questions: Fiji and the Philippines

This week’s tutorial questions are:

−What were the main differences between the Fiji coups of 1987 and 2000? What
underlying tensions and issues do the coups have in common?
−Why was the new, post-1987 coups’ democratic constitution overthrown so easily in
2000? What are the prospects for a peaceful return to democracy?
–What were the key factors in the fall of President Marcos?
– How satisfactory was the restoration of democracy in the Philippines?

REQUIRED READING

Roderic Alley, ‘Fiji’s Coups of 1987 and 2000: A Comparison’, Revue Juridique
Polynesienne, vol. 1, 2001, pp. 217-234.

Brij V. Lal, ‘’Chiefs and thieves and other people besides’: the making of George
Speight’s coup’, Journal of Pacific History, vol. 35(3), 2000, pp. 281-308.

Choi, Jungug, “Philippine Democracies Old and New: Elections, Term Limits, and
Party Systems”, Asian Survey, vol. XLI (3), 2001, 488-501.
RECOMMENDED READING

Aikman, C., “Making multi-racial democracy work in Fiji”, Asia Pacific Viewpoint,
vol.40 (3), 1999, pp.285-294 (review article).

Amitav Acharya, ‘Democratization and the prospects for participatory regionalism in

Southeast Asia,’ Third World Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 2 (2003), pp. 375-390.

Roland Rich, Democratic Peace Theory-What Relevance to East Asia? Centre for
Democratic Institutions, RSSS, ANU, Canberra, 2003.

Lawson, Stephanie, “Chiefs, Politics and the Power of Tradition in Contemporary Fiji,”
in Geoffrey White and Lamont Lindstrom (eds.) Chiefs Today: Traditional Leadership
and the Postcolonial State, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1997, pp.108-118.

FURTHER READING: FIJI

Fraenkel, Jonathan, “Institutions without Architects: Reassessing Fiji’s May 1999.

Elections in the Wake of George Speight’s Coup’, Revue Juridique Polynesienne, vol.
2, 2002, pp. 151-171.

FURTHER READING: THE PHILIPPINES

Asian Studies, Special Issue on the Transition from Dictatorship to Democracy after the
Philippine Revolution of February 1986, vol. XXIV-XXV, 1987-1988.

THEME 2
SECURITY OF WHAT? TRADITIONAL AND NON-TRADITIONAL
ISSUES AND ACTORS IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC
WEEK 8 – Energy Security
ENERGY SECURITY
John Monfries (TBC)
HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE REGION
Marcus Mietzner

Tutorial: Energy Security and Human Rights

Tutorial questions are:

–Security of energy supply is an important issue for many Asian countries, but what can
they do to safeguard or guarantee it?
–What are human rights? Are human rights the same for all people everywhere?
–Are human rights a security issue?

REQUIRED READING

Tsutomu Toichi, ‘Energy Security in Asia and Japanese Policy,’ Asia-Pacific Review,
Vol. 10, No. 1 (May 2003), pp. 44-51.
Xu Yi-Chong, ‘China’s Energy Security’ Australian Journal of International Affairs,
2006, Vol. 60, No. 2, pp 265-286.

Chris Brown, Human Rights, Chapter 31 in The Globalization of World Politics: An

Introduction to International Relations, John Baylis and Steve Smith (Eds), 2005, 689-
705.

RECOMMENDED READING

ICRC, Discover the ICRC, ICRC, Switzerland, pp 14-27.

Bryan S. Turner, ‘Rule of Virtue: China and Human Rights’, Journal of Human Rights,
2007, Vol. 6, pp. 265-271.

Thomas Homer-Dixon, ‘Scarcity and Conflict’, Forum for Applied Research and
Public Policy, Spring 2000, pp. 28-35.

Laurie Skuba Jackson and Piyachatr Pradubraj, ‘Introduction: Environmental conflict in

the Asia-Pacific’, Asia-Pacific Viewpoint, Vol. 45, No. 1, April 2004, pp. 1-11.

WEEK 9 – 16 September

HEALTH SECURITY
Paul D’Arcy
Lecture 1: Epidemics and Pandemics in World History
Lecture 2: Maritime Security (Note – the second session will be 50 minutes only, because
of the constraints of Paul’s schedule).

Epidemics and pandemics periodically ravage communities, regions and occasionally

much of humanity. The worst kill far more than any war in history or any natural
disaster, and effective countermeasures either take time to develop or remain elusive.
The speed and global reach of modern transport means the chance of effective
quarantine is remote. The relatively low death toll due of the recent SARS outbreak
was more due to luck than good management. Yet security specialists tend to give
priority to other threats such as terrorism or potentially belligerent neighbours to pour
money into military hardware and border protection. This tutorial examines issues
involved in ensuring effective public health countermeasures are put in place against
health threats in both a national and international context. To what extent is the
suspension of cultural and civil liberties justified for the greater good, and who should
decide where the greater good lies?

Tutorial: Public Health and Maritime Security

This week’s tutorial questions are:

• What criteria should be used to assess when issues of national security and public health
override local cultural sensitivities in reacting to potential epidemics and pandemics?
• How important is public health compared to other development and security priorities
for both national governments and international aid donors?
• What principles and dispute resolution mechanisms were put in place by the
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)? Are they
workable solutions to maritime disputes?
• What factors will persuade coastal nations to use conciliation and collaboration
rather than force to resolve disputed territory and resources in the South China
Sea?

REQUIRED READING

Christian Enemark, ‘Infectious Diseases and International Security: The Biological

Weapons Convention and Beyond’ in Nonproliferation Review, 2005, Vol. 12, No. 1,
107-125.

Nicola Piper and Brenda S.A. Yeoh, ‘Introduction: Meeting the Challenges of HIV/AIDS
in Southeast and East Asia,’ Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 2005, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp 1-5.

Colin McInnes and Kelley Lee, ‘Health, Security and Foreign Policy,’ in Review of
International Studies, 2006, No. 32, pp 5-23.

RECOMMENDED READING

Lepani, Katherine, Everything has to come up to the Open Space: talking about sex in
an epidemic, Gender Relations Centre, RSPAS, ANU, 2005,
http://rspas.anu.edu.au/grc/publications/pdfs/WPS_15_Lepani.pdf.

Melissa Curley and Nicholas Thomas, ‘Human Security and public health in Southeast
Asia: the SARS outbreak’, Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 58, No. 1,
March 2004, pp. 17-32.

Luker, Vicki, Gender, Women and Mothers: HIV/AIDS in the Pacific, Gender Relations
Centre, RSPAS, ANU, 2002

FLUID FRONTIERS: MARITIME SECURITY

Paul D’Arcy
Lecture 2: Piracy, smuggling & the illegal arms trade in Island Southeast Asia

Dr Paul D’Arcy will give the second lecture on maritime security issues. Maritime
boundaries are far more difficult to police than land borders because of the
lack of resident witnesses and the need to concentrate guards on a few expensive boats
or planes rather than scatter them along the border as can be done on land. Gaps in
government control abound, especially in Island Southeast Asia because of the
proliferation of islands with mangrove or forested coasts for concealment. Piracy and
smuggling are potentially lucrative means of supplementing incomes for economically
marginal sea-folk, as well as big business for international criminal cartels. Seabed
fossil fuel deposits, fisheries, and vital sea-lanes mean governments also seek to extend
their sovereignty offshore, bringing them into potential dispute with neighbouring
nations. An international legal regime has been put in place to settle maritime disputes
peacefully. Questions remain as to whether adherence to this regime will be retained as
the potential value of offshore resources is quantified.
REQUIRED READING

Furtado, Xavier, ‘International Law and the Dispute Over the Spratly Islands: Whither
UNCLOS?’, Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 21(3), 1999, pp. 386-404.

Odgaard, Liselotte, “Deterrence and Co-operation in the South China Sea”,

Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 23 (2), 2001, pp. 292-306.

RECOMMENDED READING

Rosenberg, David, “Environmental Pollution around the South China Sea: Developing
a Regional Response”, Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 21(1), 1999, pp. 119-145.

Townsend-Gault, Ian, ‘Preventive Diplomacy and Pro-Activity in the South China Sea’,
Contemporary Southeast Asia, vol. 20(2), August 1998, 171-190.

Liss, Carolin, “Maritime Piracy in Southeast Asia”, Southeast Asian Affairs 2003,
pp. 52-68.

THEME 3:
PROMOTING SECURITY IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION
WEEK 10: 23 September

ASIAN REGIONAL SECURITY ARCHITECTURE

THE ENVIRONMENT AS A SECURITY ISSUE
Dr Ron Huisken
Dr Lorraine Elliott

The first lecture, to be delivered by Dr Ron Huisken, will outline the existing regional
security architecture across the Asia-Pacific, and explore its advantages and
disadvantages. This is especially timely in view of the Rudd Government’s announced
interest in creating a new region-wide security organisation.

This week’s second lecture, by Dr Lorraine Elliott, will establish the link between the
environment and security. She will also consider examples of where environmental
concerns have the ability to create security problems. The environment represents a
security actor with the ability to affect security across the gamut of referents – from the
global to the individual.

The tutorial questions for this week are:

− What are the its advantages and disadvantages of existing multilateral regional security
organisations? What improvements might be made to current arrangements?
- What are the prospects for the Australian proposal?
−What environmental issues are most relevant to security in Asia? How do they
relate to the concepts of traditional and human security?
– How can the environment or disease be used as weapons? Why are they relevant
to security even if they are not used as such or cause conflicts?
-
REQUIRED READING

James J. Wirtz, ‘A New Agenda for Security and Strategy?’ in John Baylis, James
Wirtz, Eliot Cohen, and Colin S. Gray, eds. Strategy in the Contemporary World.
Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2007, pp. 337-355.

**Further readings on the multilateral regional architecture topic may be advised later.

Lorraine Elliott, ‘Environment and security: what’s the connection?’, Australian

Defence Force Journal, no. 174 (2007): 37-50.

Donald E. Weatherbee, ‘Environment, Development, and Security in Southeast Asia’ in

Sheldon W. Simon (ed.), The Many Faces of Asian Security, Rowman and Littlefield
Publishers, Inc., Lanham, Boulder, New York and Oxford, 2001, pp. 141-163.

RECOMMENDED READING

Lorraine Elliott, The Global Politics of the Environment, Macmillan Press Ltd,
Basingstoke and London, 2nd ed 2004, pp. 219-241.

Alan Dupont, “The Strategic Implications of Climate Change”, Survival, Volume 50,
Issue 3, June 2008 , pages 29 – 54.

Alan Dupont, East Asia Imperilled: Transnational Challenges to Security, Cambridge

University Press, Cambridge, 2001, Chapter 1.

Jennifer Brower and Peter Chalk, ‘Vectors Without Borders,’ RAND Review, Summer
2003, 6-10.

WEEK 11: 14 October

TECHNOLOGY AND WARFARE
INTERNATIONAL LAW AND SECURITY
Professor Hugh White
Dr Hitoshi Nasu

This week’s lectures examine two issues that are relevant for both the second and the
third theme of the course.

The possession of high-technology armaments (or even a declaration of intent to

acquire new weapons) can have dramatic impacts on relationships between states.
Having a basic grasp of technology, and more importantly understanding what new
technology can mean, is fundamental to understanding the application of force. But it
can also offer misleading or incomplete insights as well.
In the first presentation this week, Prof Hugh White will examine the role of technology
in strategy, in particular in relation to Revolutions in Military Affairs and arms races,
and introduce technological aspects of security in Asia.

INTERNATIONAL LAW AND SECURITY

This week also covers the use of international law and agreements to promote security. In
the second lecture, Dr Hitoshi Nasu will speak on the role of international law and the
UN, discussing the sources of international law as well as the role of the UN Security
Council in disputes in the Asia-Pacific.

The tutorials will consider the following questions:

−Is Asia in the grip of an arms race?

−Which factors will make it easier, and which will make it more difficult for
Australia to rely on technology for its defence in the future?
−How does terrorism since September 11 differ from the historical experience of
terrorism?
–What means can the UN Security Council bring to bear to solve conflicts in the
region?

REQUIRED READING - MILITARY

Michael Evans, ‘Australia and the Quest for the Knowledge Edge,’ Joint Forces
Quarterly, No. 30 (Spring 2002), pp. 41-51.

Stephen Metz, Armed Conflict in the 21st Century: The Information Revolution and
Post-Modern Warfare, Strategic Studies Institute, April 2000, Chapter 1.

REQUIRED READING: INTERNATIONAL LAW

Ryszard Piotrowicz, “The Structure of the International Legal System”, Chapter 2 in

Public International Law: An Australian Perspective, Sam Blay, Ryszard Piotrowicz
and B. Martin Tsamenyi, Eds, 1997 (this reprint 2002), Oxford: Oxford University
Press, pp. 22-57.

RECOMMENDED READING

Gareth Evans, ‘When is it Right to Fight?’ Survival, Vol. 46, no. 3 (Autumn 2004), pp.
59-82.

Bruno Tertrais, ‘Do Arms Races Matter?’, Washington Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 4,
Autumn 2001, pp. 123-133.

Desmond Ball, ‘Information Operations and Information Superiority,’ in Gary Waters

and Desmond Ball, Transforming the Australian Defence Force (ADF) For Information
Superiority, Canberra Paper 159, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Canberra,
2005.

Desmond Ball, Missile Defence: Trends, Concerns, Remedies, Working Paper 360,
Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Canberra, 2001.

ADDITIONAL READING

Eugene V. Rostow, ‘War, Law, and the United Nations,’ Orbis, Vol. 40, No. 1 (Winter
1996), pp. 145-158.
Chris Brown, “Human Rights”, Chapter 31 in The Globalization of World Politics: An
Introduction to International Relations, John Baylis and Steve Smith, Eds, 2005, 689-
705.

Bryan S. Turner, ‘Rule of Virtue: China and Human Rights’, Journal of Human Rights,
2007, Vol. 6, pp. 265-271.

ICRC, Discover the ICRC, ICRC, Switzerland, pp 14-27.

WEEK 12 – 21 October
CIVIL SOCIETY AND SECURITY
SMALL ARMS AND LANDMINES
Guest lecturer
Stephanie Koorey

Most authors would agree that civil society refers to the intermediate sphere between the
state and the private space occupied by the family, in which people engage voluntarily
and organize ‘independently to manage their own affairs’ (Blakeley, 2002). The first
lecture will discuss the role of civil society and NGOs in a human and traditional security
perspective. The guest lecturer will speak on NGOs and civil society movements in the
Asia-Pacific region.

The second lecture will discuss the danger to human security posed by small arms and
land mines.

REQUIRED READING

Capie, David, Small Arms Production and Transfers in Southeast Asia, SDSC, ANU,
Canberra, 2002, Chs 2-3, pp 6-27.

Louise Amoore and Paul Langley, ‘Ambiguities of global civil society,’ Review of
International Studies, 2004, Vol. 30, pp 89-110.

RECOMMENDED READING

Katherine Morton, ‘The emergence of NGOs in China and their transnational linkages:
implications for domestic reform,’ Australian Journal of International Affairs, 2005, Vol.
59, No. 4, pp 519-532.

Angie Zelter, ‘Civil Society and Global Responsibility: The Arms Trade and East
Timor,’ International Relations, 2004, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp 125-140.

Capie, David, Under the Gun: the small arms challenge in the Pacific, Victoria
University Press, Wellington, 2003.

WEEK 13 – 28 October

AUSTRALIAN SECURITY
Professor Paul Dibb, SDSC
COURSE WRAP-UP AND DISCUSSION OF EXAM
Marcus Mietzner and John Monfries
In the final lecture for the semester, we return to a realist perspective. Professor Dibb, a
well-known expert in Australian security studies, will discuss the main issues surrounding
this topic. Perceptions, policies and actions of the countries examined throughout the
course can have significant implications for Australia. For example, how does Australia
view its role in the web of US alliances in the Pacific? How would a clash between the
US and China effect Australia – and what would be the repercussions of ‘choosing sides’?
How should Australia view nuclear and missile proliferation in the region? How can
Australia use its resources to help in the ‘War on Terror’, and where should the focus of
those efforts be – in the broader global arena, or closer to home? Can Australia balance a
hard-nosed approach to its national interests, while promoting its concerns for equality,
human rights and international institutions?
This session will also include an overview of the course and a brief on the exam. This is
an opportunity for students to raise any questions before the final examination.

REQUIRED READING

Paul Dibb, ‘Is strategic geography relevant to Australia’s current defence policy?’,
Australian Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 60, No. 2, June 2006, pp 247-264.

Rod Lyon & William Tow, ‘The Future of the U.S.-Australian Security Relationship’,
Asian Security, Vol. 1, No. 1, January 2005, pp 25-52.
RECOMMENDED READING
Greg Fry, ‘The “War Against Terror” and Australia's New Interventionism’ in Nancy
Sullivan (ed), Governance Challenges for PNG and the Pacific Islands, Madang, Divine
Word University in association with the State, Society and Governance in Melanesia
Project, Australia National University, DWU Press, 2005.
Anthony Milner, ‘Reviewing our Asian Engagement’, Australian Journal of International
Affairs, Vol. 57, No. 1, 2003, pp. 9-16.
Alan Dupont, Transformation or Stagnation? Rethinking Australia’s Defence, Working
Paper 374, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, ANU, Canberra, 2003.

Hugh White, The US, Taiwan and the PRC, Managing China’s Rise: Policy Options for
Australia, Melbourne Asia Policy Papers 5, University of Melbourne, 2005.