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(Reaffirmed 0.0) IndianStandard

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B U R E A UO F I N D I A NS T A N D A R D S
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MANAK BHAVAN,9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI-11OOO2
www.bis.org.in www.standardsbis.in

April2015 PriceGroup14
Structural Safety Sectional Committee, CED 37

FOREWORD
by the Bureau of Indian Standards after the draft
This Indian Standard (Part 3) (Third Revision) was adopted
Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division
finalizedby the Structuru sarety Sectional
Council.
A building hastoperform manv satisfactorilv
functions
firu'ffiffi;#"'ffi^;;;;;;;;"i
IOr tne IIILCITUSU ube 4rru vvvql,4rrvJ, ,"r",v,lT:iF:::t::::T:l::::",j1;T*:f':T":iJll'tr
riresaietyandcompriance withhvgienic,
-,- .L -
sanitation,
*:-:-,,.i ra^rriramantc

ventilation fhe design

standards'
anddaylight of thebr.rilding
rhe minimum l.,*1"::.:T":,t"?:,i:"-:i:T:Tt::1iffff'ii
;:"J;"'"il$ til"J#;ili;" "u*" r"*,i."'i, i::::t",11'i::i:'"T"':i*"'ff'H"#i?;i
design loads,whichhaverobe
ffiffi:'ffiffi1""*"u codes
in loading by wayof laying downminimum
^---^^r r^^i^ would be reorrired to
he required
and other ex loads, 11r^
the .rnr^rrrra
structure .xrnrrld to
urru*"'d for dead loads, imposed loads, wind loads
irsuresthe structuralsafetyof thebuildings

in 1957fortheguidaN#c1irfra\rs',0":oi:::1"1^1',""t):"^ti:
wasfirstpublished
Thisstandard ruidaNd l::::tii*live
designloads(deadloads'
windloads
loads, ffis
with the planninganddesignof buildings'It incluffpntouig@a,t :1",,0-itn
toi" u"ut"d$4$ d::'"*Sl".bYildi"c1ll-i:1i1':;:']::;""i?li:,'li
and."i.,ii"loads)
undertaken by the special Committee in cons
il;:"'$"iiJJffiffi;#;i;;;;;;';iftP'";u"ffi'"i1:1"d"d'*-'i1,1:::'f::::::::Tl:::::T:::
codehavingbeen
(separare
werederered
l]'"'i,5:;::H;ffi;fi;;;;"*@f;t(@)D-p.ovisions
o1weieht@m"usuffi*as adopted'
pr"p*"ol andmetricsystem
^"Vo loads
of comments were received on provision of live
With the increasedadoption of this^(rydard' I NH . ,----,^a:^- ^r +L;. standard
.rdn.rar.r
Committee recommended the formulation of this
f ",fl
:1ih1'"TT:#fi::5tr'Tffi:Hffinorrs875inle8i:

;ili :ffi;'drcombinations
when designing buildings' structuresand components
This standard(Part 3) deals with wind loads to be considered
thereof.
account
the following modifrcations/inclusions by taking into
In this current revision, the Committee recommends R & D efforts nationally
wind engineeling descriptive, through
the recent improvements that have been made in the
and internationallY:
and are
terrain categorieshave been explicitly included'
a) Aerodynamic roughness heights for individual
wind speed profiles'
used to derive turlulence intensity and mean hourly
of structures into B and c classes has been deleted and accordingly the
b) The previous classification
and height factor'
modification factor, I<tis renamed as terrain roughness
classA type structure only' are retained in this standard'
c) The values ofk, factor corresponding to previous
d)Anadditionalmodi|rcationfactor,termedasimportancefactorhasbeenincludedforcyclonicregions.
e)Simpleempiricalexpressionshavebeensuggestedforheightvariationsofhourlymeanwindspeedand
' also turbulence intensity in different terrarns'
(Continued on third cover)
 IS 875(Part 3) : 2015

Indian Standard
DE,SIGN LOADS (OTHER THAN EARTHQUAKE)
FOR BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES - CODE
OF'PRACTICE
PART3 WIND LOADS

( Third Revision)

1 SCOPE specific requirements as specified in the respective

Codes shall be adopted in conjunction with the
1.1 This standard (Part 3) specifies wind forces and
provisions of this Code as far as they are applicable.
their effects (static and dynamic) that should be taken
Some ofthe Indian Standardsavailablefor the design
into account when designing buildings, structures and
components thereof.
Title
1.2 Wind speedsvary randomly both in time and space
and hence assessmentof wind loads and response
predictions are very important in the design of several loads (third revision)
buildings and structures.A large majority of structures ^ \
practicedo not"however,suffer win(\ffq12 O\./r
,net wih in Code of practice for design and
;-J"^^i ^^^:lI^+:^-- ^-i ^^---611-,
generally ,do
i ^ -not
^ t . - ^require
"i.a ttq@'
^,lAV"t-'
induced oscillations and
construction of steel chimneys
examined for the dynamic
examined dvnamic effects
effects of wind.
wind. For su su6
i 1 9 8 9 Mechanical aspects
normal, short and heavy structures,estimation : 1989 Structural aspects
usingstaticwind analysishas provedto be sa@airy. (PartZl Code of practice for design,
The details of this method involving impd@ wind
l ) : 1 9 8 5 installation and maintenance of
characteristics such as the basic wind s, overheadpower lines: Part 2 Lines
categories, modification factors, win above I 1 kV, and up to and including
22OkV, Section l Design
1.3 Nevertheless,there are 802 (Pan ll Code of practice for use of structural
or their components such as S e cl ) : 2 0 1 * steel in overhead transmission line
chimneys,latticed towers, towers: Part I Materials, Loads and
towers,guyedmasts, span p e r m i s s i b l e s t r e s s e s ,S e c t i o n 1
bridges, partially or antenna Materials and Loads (fourth revision)
dish, etc, which requ nd induced (under print)
oscillations. The mic velocity 1 1 5 0 41: 9 8 5 Criteria for structural design of
fluctuations on the wind (drag loads) for reinforced concrete natural draught
thesestructures shall be determined using Gust Factor cooling towers
Method, included in 10: A method for calculation of 14732:2000 Guidelines for the evaluation of the
across wind response of tall buildings and towers is responseof occupantsof fixed
included in 10.3. structures,especially buildings and
off-shore structures, to low-
1.4 This standard also applies to buildings or other frequency horizontal motion (0.063
structures during erection/construction and the same to I Hz)
shall be considered carefully during various stagesof NOTES
erection/construction. In locations where the strongest 1 This standud does not apply to buildings or structures with
winds and icing may occur simultaneously, loads on unconventional shapes, unusual locations, and abnormal
environmental conditions that have not been covered in this
structural members, cables and ropes shall be
Code. Special investigations are necessary in such cases to
calculatedby assuming an ice covering based on establish wind loads and their effects Wind tunnel studies may
climatic and local experience. also be required in such situations
2 In the case of tall structures with unsymmetrical geometry,
1.5 In the design of special structures, such as the designs may have to be checked for torsional effects due to
chimneys, overhead transmission line towers, etc, wind pressure.
IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

2 REFERENCES F = force normal to the surface;

The following standard contains provisions, which
tll'ough reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this standard.At the time of publication, the edition
indicated was valid. All standards are subject to
revision, and parties to agreements based on this
standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility
of applying the most recent edition of the standar
lnorcareo.
15 No. Title
15498:2004 Guidelines for improving the
cyclonic resistanceof low rise houses
and other buildings/structures
3 NOTATIONS
I = f|st1olenaturalfrequencyofthebuilding/
stmcture in along wind direction in Hz;
,f = firstmodenaturalfrequencyof thebuilding/
structurein acrosswind direction in Hz;
,4 = uorte^ sheddingfrequency;
F. = normal force;
4 = transverseforcel
F' = frictional force;
G - gust factor;
g* = peak factor for resonant response;
g, - peak factor for upwind velocity fluctuations,
11 = heightof structureabovemeangr:oundlevel;

3.1 The following notations shall be followed unless

otherwise specified in relevant clauses Notations have
been <lefinedin the text at their first appearance.A few
of the notations have more than one definition, having
been used for denoting different variabies:

A = surface area of a structure or part of a {

structure;
,a
A" = effective frontal areai \<

) a = mode shapepower exponenr;

kr, kz, = wind speed modification factors;
kt, kn
ft2., = hourly mean wind sPeedfactor;
K = force coefficient multiplication factor for
individual members of finite length;
Ku = atea averaging factor;
K" = combination factor;
Ku = wind directionalitY factor;
Cni = internal pressure coefficient; I = length of the member or larger horizontal
Cr. = cross-wind force spectrum coefficient; dimension of a building;
Cr. = drag force coefficient of the building L = actuaflengthof upwindslope;
correspondingtotheareaAz; L" - effectivelengthofupwindslope;
C= coefficient,whichdependson0,,usedinthe [ - = integralturbulencelengthscaleattheheight
evaluationofk, factor; h;
) - depth of a structure or structural member rns = av e1ag.mass per unit height of the structure;
parallel to wind strearn in the horizontal
Mo = design peak along wind base bending
plane;
moment;
f , -
wake width;
M" = design peak across wind base bending
P = diameter of cylinder or sphere; moment;
r i - wind energy factor; N = effective reduced frequencY;
F - along wind load on the building/structure at Pa = design wind Pressure;
any height z;

P, = design wind pressure at height z;
Pa = design hourly mean wind pressure
coresponding to U.d;
- extemal pressure;
?e
internal pressure;
roughness factor which is twice the
longitudinal turbulence intensity at height h;
R " = Reynolds number;
s = level on a building/structure for the
evaluation of along wind load effects;
factor, which depends on H and X, used for
the evaluation offt, factor;
.( strouhal number;
s size reduction factor;
. v a regionalbasic wind speed;
design wind speed at height z;
design hourly mean wind speed;
o,z design hourly mean wind speed at height z;
' z,H
w earlier velocity profile at that height.
itrg/
terrarn;
Z = effective height ofthe topography feature;
c, = inclination of the roof to the horizontalr
0 = damping coefficient of the building/
structure;
I = shielding factor;
0 = factor to account for the second order
turbulence intensity;
<D = solidity ratio;
@" = effective solidity ratio;
s = average height ofthe surface roughness;
0. = upwind slope of the topography feature in
the wind direction; and
0 = wind angle from a given axis.
IS 875 (Part3) :20L5
4 TERMINOLOGY
For the purpose of this'standard, the following
definitions shall apply.
4.1 Angle of Attack - An angle between the direction
of wind and a reference axis of the structure
4.2 Breadth - It meanshorizontal dimension of the
building measured normal to the direction of wind.
NOTE - Breadth and depth are dimensions measured in
relation to the direction of wind, whereas length and width are
dimensions related to the plan.
4.3 Depth - It means the horizontal dimension of
the building measured in the direction of the wind.
4.4 Developed Height - It is the height of upward
penetration of the velocity profile in a new terrain. At
large , such penetration reaches the
N%dieht, alqve which the wind speedmay be
nlo. Jonr&et lesserfetchlengths,a velocity
D of a srdr heishtbut similarto thatof the
develo@profile Ji Uratterraincategoryhasto
additional provision that the velocity
s shorter profile equal to that of the un-
ive Frontal Area - The proiected area of
re normal to the direction of wind.
Element of Surface Area - The area of surface
r which the pressure coefficient is taken to be
constant.
4.7 Force Coefficient - A non-dimensional
coefficient such that the total wind force on abody is
the product of the force coefficient, the dynamic
pressureof the incident design wind speed and the
reference area over which the force is required.
NOTE - When the force is in the direction of the incident
'drag
wind, the non-dimensional coefficient will be called as
coefficient'. When the force is perpendicular to the direction
ofincident whd, the non-dimensional coefficient will be called
'lift
as coefficient'.
4.8 Ground Roughness - The nature of the earth's
surface as influenced by small scale obstructions such
as treesand buildings (as distinct from topography) is
called ground roughness.
4.9 Gust - A positive or negative departure of wind
speed from its mean value, lasting for not more than,
say, 2 min over a specified interval of time.
4.10 Peak Gust - A peak gust or peak gust speedis
the wind speed associatedwith the maximum
amplitude.
4.11 Fetch Length - It is the distance measured
along the wind from a boundary at which a change in
the type of terrain occurs. When the changesin terrain
types are encountered(such as,the boundary of a town
 IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015
or city, forest, etc), the wind profile changes in
character but such changes are gradual and start at
ground level, spreading or penetrating upwards with
increasing fetch length.
4.12 Gradient Height - It is the height above the
mean ground level at which the gradient wind blows
as a rebult of balance among pressuregradient force,
coriolis force and centrifugal force. For the purpose of
this Code, the gradient height is taken as the height
abovethe mean ground level, above which the variation
of wind speedwith height need not be considered.
4.13 High Rise Building (Tall Building) - A
building with a height more than or equal to 50 m or
having a height to smaller dimension more than 6.
4.14 ).ow Rise Building -..A. building having its
heisht less than 20 m.
4.15 Mean Ground Level - The mean ground level
is the averagehorizontal plane of the area enclosedby
the boundaries of the structure.
4.16 Pressure Coefficient - It is the ratio of the
difference between the p-ressureacting at a point on
the surface and the static pressure of the incident wi
to the design wind pressure,where the static and
wind pressuresare determined at the height of the poi
considered after taking into account the geo
location,
tocatroll, terrain conditions ano
terlaln conulllons and snretolngq€lg$rne
shielding o{!
pressure coefficient
is alsoequalto [1-(Voppwtt"."@]n".uilf
vois theactualwind speedat anypojnt
96ffiuctu\$und".rro.-.,
at a heightcorresponding to thatof ,:J learure
^ (@-
Nor; -"posiri'e,ignoi,r,"0..,,"*6""",
pressureacting towardsthe surfaceaSLlrEgtive sig(Ntes
pressureacting awav from the surfl$
^N-
4.17 Return Period - It iFW numbdyears,
reciprocalof which giveslpfflobab{ity o}xtreme
wind exceedinga given ffiipeed i[$#e year.
raY. -.. ^{!.\'
4.18 Shielding Effeot+DhieldinqWct or shielding
refers to the to pass along
somestructure(s)
or
the upsfteam wind side, before meeting the structure
or structural element under consideration.A factor
called 'shielding factor' is used to account for such
effectsin estimating the force on the shieldedstructures.
4.L9 Suction - It means pressure less than the
atmospheric (static) pressure and is taken to act away
from the surface.
4.20 Solidity Ratio - It is equal to the effective area
(projected area of all the individual elements) of a
frame normal to the wind direction divided by the area
enclosed by the boundary of the frame normal to the
wind direction.
NOTE - Solidity ratio is to be calculated for individual frames.
4.21'Ierrain Category - It means the characteristics
of the surface irregularities of an area which arise from
natural or constructed features. The categories are
numbered in increasing order of roughness.
4.22Topography - The nature of the earth's surface
as influenced by the hill and valley configurations.
4.23 Velocity Profile - The variation ofthe horizontal
component of the atmospheric wind speed at different
heights above the mean ground level is termed as
velocity profile.
5 GENERAL
5.L Wind is air in motion relative to the surface of the
earth. The primary cause of wind is traced to earth's
rotation and differences in terrestrial radiation. The
radiation effects are primarily responsible for
ither upwards or downwards. The wind
horizontal to the ground at high wind
vf@al componentsof atmospheric
$Since
-*"
,"tft)f 'wind'denotes
small, the term
exclu6i${ the horizontal wind; vertical winds
'alq.iVrtified as such. The wind speedsare
the aid of anemometersor anemographs
at meteorological observatoriesat
ally varying from 10 to 30 m above
strong winds (mOre than 80 kmph) are
N.)Very
ass-ociated with cyclonic srorms,
dust stormsor vigorousmonsoons. A
of the cyclonic stormsoverthe lndianareais
pffi ;;;;b;;fti;;;:' artercrossing
thecoasts
and
move aS depreSSions/lows inland. The influence of a
severe storm after striking the coast does not; in general
exceedabout60 km, thoughsometimes,it may extend
evenup to 120 km. Very short durationhurricanesof
veryhighwind speedscalledKal Baisakior Norwesters
occur fairly frequently during summer months over
North East India.
5.3 The wind speeds recorded at any locality are
extremely variable and in addition to steady wind at
any time, there are effects of gusts which may last for
a few seconds.These gusts cause increase in air
pressurebut their effect on stability of the building may
not be so important; often, gusts affect only part of the
building and the increasedlocal pressuresmay be more
than balancedby a momentary reduction in the pressure
elsewhere.Becauseof the inertia of the building, short
period gusts may not cause any appreciable increase
in stressin main components of the building although
the walls, roof sheeting and individtral cladding units
(glass panels) and their supporting members such as
purlins, sheeting rails and glazing bars may be more
seriously affected. Gusts can also be extremely
important for design of structureswith high slendemess
 IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

ratios. 6.3 Design Wind SPeed (V,)

5.4 The liability of a building to high wind pressures The basicwind speed(Vo)for any site shall be obtained
dependsnot only upon the geographicallocation and from Fig. 1 and shall be modified to include the
proximityof otherobstructionstoairflowbutalsoupon following effects to get design wind speed, V,aLany
the characteristicsof the structureitself. height z, for the chosenstructure:

5.5 The effect of wind on the structure as a whole is a) Risk level,

determined by the combined action of external and b) Terrain roughnessand height of structure,
internal pressures acting upon it. In all cases, the c) Local topography,and
calculatedwind loadsact normal to the surfaceto which ..
t h e y a p p | y . o ) l m p o r t a n c e l a c t o r l o r t n e c y c l o n l c r e g l o n .
It can be mathematicallyexpressedas.follows:
5.6 The stability calculationsas a whole shall be done
consideringthe combinedeffect, as well as separate V.=Vaktk24k4
effects of imposed loads and wind loads on vertical where
surfaces,roofs and other part of the building above
vz = deSlEIlwlno speeoat nelgntz' In rvs"
generalrool level.
kt = probability factor (risk coefficient) (see
5.7 Buildings shall alsobe designedwith due attention < 6^3.1.);
to the effects of wind on the comfort of people inside
-k"r W ;;;
#rrai r o u s h n e sasn d h e i g h tr a c t o r( s e e
and outsidethe buildings. t1 \( :;;

6 WIND SPEED
d\r \\NP:,,KS
"
\.\HJ = top@)hy lactor(sec6.3.3);and
N\, i"Y'
6.1 Nature of Wind inAtmosphere o. )#o =^irdr$*tancefactor for the cyclonicregion
\/*- 1M;.;,
ln general,wlno
In general, wind Speeo
speedln
in tne
the atmospnellc
atmospheric boundgS)
Dounogry)\rrl NoT@ina speed
NO'pS.@Wind speea
may be takenas constantup to a height
layer increases with height from zero at ground l{ However.pressures
for buildingslessthanI0 m high
.of1$p
to maximum at a height called the gradient,$qigp. bv 20 percentfor evaluatingstabilitvand
,$":tllt":d
of the frarrrrrrg.
There is usually a slight changein direction(@an ^^$iZ''"
effect) but this is ignored in this stan@The ,$frl Risk Coefficient (k, Rtctor) - Figure I gives
vanatronwlth
variation helght dependspnmarrlyGQ.lfD
with height primarilycg$ierrain(Q$slc
terrarn(t($P/slc wind
wlno speedsfor
speeos lor lerraln
terain Lategoty
Category 2
t as applicable
aptr
conrlitions However,
conditions.
conditions. However
However,the the wind sneerl(Nw heigffit
wind speed@iy
speed@y heiqlN\=trit l0 m above ground
ne eround level based on 50 years
vears mean
n e v e rrremains
never e m a i n scconstant
o n s t a n ta n d iitt h
and a s ffien
hg1 f t , e n ffqdl€F
q return period. The suggestedlife period to be assumed
convenienrto resolveits instantaneqi$dagnitq$I$ in designand the correspondingk, factorsfor different
an averageor mean value and a flSluXng coft$nt class of structures for the purpose of design are given
aroundthis averagevalue. The p$dge valuq$ends in Table 1. In the design of buildings and structures,a
on the average time emplpffid in an{@[-ng the regionalbasic wind speedhaving a mean return period
meteorologibaldata and o$1"*tgtip varies shallbe usedexceptas specifiedin the
"f .50
note ofl3l:s'
Table1.
from few secondsto sevgffirinutes$ #agnitude
of fluctuating com the wi
6.3.2 Terrain, Height FcLctor(k, Foctor)
calledgust,depe avera
smaller the averagi is the magnitude 6.3.2.1 Terrain
of the gust speed.
Selection of terrain categories shall be made with due
6.2 BASIC WIND SPEED regard to the effect of obstructions which constitute
the ground surface roughness. The terrain category
Figure I gives basic wind speed map of India, as usedin the design of a stmcture may vary depending
applicable to 10 m height above mean ground level on the direction of wind under consideration.Wherever
for diff'erent zones of the country. Basic wind speedis sufficient meteorological information is available about
basedon peak gust velocity averagedover a short time the nature of wind direction, the orientation of any
interval of about 3 s and corresponds to mean heights building or structure may be suitably planned.
above ground level in an open terrain (Category 2).
Basic wind speedspresentedin Fig. I have been Terrain in which a specific structure stands shall be
worked out for a 50 year return period. Basic wind a s s e s s e da s b e i n g o n e o f t h e f o l l o w i n g t e r r a i n
speed for some important cities/towns is also given in categorres:
Annex A. a) Category 1 - Exposed open terrain with few
or no obstructions and in which the average
IS 875Gart 3) : 2015

O Gowmlwf dln& @!t( zms

Bs.d urSuMydlndis ffih€ MaPpdffid in lS3

n.utiel Files reEuEd-ftom ihe aPPryiab base line'

Tk Gdtddat #iF of India exhd ido lhe F b a di3tane oI kke
*o* o. ni" -"p it-.! nGiew i-m re l"als*' ms Gs€MhU;n)ftr' lfil ' M ha tsr lo bs €dfrEd'
ni t,i'airy oi ue;uy"
d#lB 3Mon th. mpru* ffiths publiGhei
R6r!iElitib6-ld;$.dinbmd Eff€d try &vmm.d €n€md
b€wen uunmar a wi m-ajiii, sil;lil-hriirifu;;d chhatbsafi & Madhya PEdsh haE nd b*n
ft .hb bundad#

Frc. 1 Besrc WINo SpenorN rrals(Bnseo oN 5O-YEARsRerunN Prnroo)

height of any object surroundingthe structure b) Category2 -Open terrain with well scattered
is lessthan 1.5m. The equivalent aerodynamic obstructionshaving heights generally between
roughnessheight, (20,,)for this terrain is 0.002 1.5 m and 10 m. The equivalent aerodynamic
m. Typically this category represents open roughness height, (zo.r) fot this terrain is
sea-coastsand flat plains without trees. 0.02 m.
 IS 875 (Part3) :2015

This is the criterion for measurement of buildings/structuresup to 10 min height with

regional basic wind speeds and represents
airfields, open park lands and undeveloped
sparsely built-up outskirts of towns and
suburbs.Open land adjacentto seacoastmay
also be classified as Category 2 due to
roughnessof large seawaves at high winds.
c) Category 3 - Terrain with numerous closely
spaced obstructions having the size of
or without a few isolated tall structures.The
equivalent aerodynamic roughness height,
(zo,r)for this terrain is 0.2 m.
This category represents well wooded areas,
and shrubs, towns and industrial areasfull or
partially developed.
It is likely that the, next higher category than
this will not exist in most desisn situations

Table I Risk Coefficients for Different Classes of Structures in Different Wind Speeil Zones
(CLause6.3.7)

SI Classof Structure Mean Probable k1 Factor for BasicWind Speed

No. DesignLife of rr/s
Structure in Years
33 394r'. 47 50 55
(5) (6) (7) (8) (e)
-strucnrres
i) All general buildings and I0 1.0 1.0 1.0 r.0
'73
ii) Temporary sheds, structures such as those used during 82 0'16 0 0.7| 0.70 0 67

0.94 092 0.91 0 90 0.90 0.89

residential buildings
iv)) Impoftantbuildings
hpoftant zucrra^$tar,
bulldmgsand structuressuch N\$ntats ^^;@OO
^\ 1.05 1.06 1.07 107 108 108
- commun wers,nowerRlatSSYe.
icationbuildingis/to
,* ^S
NoTE- Thefactorftris basedonstatisticalf$J, *r,i.q@ u,

wNch there is exposure to the wind. mqy(\ig)he rretum periodsranging from 100 to 1 000 years(implying lower
risk level) in associationwith largetrqa-frdils
of ex y have to be selected for exceptionally important structures, such as
nuclearpowerreactorsand satellitec@fouication Equation given below may be used in such cases to estimate kr faclors for
differentperiodsof exposureand ffffi probabils exceedance (risk level). The probability level of 0.63 is normally considered
sufficientfor designoi buildingffistructureG wind effects and the values of k, corresponding to this risk level are given
above. -
.XJ -

wnere
N = meanprobabledesign lifeof structureinyeus;
Pr = risk level in N consecutive years (probability that the design wind speed is exceeded at least once in ly' successive years),
nominal value = 0.63;
Xrop = €xtreme wind speed for given values of N and P*; and

&o o o: = extreme wind speed for N = 50 years and PN = 0.63

A ard B have the following values for different basic wind speed zones:
Zone B*
m/s fri,/s m/s
33 23 | (83 2) 2.6 (e.2)
jc) 23 3 (84.0) 39 (140)
44 24.4 (88.0) s.0 (18.0)
4t 24.4 (88.0) s ; 7 ( 2 0s )
50 24.7 (88.8) 6 3 (228)
55 2s.2 (90.8) 76(273)
* Valuesof A and B, in kmph, are given in bracket.
IS 8?5 (Part 3) t 2015

gradually to height (h*) which increaseswith the fetch

and that selection of a more severe category
will be deliberate. or upwind distance(x).
-
a) Fetch and developed height relationship
d) Category 4 - Terrain with numerous large height
The relation between the developed
higtr closely spaced obstructions' The
(/z-) and the fetch (x) for wind-flow over each
equivalent aerodynamic roughness height'
- (zo,o)for this terrain is 2'0 m' of the four terrain categories may be'taken as
given in Table 3.
This category represents large city centers, generally b) For structures of heights more than the
with obstructions above 25 m and well developed' developed height (ft-) in Table 3, the velocity
industrial comPlexes. profile may be determined in accordancewith
6.3.2.2Variationof wind speedwithheight in dffirent the following:
terrains (k, factor) 1) The less or least rough terrain, or
basic 2\ The method described in Annex B'
Table 2 gives multiplying factors (k) by which the
wind speedgiven in Fig. I shall be multiplied to obtain
Table 3 Fetch and Developed Height Relationship
the wind speed at different heights, in each terrain ( Clause 6'3'2'4 )
categorY.
Developed Height' ft"
m
Thble 2 Factors to Obtain Design Wind Speed
Variation with Height in Different Terrains Tenain Terrain Terrarn
' CategorY 2 CategorY 3 CategorY 4
(Clause6'3'2'2) I
(4) (s) (6)
Sl Height Terrain and Height MultiPlier (ftr) 60
rr )o 35
No. z 95
20 30 35
25 45 80 130
m Terrain Terrain Terrain
65 110 190
CategoryI CategorY2 Category3 35
60 100 r70 300
(3) @) (s) 25O 450
80 140
il---ro-ro t.os l oo o 9l 120 200 350 500
l.os o'97^\\s 300 400 500
ii; ls l.o9 180
iii) 20 t.tz t.o1 l.oAv
iv) 3G l.ls t't2 l'W 6.3.3 TopograPhY(k, Factor)
into
The basic wind speed Vo given in Fig' 1 takes
the general level of site above sea level' This
account
such as
does not allow for local topographic features
or ridges which can
hills, valleys, cliffs, escarpments,
affect wind speed in their vicinity' The
significanily
near the
efTect of topography is to accelerate wind
of cliffs' esca4)ments or
summits of hills or crests
the wind in valleys or near the
ridges and decelerate
foot of cliffs, steep escarpments,or ridges'
category,use linear interpolation' at
6.3.3.1 The effect of topography shall be signihcant

6.3.2,3 Terrain categories in relation to the direction

of wind

The terrain category used in the design of a structure

under
may vary depending on the direction of wind
consideiation. Where sufficient meteorological
be
information is available, the basic wind speedmay
varied for specifrc wind direction'
(ka)
6.3.2.4 Changes in terrain categorrcs 6.3,4 hnportance Factor for Cyclonic Region

The velocity profile for a given terrain category,

does The east coast of India is relatively more vulnerable
coast'
not develop to full height immediately with the for occurrencesof severecyclones' On the west
cyclones' Studies of
commencement of that terr'ain category but develop Guiarat is vulnerable for severe
 IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

wind speed and damage to buildings and structures 6.6 Off ShoreWindVelocity
point to the fact that the speedsgiven in the basic wind Cyclonic storms form far away from the seacoastand
speedmapareoftenexceededduringthecyclones.The in speed u. th"y approach the sea
;"d;llr.;"ce
effect of cyclonic storms is largely felt in a belt of Eourt Cv.foni. ,tor.'.,, generally up to about
approximately 60 km width at the coast. In order to "^t"r,A
OOf.- inf*a after striking the coast. Their effect on
ensurebetter safetyof structuresin this region (60 km LonJi, of..oOvreflectedin basic wind speedsspecified
wide on the eastcoastas well as on the Gujarat Coast)' i" fi* i. The influence of wind speedoff the coastup
the following values of ko (as recommended in IS io o [irr-.. of about 200 km may be taken as 1.15
15498) are stipulated as applicable according to the ii-", ,f.," value on the nearesrcoast in the absenceof
importanceof the structur"' uny definite wind data. The factor I . 15 shall be used
kn in addition to ftr'
Structuresof post-cycloneimportance for 1.30
-
7 WIND PRESSURES AND FORCES oN
emergencyservices(such as cyclone shelters,
BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES
hospitals,schools,communication towers, etc)
Industrial structures 1.15 7,1 General
All other structures l'00
The wifuldd lng shall be calculatedfor:
on a building
6.4 Hourly
u.{ 1vrE4uwind
uuurrJ Mean speed
w uru ul]!!u
^ 6Wuuo,nn6u
$NBuildingGa *nor",
*t]ol",
The hourly mean wind speed at height z, for different (N"
(N- fnOiu
mOiui$ostructural elements as roofs and
rerrainscan be obtained as Sg wat6,\ild
o \ \ v /
i.," =ir.rvo {

where
p, = wind pressureat height z, in N/m2; and

% = design wind speedat height z, in mls'

The design wind pressurepocan be obtained as,

pa = KuKrK.P,
where
Ka = wind directionality factor,

g i v e n b e l o w : K o = l t a l ' a v e r a g i n g f a c t o r , a n d
K" = combination factor (see 7 '3'3'13)'
a) Terrain category I
The value of po, however shail not be taken as less
/ - \
= _0.05351og,, 1 than0.70 p".
I ,.r 0.3507
| |
\.0.r ./ NOTES
1 0 6 (inSIunits)in theaboveformuladepends
Thecoefficient
b) Terraitt category 2
on a number offactors and mainly on the atmospheric pressure
7, , and air temperature. The value chosen corresponds to the
I z . z= I , . t + - , \
,.a I ,l ) a v e r a g eI n d i m a t m o s p h e r i cc o n d i t i o n s .
1\I
localpressure
takenas 1'0whenconsidering
c) TerraincateSory3
3"fiail;lit"
I.^=I,,+l(t ,-t,,r) 7 . 2 . 1 w i n d D i r e c t i o n a l i t y F a c t oK
r ,u

d) Terraincategory4 Considering the randomnessin the directionality of

( wind and recognizing the fact that pressure or force
" \
I ..t = 0.466- 0.135 8 log,o| -:- | coefhcientsaredeterminedfor specificwind directions,
\ 40.+./ it is specifiedthat forbuildings, solid signs,open signs,
IS 875 (Part 3) :2015

lattice frameworks, and trussed towers (triangular,
square, rectangular) a factor of 0.90 may be used on
the design wind pressure. For circular or near-circular
fotms this factor may be taken as 1.0.
For the cyclone affected regions also the factor Ko shall
be taken as 1.0.
7.2.2 Area Averaging Factor; Ko
Pressure coefficients given in 7.3 are a result of
averaging the measured pressure values over a given
area. As the area becomes larger, the correlation of
measuredvaluesdecrease and vice-versa.The decrease
in pressuresdue to larger areas may be taken into
accountas given in Table 4.
Table 4 Area Averaqing Factor (I(")
(Clause7.2.2)
Sl No. Tributary Area (A) Area Averaging Factor
Average values of pressure coefficients are given for
critical wind directions in one or more quadrants. In
order to determine the maximum wind load on the
building, the total load should be calculated for each
of the critical directions shown from all quadrants.
Where considerable variation of pressure occurs over
a surface, it has been sub-divided and mean pressure
coefficientsgiven lor each of its severalparts.
In addition, areas of high local suction (negative
pressure concentration) frequently occurring near the
edges of walls and roofs are separately shown.
Coefficients for the local effects should only be used
for calculation of forces on these local areasaffecting
roof sheeting, glass panels, and individual cladding
units including their fixtures. They should not be used
for calculating force on entire structural elements such
as roof. walls or structure as a whole.

,ffi
m2 (Ka)x
(1) (2) (3i .@i"rt. given in different tableshavebeen
- .d\$..rru."
mainFSE measurements on modelsin wind tunnels,
i) st' 1.0 ^ l$g-l"d
ii) 2s $\e if cre2L$Dbrity of data availablehas been obtainedin
0.9
iii) >100 0.8 K/ll:i:tr '-T""'hfl"y
tt1, >rUU u.d - >Y:"lilJ YTf ::fo:l"l!l:'1
in the case of rectangulu buildings, values have
+ Linem interpolation for intermedrate valus of a is permitted. N2'auto to allow for turbulent flow.
.o-\) 2:",:'
Irrld{9liyears, wall glazingandcladdingdesignhasbeena
O:
7.2.2.1 Tributary area \ lqlpqbor maJorconcern.Although of less consequence
than
canbe
a) overaLtstructure- Forevaluatine
FNdn (M:ti,t;:r":"ft::":',":"#;:'rfl:ff:i'::,31:ss
frames the tributary area shall be ttNttne ^\$:n- pressurecoefficients for structuresnot coveredhere,
centre to centre distances betweNa-g5ffi)r"fe.ence *ay be made to specialistliterature on the subject
in thesubjecl
or advicemavbesoughtfrom specialists
multiplied by the individual pftlMensiqV
in the other direction togethoFa/th oveq@1) 7.3.1 Wnd Load on Individual ll:[embers

b)
pressure coefficients.
Individual elements
KV
\FOr
-o ^$>
be--*lN-Pe
Whencalculatingthewindloadonindividualstructural
elements such as roofs and walls. and individual
elements' erc'$QDbutarv4$shall
Purlin"s, claddingunitsandtheirfittings,it is essenrial
ro take
be taken-asef:ec:itKl*banmu@Yed bY accounrof rhe pressuredifferencebetweenopposire
spacing'Theeifecli,Vbun tl{: at}al span facesof suchelemenrsor unirs.For ctadsrrucrures,ir
snanalffiiileler${e:ttl*9

s^
l"i:io sum sfYdtacentr{ah' for support is,rherefore. to knowtheinremalpressure
necessary
half
"-" the
"' . ""'LKt:.,-'-^"^\Ss-- ^-:-well astheexternalpressure.
as Thenthewindload,F.
moments ancf*gctlons'ZV
acdng in a direction normal to the individual structural
For plate type elemdM, the ared-edindividual plates elementor claddins unit is:
between supports is taken as the tributary area.
F = (Cp.- Co) A pa
For glasscladding, individual pane areaof glassis the
where
tributary area.
Cn" = external pressure coefficient,
7.3 Pressure Coefficients Cn1 = internal pressure coefficient,
The pressure coefficients are always given for a A = surface area of structural element or
particular surface or part of the surface of a building. cladding unit, and
The wind load acting normal to a surface is obtained Pa = design wind pressure.
by multiplying the areaofthat surface or its appropriate NOTES
portion by the pressure coefficient (C") and the design I If the surface design pressure vries with height, the surface
wind pressure at the height of the surface from the arero of the structural element may be sub-divided so that the
ground. The average values of these pressure specified pressures are laken over appropriate ileas.

coefficients for some building shapesate givenin7.3.2 2 Positive wind load indicates the force acting towards the
structural element and negative away from it.
atd7.3.3.

10
 IS 875 (Part 3) z 2015

7.3.2 Internal Pressure Cofficients of clad buildings of rectangular plan shall be as given
t:^"1,1t1t:l^l"calpressure
concentration
air pressure
Inrernar uponthe
in a bulding depends lll:ll-1
coellrclents are also glven'
degree of peimeability of cladding to the flow of air.
The internal air pressure may be positive or negative 7.3.3.2 Pitched, hipped and mono slope roofs of clad
dependingon the direction offlow ofair in relation to buildings
openings in the buildings'
The averageextemal pressurecoefhcients and pressure
7.3.2.1 In the case of buildings where the claddings concentration coefficients for pitched roofs of
permit the flow of air with openings not more than recrangular clad building shall be as given in Table 6.
about 5 percent of the wall area but where there are no Where no pressureconcentrationcoefficients are given,
largeopenings,itisnecessarytoconsiderthepossibility the average coefficients shall apply. The pressure
of the internal pressurebeing positive or negative.Two coefhcients on the under-side of any overhanging roof
design conditions shall be examined, one with an shall be taken in accordancewith 7.3.3.5.
intemal pressure coefficient of +Q.2 and another with
For mono slope roofs of rectangular clad buildings'
an internal pressurecoefhcient of -0.2.
the average pressure coefficient and pressure
The intemal pressurecoefficient is algebraically added concentratiln coefficient for mono slope (lean-to) roofs
to the external pressure coefficient and the analysis of rectangular clad buildings shall be as given in
which indicates greater distress of the member shall Table 7\r z
be adopted.In most situations a simple inspection of ^S-$
the sign of external pressure will at once indicate the l\f-\" 1q\
,$trFForessuredd'Naitrationshallbe assumedto actoutwud
proper sign of the internal pressure coefficient to be riag".,eaves, and90ocorners
cornices
-\\E;#;ilffi,6"
takentor desrgn.
N
NOTE --
l\ulD The
l t l g term
lglur rnormal
lullrl4l permeability rrelates
crdles to the of - ' concentration shall not be included with the
P glnlEdulrlrJ
Itow " . \N2:^1:
Y/
nel when computing overall load
arr cornmonly afforded by claddings not only through ope,q \)-
u , i n d o u , cand
windows a n d doors,
d a n r c but
h r t also
e l c n through
r h r o r o h the
t h e slits
s l i t s round
r o r r n dtthe
h e ccl%4)-rz
lo6,V 1 IFHW{ped roofs, pressurecoefficients(including local
3
windows and doors and through chimneys,ventilators\ be takenon all the^fourslopes.as appropriate
joints
J{tq*_TuV_
ttuough the between roof coverings, the total oBgD ar^ea' $$table 6, and be reduced by 20 percent for the hip slope
beinglessthan 5 percent the *ult'-$"
percentof areaof tn" wallsnS4"
:;3?":::', ^ S:
-FQ: roofs with ((l/4
Canoo,,troofs
Canopy lr4 < hrw < | and | <
' :1
7.3.2.2Buildings andlorgaoffng,
withmedium ffiu
R.ilrrinoc pre.sslrecoefficients
pressure given in Tables
are given
coefficientsare and 9
Tables8 and
Buildingsrwirh
with merrirrm
medium en4
and laroe
large.r"rffi*", ,,":V{ta
op"r@$o*uy ls!$re
exhibit eitherpositiveor nega;ve'iy12:t{*pt"SdD- separatelyformono-pitchanddoublepitchcanopyroofs
dependinguponthe directionof w{@uloinAffi suchasop€n-ai'na'fnesa19::1:h:It.T:i11"'1Y
auouql'M 20 p$Fof
berween
mediumopenings ut"::' platforms,stadiaand
.tuilYuy Th:
,t1""1t""1'
wall area shall be examined coefficients take into account of the combined effect of
the wind exerted on and under the roof for all wind
coefficient of +0.5 and later
coefficientdf -0.s, anOtrrffitli, ggi.ffioau.", directions;t1t" lssultantis to be takennormal to the
,niN/udopted. canopy.Wherethelocalcoeffrcientsoverlap, thegreater
srearerdistressof the 'ffi-L".
"R,,it.li.oc L w u given r r u w E v s r ' the
t 4 r ' r r ' However, rrre
Buildinss w *irh
i t h llqroe
a r e e ^.fiY/"
o p f i ) i 7 e s . trhrt
h a t i$i.i.o"
i A s d e n i n s s ll^rro",
arger ofr the
u L r r ctwo B r Y t r r values
rY a r u t r )ishould
t r u u r u be
u t taken.

than20iercen,ori4Effi*""u rn7$p"*urnii"a on'ce effectof partialclosures.

of oneside or
1!
with an internal preMcoeffi as those due to trains, buses and stored materials
ciffiof +0.j and asain
with an internal pressure coefficient of -0.7, unJth.
analysiswhich producesgreater distressof the member
shall be adopted.
Buildings with one open side or opening exceeding20
percent of wall area may be assumed to be subjected
to internal positive pressure or suction similar to those
of buildings with large openings. A few examples of
buildings with one side openings are shown inFig.Z
indicatingvaluesof internalpressurecoefficientswith
respect to the direction of wind.
7.3.3 External Pressure Coefficients
7 '3'3'l Walls
The averageexternal pressure coefficient for the walls
foth.sife,s'
such
shall be foreseenand taken into account'
The solidity ratio f is equal to the area of obstructions
under the canopy divided by the gross area under the
canopy,both areasnormal to the wind direction. f = 0
represents a canopy with no obstructions underneath.
f = 1 representsthe canopy fully blocked with contents
to the downwind eaves.Values of Cofor intermediate
solidities may be linearly interpolated between these
two extremes, and apply upwind of the position of
maximum blockage only. For downwind of the position
of maximum blockage, the coefficients for f = 0 may
be used.
In addition to the forces due to the pressuresnormal to
the canopy, there will be horizontal loads on the canopy

l1
IS 875(Part 3) : 2015

\-/

(a)FoR f.r
FI
(c)FOR L = 1, USEAVERAGE
VALUES
(ARROWS
tND|CATE
DtRECTTON
OFWtNDFLOW)

Frc. 2 BurlorNcsWns ONnStoeOpeNrNcs

l2
 IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

Table 5 External Pressure Coefficients (Cnj for Walls of Rectangular CIad Buildings
(Clause7.3.3.I)

B U I L D I N GB U I L D I N G ELEVATION PISN vvlND coe FoRSURFACE LOCAL

HEIGHT PLAN ANGLE Coe
RATIO RATIO e A B D v77)
Degrees
0 0.7 - 0.2 - 0.5 - 0.5
r{= r! - 0.5 - 0.5 + 0.7 -0.2
u
on ]-o
h 1
w- 2

0 + 0.7 - o.25 ' q 6 - 0.6

!.J-.o o
2 w 90 - 0.5 - 0.5 + o.7 ]-'

0 + 0.7 o.25 - 0 . 6 - 0.6

1 . 3
a- -. w - t * r -06
'
2
qffi
€0 u.o + o.7 0.25 ]-'
D
;:+
' l h 3
_<_<_
2 w - 2 l{xl
f ,Y' + - 0.3 - o.7 - o.7
oyv 0.7
'
|={.0
iso - 0.5 - 0.5 r o 7 - 0.1 ] ' '

r' . 1w .- 4 0 + 0.8 0.25 - 0 8 - 0 8

2 - 0.8
L Z
90 0 8 + 0.8 - 0.25

l.!.e
3 . 1 . a
2 - w 0 + o.7 - 0.4 - o.7 - 0.7
1.2
on - 0.5 . U.J + 0 . 8 - 0.1

0 0,95 - 1 . 8 5 - 0.9 - 0.9

-l = - a
w 2 on - 0 . 8 - 0 . 8 + 0.9 - 0.85 I t.zs

I + 0.95 1.25 0.7

#'u -i-= 1.0
on 0 . 7 + 0.95 1.25 ]r's

0 F 0.85 0.75 - u . / 5
#=, an - 0.75 0.75 F0.85
0.75
0.75
j'''s

NOTE

h is the height to eaves or pilapet, / is the greater horizontal dimensions of a building and w is the lesser horizontal dimensions of a
buildine.

t3
IS 875(Part 3) : 2015

Table 6 External PressureCoefficients(Cpe) for Pitched Roofsof Rectangular Clad Buildings

'7
(Clause .3.3.2)

BUILDING ROOF w|ND ANGLES WND ANGLEO LOCAL COEFFICIENTS

HEIGHT ANGLE 90'
RATIO q
FH @ NI @

Deg@s
-0E -04 08 -04 20 20 -20.
5 -09 -0,4 08 -04 14 -12
h 1 -12 -04 08 -0.6 14 14 - 1.2
*3V 10
-o1 -04 07 -06 10 -'1.2
-04 0.7 -06 O R - 1.'l
30 0
+ 0-3 - 0-5 07 -06 -11
45
60 +0-7 -06 07 - 0-6 - 1.1

0I -0-6 - ' 10 -06 20 20 20

5 09 -06 -0.9 -06 20 20 1,5
-0.6 -0.8 -06 2,0 -1.2
10 1,1
*'i'* 20
30
o.7
02
- 0.5
-05
- 0.8
-08
- 0.6
-08
1.5
10
t5 -1.0
-10
45 o-2 - 0-5 -08 -08
60 0.6 - 0.5 -08 -08

0 07 -0.6 0.9 -o7

0.7 - 0.6 0.8 -0.8 1 5 1_0
10 o.7 - 0.6 0.8 .0 q 12
0,8 -0.6 0.8 -$9 15
|.I.e t 0 -05 0.8 tga
40 02 -05 0.8 -05
50 02 -05 o.s -\ro.?
80 05 -0.5 o.e-\]ttr 1#

*f
s
KEY PLAN

Y=horO.15w
Vvhicheveris the lesser.

NOTE
I ft is the height to eaves or parapet and w is the lesser horizontal dimension of a building
2 Where no local coefficients are given, the overall coefficient apply
ridge value'
3 For hipped roofs the local coefficient for the hip ridge may be conservatively taken as the the appropriate
4 w and I are dimensions between the walls excluding overhangs

l4
 IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

Table 7 External PressureCoefficients(Cpe)for MonoslopeRoofs of

CladBuilding, L.Z
Rectangular
w
(Clause7.3.3.2)

NOTE:- AreaH and areaL to theyii$frquadrant.

ROOF
_ #F wE$'(cLE€
ANGLE LOCALCOEFF|C|ENTS
(Cpe)
q 0' *"qe "fu1 &s
135' 180"

H Lft fiir L ffir

vtt
H&L H L H L Hr Hz Lz He Le
q\ 7 f f i **
Degrees

1.0 - 0.s 1.0 - 0-9 - 1.0 0 5 0.9 - 1.0 0 ; 5 - 1.0 -2.O - 1.5 - 2.0 1.5 -2.O 2.0
10 1.0 - 0.5 'r.0 - 0.8 - 1 . 0 0.5 0.8 - 1.0 0.4 - 1.0 -2.O - 1.5 -2.O 1.5 -2.O 2.0
.,ti
0,9 - 0.5 1.0 - 0.7 - 1 . 0 0.5 0.6 - 1.0 0 . 3 - 1.0 - 1.8 - 0.9 - 1.8 1.4 -2.0 2.O
- 1.0 - 1.8 '1.4-2-0
zv 0.8 - 0.5 1.0 - 0.6 - 0.9 0.5 0 . 5 - 1 . 0 0 . 2 - 1.8 - 0.8 2.0
25 0.7 - 0.5 1 . 0 - 0 . 6 - 0.8 0.5 0.3 - 0.9 0.1 - 0.9 - 1.8 - 0.7 - 0.9 0.9 - 2 . 0 2.0
30 0.5 - 0.5 1 . 0 - 0 . 6 - 0.8 0.5 0.1 - 0.6 0 -0.6 - 't.8 - 0.5 - u.c 0.5 - 2 . 0 2.O

* Applied to length w2. from wind-wud end ** Applies to remainder

NCIE
1 ft is the height of eaves at lower side, is the greater horizontal dimensions of a building and w is the lesser horizontal dimension of
a building.
2 I and w are overall length and width including overhangs.

l5
IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015
due to the wind pressure on any fascia and to friction
over the surface of the canopy. For any wind direction,
only the greater of these two forces need to be taken
into account.Fascialoads should be calculatedon the
area of the surface facing the wind, using a force
coefficient of 1.3. Frictional drag should be calculated
using-thecoefficientsgiven in 7.4.L.
NOTE - Tables 10 to 15 may be used to get internal and
external pressure coefficients for pitches and troughed free roofs
for some specific cases for which aspect ratios and roof slopes
have been specified. However, while using Tables l0 to 15
any significant departure fron it should be investigated
carefully. No increase shall be made for local effects except as
indicated
7.3.3.4 Pitched and saw-tooth roofs multi-span
buildings
For pitched and saw-tooth roofs of multi-span
buildings, the external average pressure coefficients
shall be as given in Tables 16 and 17 respectively
provided that all the spansshall be equal and the height
to the eaves shall not exceed the span.
7.3.3.5 Pressure cofficients on overhangsfrom roofs
The pressure coefficients on the top over-hanging
Vr.r.,
portion of the roofs shall be taken to be the samelS=/
thar of the nearesttop portion of the non-overhangQ{
nnrtion of rhe roofs The nressure-coefficients for thB
shall be made in accordancewith Table 6. Two values
of C, have been given for elevated curved roofs. Both
the load cases have to be analyzed, and critical load
effects are to be considered in design.
7.3.3.7 CytindricaL structure"
For the purpose of calculating the wind pressure
distribution around a cylindrical sffucture of circular
cross-section,thevalueofextemalpressurecoeffrcients
given in Table 19 may be used, provided that the
Reynolds number is more than l0 000. They may be
ur"d fo, wind blowing normal to the axis of cylinders
having axis normal to the ground plane (that is,
chimneys and silos) and cyliiders having their axis
paralleito the ground plane (that is, horizontal tanks),
provided that the clearance between the tank and the
ground is not less than the diameter of the cylinder. /z
is height of a vertical cylinder or length of a horizontal
cylinder. Where there is a free flow of air around both
ends,ft is to be taken ashalfthe length when calculating
h/D ratio.
In the calculation of resultant load on the periphery of
the cylindeq the value of Cnrshall be taken into account.
For open ended cylinders, Cotshall be taken as follows:
a) -0.8,where hlD is morethanorequalto0.3;
and
b) - 0.5, where ft/D is less than 0.3.
7.3.3.8 Roofs and bottoms of cylindrical elevated
structures
The external pressurecoeffrcientsfor roofs and bottoms
of cylipdrieal elevated structures shall be as given in
rauie<N
givenin Fig. 3
ly, ,n"4$rrr" distribution
usedto@Nerwith theforcecoefficientsgiven
ble 25 @e cylindricalportion.
Nlnea raols
The 7@age external pressure coefficients for
roofs are shown in Table 21.
".ttdhd-,1
'
7.3.3.11 Grandstands
The pressure coefficients on the roof (top and bottom)
and rear wall of a typical grandstandroof which is open
on three sides are given in Table 23. The pressure
coefftcients arevalid for a particular ratio of dimensions
as specified in Table2l but may be used for deviations
up to 20 percent. In general, the maximum wind load
occurs when the wind is blowing into the open front
of the stand,causing positive pressureunder the roof
and negative pressure on the roof'
7 3.3.12 Spheres
The external pressure coefhcients for spheresshall be
us given inTablez4'
7.3.3.13 Frames
When taking wind loads on frames of clad buildings it
is reasonableto assumethat the pressuresor suctlons
inside and outside the structure shall not be fully
correlated. Therefore when taking the combined effect
of wind loads on the frame' a reduction factor of
K"=0.g0maybeusedoverthebuildingenvelopewhen
roof is subjected to pressure and intemal pressure is
suction' ot vice'versa'
16
 IS 875 Part 3) : 2015

Table 8 Pressure Coefficients for Monoslope Free Roofs

(Clause7.3.3.3)

ROOFANGLE

w/ 10

fJ

ROOF RATIO MAXTMUM

SOLIDITY (W iE$i + ve;nfrdliirrrurrvrun - ve)
(LARGEST
ANGLE PRESSURE C'G FFICIENTS["{*'
(Degree)
o
oVERALL _\\. LocALcoEFFrcrENTs
o coEFFtctENrs{ d*
re N
0 + 1.8 +1.1
E + 2.1 + 1.3

ryffi
10 All valuesof O + 2.4 + 1.6
15 + 2.7 + 1.8
20 +2.9 +2.1
25 + 3.1 + 2.3
2n *fr +3.2 + 2.4
o = oN - 0.6 - 1.3
0

(
a =$#i#'
@i"p.#
a$fl - 1.2
- 1.1
- 1.8
- 1.7
1.4
1.9
- 1.8

a,# - 1.6 -2.2 -2.3

<D=0 - 0.9 - 1.5 -2.0 -2.1
10
<D=1 - 1.3 -2.1 - z.o -2.7
Q=0 1.1 - 1.8 -2.4 -2.5
15
Q = 1 1.4 -2.3 -2.9 - 3.0
Q =0 - 1.3 -2.2 -2.8 -2.9
20
Q = 1 - 1.5 -2.6 - 3.1 -3.2
O=0 1.6 -2.6 -3.2 -3.2
25
O=1 1 7 -2.8 - 3.5 - 3.5

an Q =0 1.8 - 3.0 - 3.8 - J.O

<D=1 1.8 - 3.0 - 3.8 - 3.6

NOTES
I For monopitchcanopiesthe centreofpressureshouldbe takento act at 0 3 w from the windwardedge
2 W andL ue overallwidth and lengthincludingoverhangs,

l7
IS 875 (Part 3) : 201.5

Table 9 Pressure Coefficients for Free Standing Double Sloped Roofs

(Clause7.3.3.3)

II l
h
_l
- ve ROOFANGLE + ve ROOFANGLE

KEY PI.AN

ROOF soLrDtwRATto + ve).4}br)'lirNrrvruM

(LARGEST
MAXTMUM - ve)
(LARGEST
ANGLE o PRESSURE
COEFFTCTE\TSE . f\:,
Degrees) OVERALL
COEFFICIENTS ffihcarcqS,hdterurs
N
+ 0.7 + 0.6 + 1.7
-15 +05 +o7 + 1.4
All valuesof O
-4n + 0.4 +08 + 1.1
+03 E +08 r n e

+5 + 0.3 + 1.3 +04

't. ,fo6 n + 0.4
+10 + 0.4 :'+0.7 - 4J + 1.4
+15 + 0.4 4tif + 0 s-jl!' + 1.9 + 1.4 + 0.4
+20 + 0.6 \T *t,ffitff + 1.9 + 1.5 + 0.4
+25 *o## + 1';rl t/il + 1.9 + 1.6 +05
+30 + 0{g#: + 1.9 + 1.6 +07
Q =0 1.3 - 1.6 - 0.6
L1: - ^ 45i9P
Q = 1 ii0:9 i*i?7.2 1.7 - l.J - 1.2
-:o.6 -o't - 1.6 - 0.6
O =0 r, d 1 a
-15 F
,tF-oe"{ ! -1.1 1.7 - 1.9 - 1.2
A =0 / -0.6,$;:;js - 0.8 1.3 I F - u-b
-10
O = 1 *#
=U.gi:ft
-p8 ? - 1.1 1.7
't.3
1.9
- 1.6
- 1 3

- 5
a -uo

A +,t"tt!F - 1.5 1.7 - 1 9

-o lr€ r*^'.:t O.O - 0.6 1.4 .4
+5 ':{#j -
Wr o.s -'t3 1 8 .6 - z.l

O =0 - u-t - 0.7 - 1.5 .4 -14

+10
- 1.1 -14 -2.0 .8 -24
<D=0 - 0.8 -UY .4 - 1.8
+'15
-12 - 1.5 .Y - 1.6

+20 o --0 - 0.9 - 1.8 4 - z.u

O = 1 - 1.3 ,7 - 2 5 o - 3.0

+25
o --0 10 ,4 - 1 9 -14 -2.0
O = 1 1.4 .9 -24 -z.l - 3.0
O =0 '1.0 - 1.4 - 1.9 - 1.4 -2.0
+30
< 0= 1 1.4 - z , l -2.6 -22 - J.U

NOTES
1 Each slope of a duopitch canopy should be able to withstand forces using both the maximum and the minimum coefficients, and the
whole canopy should be able to support forces using one slope at the maximum coefficient with the other s.lopeat the mintmum
coefficient For duoptich canopies the centre of pressure should be taken to act at the centre of each slope
2 W and L ue overall width and length including overhangs

18
 IS 875 Gart 3) : 2015

Table 10 Pressure Coefficients (Top and Bottom) for Pitched Roofs, Roof Slope o, = 30o
(Clause7.3.3.3)

,ps', o, D',E,E' fulllength.

", D, D', E, E' part length.
I thereafter CO=g

ForJ : Cp ToP= 1.9,Cp bottom= - 0.2

actingfriction: R 99. = 0.05P6 Dd
Tangentially

19
IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

Table 1.1.Pressure Coefficients (Top and Bottom) for Pitched Roofs, Roof q = 30e
with effects of Tlain or Stored Material
(Clause1.3.3.3\

Co
COEFFICIENTS,
PRESSURE

ENDSURFACES
e D D' E E
c' G u

0' +01 + 0.8 - 0.7 + 0.9

45' - 0.1 + 0.5 - 0.8 + 0.5 - 0.4
- 0.3 + 0.8 + 0.3
90' - 0.4 - 0.5 - 0.4 - 0.5
180' - 0.3 - 0.6 + 0.4 - 0.6

Forall ForJ : COToP= -1.5,CO bottom= 0'5

value
of0 actingfriction: R 99o= 0.05P6 Dd
Tangentially

20
 IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

Table 12 Pressure Coefficients (Top and Bottom) for Pitched Roofs, c = 10o
(Clause7.3.3.3)

- 45", D, D', E, E' full length.

t0", D, D', E, E' part length.
b', thereafierGp=0

PRESSURECOEFFICIENTS,
Cp

ENDSURFACES
e D D' E E'
c c' G G'

1.0 + 0.3 0.5 + 0.2

45' 0.3 +0.1 0.3 +0.1 - 0.4 + 0.8 + 0.3 - 0.6
90' 0.3 0 0.3
For all
value Forf : CpTop= - 1.0,Cp bottom = 0.4
of0 Tangentially : R g0. = O.1pd bd
actingfriction

21
IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

Thble 13 Pressure Coefficients (Top and Bottom) for Pitched Free Roofs, c = 10o
with effects of Train or Stored Materials
(Clause7.3.3.3)

#{
ffi

tulllength.

Cp
COEFFICIENTS,
PRESSURE

ENDSURFACES
B D D' E E
c' G G'

0" - 1.3 + 0.8 0.6 0.7

45" - 0.5 + 0.4 0.3 + 0.3
- 0.4 + 0.8 + 0.3 - 0.6
90' - 0.3 0 0.3 0
180' -0.4 - 0.3 0.6 - 0.3

Forall Forf : Cp ToP= -1.6,Cp bottom= - 0.9

value
of0 actingfriction: R 99. = 0.1P6 bd
Tangentially

22
 IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

Thble 14 Pressure Coefficients forTtoughed Free Roofs, s = 10o

(Clause7.3.3.3)

ffi{ Koolftelryq = 1U-

n*#i* o*#+s", D, D',E' E' fulllength'
\,F ff#o', D,D',E,E' partlength.
\:r * b', lnerealterGp=g

CP
COEFFICIENTS,
PRESSURE

e D D' E E'

0" + 0.3 - 0.7 + O.2 - 0.9

45" 0 -0.2 + 0.1 - 0.3
90' - 0.1 0.1 - 0.1 + 0.1

For all
value For f : Cp ToP= 9.4,Cp bottom= - 1.5
of0 Tangentiaffyaclingfriction: R g0. = 0.1pd bd

23
IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

Table 15 Pressure Coefficients (Top and Bottom) for TFoughed Free S.oofs, cL= 10o
with Effects of Tlain or Stored Materials
(Clause7.3.3.3)

Cp
COEFFICIENTS,
PRESSURE

e D D' E E'

0' o.7 + 0.8 - 0.6 + 0.6

45' 0.4 + 0.3 -0.2 + 0.2
90' 0.1 + 0.1 - 0.1 + 0.1
180' 0.4 -0.2 - 0.6 - 0.3

Forall 1 ,p b o t t o m = 0 . 9
F o r f: C p T o P = - 1 .C
value
ofe Tangentially actingfriction : R g0" = O.1Pdbd

1A
 IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

Thble L6 External Pressure Coefficients (Coj for Pitched Roofs of Multispan Buildings
(AIf Spans Equal) with h < w'
(Clause 7.3.3.4) ,

0 . 1w '
0.1w'

t l
*'J*
Y=horO.'lw
WHICHEVER
IS LESS
h 1 =f i " = 1 1

hft
ROOF W|ND F1R3TSPAN F{Bsf OTHER END SPAN LOCAL
ANGLE ANGLE
?
r y d?I$FRME- INTERME-
$ATE SPANDIATESPANS
COEFFICIENT

Degrees Dgffies
.rw-4- c d m n x z WZ

-,frSo-4u
n r i h'
R
0.4 - 0.3 0.3 0.3 0,3 0,3
drdr' -- 0.6 0.4 - 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 - 0.4
'1.5
2drb ip7 0.6 0.4 - 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 - 0.5 -2.O
3\'f ffi fb.2 - 0.6 0.4 - 0.3 0.2 0.3 o2 -0.5
45" + 0.3 - 0.6 0.6 - 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 - 0.5
DISTANCE
ROOF WlND
ANGLE ANGLE hl h2 h3
cl 0
DEGREES DEGREES
UPTO 45 90 - 0.8 - 0.6 -0.2

Frictional drag : When wind angle 0 = 0", horizontalforces due to frictional drag ue allowed for in the abovevalues,and

When wind angle 0 = 90", allow for frictional drag in accordancewith 7.4.1

NOTE - Evidenceon thesebuidings is fragmentaryand any departurefrom the casesgiven should be investigatedseprately,

25
IS 875(Part 3) :2015

Thble 17 External PressureCoefficients(Cn")for SawTooth Roofs of Multispan Buildings

(All SpansEqual) with h < w'
(Clause7.3.3.4)

0.1w'

Y=hor0.1w
IA/}IICHEVER
IS LESS
h ' 1 =l 1 r = 6
_-l
n

*ffi
:tW
hft
WIND
sF#$f;risr
FrRSr *ITEDTIE'I
9$\ fftsen - END SPAN
LOCAL
COEFFICIENT
ANGLE INTERME
il;i#Fffi DIATESPANS

a
Degrees
4Y b
1#i
qtrh m n x z N 77V

0 r #ei -of
-
gtf -o.a - 0.3
-
- 0.2 - 0.1
- 0.6 - 0.6
- 0.3
- 0.'l - 2 . O 1.5
180 #ft ?..i.s e -
o^{ 0.3 0.3 0.4

\.}I ,#d DrsrANcE

WIND
ANGLE h1 h2 h3
0
DEGREES
90 - 0.8 - 0.6 -o.2
fromthewindword
Similarto90', h1, h2, h3, areneededto be reckoned
270
edgein the sameorder

in the above values' and

Frictional drag : When wing angle 0 = 0", horizontal forces due to frictional drag ae allowed for
When wind angle I = 90', allow for frictional drag in accordance with 7'4'1'
given should be investigated separately
NOTE - Evidence on these buidings is fragmentary and any departure from the cases

zo
 IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

Table 18 External PressureCoefficients(Co")for Curved Roofs

(Clause7.3.3.6)

F|ALF(C)

w QUARTER(0.4) i,

c) DOUBLECURVEDROOFS

VALUES OF C, Cland C2

H/t c C1 C2

0.1 - 0.8 + 0.1 l 0 . 0 5

0.2 - 0.9 + 0.3 +0.1

0.3 - 1 . 0 + 0.4 +0.15

0.4 - 1 . 1 + 0.6
0.5 - 1.2 + 0.7

NOTE - When the wind is blowing nomal to gable ends, C*may be taken as e4ual to -{.7 for the full width of the roof over a length
of l/2 from the gable ends and -0.5 for the remaining portion.

27
IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

Table 19 External PressureCoefficientsAround Cylindrical Structures

(Clause 7.3.3.7)

hlD=7
si\
+. lf
.{rif;o 1.0 1.0
\\*#
-+0.8 0-8 0.8
,F O.1 0.1 0.1
45 - 0.9 - 0.8 - 0.7
60 - 1.9 - 1.7 - 1.2
75 -2.5 -2.2 - 1.6
90 -2.6 -2.2 1 a

105 - 1.9 - 1.7 - 1.2

120 - 0.9 - 0.8 - 0.7
135 -0.7 - 0.6 - 0.5
150 - 0.6 - 0.5 - 0.4
16s - 0.6 - 0.5 - o.4
180 - 0.6 - 0.5 - 0.4

28
 IS 875 (Part 3) z 2015

0.2D<h<3D
tan s < 0.2

SECTIONAA

WND
<>

O.2a

Cpe=

a= 0.5DFOR2
0 . 1 5h +

29
IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

Thble 20 External PressureCoefficientsfor Roofsand Bottoms of Cylindrical Structures

. (Clause7.3.3.8)

P
cpe
e = 0 . 1D e = 0 . 1D .

+ I
(d) I

',f
z

4t

# I

ffi
$
kP

OF EXTERNALPRESSURE
Cpe

E ACCORDINGTO SHAPE

(ztH)-1

P = 0.785D 2 (Cpi - Cpe) p6

Totalforceactingon the roofof thestructure,
Theresultant e = 0.1D
of P lieseccentrically,

30
 IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

Thble 21 External Pressure Coefficients (Co") for Combined Roofs

(Clause1.3.3.9)

0.8
1
DIRECTION c-d DIRECTION
2

0.6

o.4

o.2
0.13
o
o
o
) - 0
z
u
tr
h -0.2
o

-o.4
DIRECTION2

-0.6

-0.8

-1.0

Hq' (cpe)
oFcoEFFrctENrs
"p*yH-ues
ff eon$'" DIRECTION1 DIRECTION2
{gd FROMTHE DIAGMM

Cpe=-
o.s,
ff*.s - 0.4
b
c p e = +o . t ; ! . - t . 5

candd SeeTable6

e See Clause6.3.3.5

31
IS 875(Part 3) : 2015

Table 22 External Pressure Coefficients (Co") for Roofs with a Sky Light

(Clause7.3.3.10)

#
(cpe)
,i# vnE$brcoEFFrcrENrs
tf b r >b z brsbz

a b aandb
-:ri"
.fV?
-...i'
cps'-.i" - 0.6 + o.7 See Table for combined
roob

7.4 Force Cofficients NOTES

The value of force coefficients (C) apply to a building
or structure as a whole, and when multiplied by the
effective frontal area A" of the building or structure
and design wind pressure,po gives the total wind load
(fl on that particular building or structure.
F = CrA"po
where F is the force acting in a direction specified in
the respective tables and Cr is the force coefficient for
the buildins.
1 The value of the force coefficient differs for the wind acting
on different faces of a building or structure. In order to
detemine the critical load, the total wind load should be
calculated for each wind direction.
2 If surface design pressure varies with height, the surface area
of the building/structure may be sub-divided so that specified
pressures tre taken over appropriate areas.
3 In tapered buildings/structures, the force coefficients shall
be applied after sub-dividing the building/structure into suitable
number of strips and the load on each strip calculated
individually, taking the area of each strip as A"
4 For force coefficients for structures not covered above
reference may be made specialist literature on the subject or
advice may be sought from specialist in the subject

)z
 IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

Table 23 PressurcCoefficientsat Top and Bottom Roof of Grand Stands

Open ThreeSides (RoofAngle Upto 5')
(Clause7.3.3.1l)

f tffiFoND BA.KoFwALL
p . J
* K L M

$ 6ts*+ + 0.9 - 0.5 + 0.9 - 0.5

+ 0.8 j 0.6 - 0.4
\i45' + 0.4
Yiss' 1.',I + 0.6 1 . 0 + 0.4
180" - 0.3 + 0.9 - 0.3
+ 0.9
60' Mw-CoofK=-1.0
60" Mw-CoofJ=+1.0

TOPANDBOTTOMROOF

e B D E F G H
0' 1.0 + 0.9 + 0.9 - 0.7 + 0.9 + 0.7 + 0.9
45' - 1.0 + 0.7 -o.7 + 0.4 - 0.5 + 0.8 - 0.5 + 0.3
135' - 0.4 1.1 - 0.7 - t.u - 0.9 - 0.9 1.0
180" - 0.6 - 0.3 - 0.6 - 0.3 - 0.6 - 0.3 - 0.6 - 0.3
45" ' M p ' - C p ( t o P )= - ! . Q

45" 'Md-Cp(bottom)=+1.0

33
IS 875(Part 3) : 2015

Table24 External PressureDistribution CoefficientsAround Spherical Structures

(Clause7.3.3.I2)

POSITIONTQE]
PERIPHENWE
IN DEGREES
gl*F+ 1.0
*#r
#a
. B'llg ,b# + 0.9
+0.5
F\ 30 F
'
- 0.'l
*r 4s - 0.7
t; 60
- 1.1
- 1.2
_1 . 0
.r# - 0.6

w 165
-0.2
+0.1
+ 0.3
180 + 0.4

7.4.1 Frictional Drag b) If h> b, F' = Cr'@ - 4b) bpu+ C'' (d - 4b)2h po

In certain buildings of special shape, a force due to
frictional drag shall be taken into account in addition
to those loads specified in 7.3. For rectangular clad
buildings, this addition is necessaryonly where the
ratio d/hor cllb is more than 4. The frictional drag force,
F', in the direction of the wind is given by the following
formulae:
a) lf h < b, F' = Ci @ - 4h) bpo+ C" (d - 4b) 2h
Po' and
The first term in each case gives the drag on the roof
and the second on the walls. The value of Cr' has the
following value:
1) C.' = 0.01 for smooth surfaces without
corrugations or ribs acrossthe wind direction,
Ci = 0'02 for surfaces with corrugations
2)
across the wind direction, and
3) Ci = 0.0+ for surfaces with ribs across the
wind direction.

34
 IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

For other buiidings, the frictional drag has been
indicated, where necessary, in the tables of pressure
coefficients and force coefficients.
7.4.2 Force Coefficientsfor CIad Buildings
NOTE - Structures that are in the supercritical flow regime,
because of their size and dsign wind velocity, may need further
calqllation to ensure that the greatest ldads do not occur at
some wind speed below the maximurn when the flow will be
sub critical The coefficients are for buildings without
prcjections, except where otherwise shown

7.4.2.1 CIqd buildings of unifurm section In Table 25, 4r b is used as an indication of the airflow regirne.

The overall force coefficients for rectangular clad 7.4.2.2 BuiLdittgsof circular shapes
buildings ofuniform section with flat roofs in uniform
Force coefficients for buildings of circular cross-section
flow shall be as given in Fig. 4 and for other clad
shapesshall be as given in Table 25. However more
buildings of uniform section (without projections,
precise estimation of force coefficients for circular
except where otherwise shown) shall be as given in
shapesof infinite length can be obtained from Fig. 5
Table25.

2.O
PI.AN

I
I 1.5
C1
1.0

ELEVATION

F = Ct PObh

t ''
C1 -h =' - l
1.0 b 4
h l
b 2

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.O 2.5 3.0

alb

b ) V a l u eosf C s v e r s u as / b f o r h / b < 1

Ftc. 4 Fonce ConrprcrgNrFoRREcTANcULAR

CLADBurlprr.lc rN UNTFoRM
FLow

35
IS 875(Part 3) : 2015

Table 25 Force CoeflicientsC, for Clad Buildings of Uniform Section

(Acting in the Direction of Wind)
(Clause7.4.2.2)

vab C1 FOR HEIGHT/ BREADTHRATIO

PLAN SHAPE
m2/s vP'to 1t2 I
2 5 10 20 @

ALL SURFACES< 6
ryrNg ROUGHorWTH o.7 0.7 o.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2
vd PROJECTION
z6
SeealsoAppendixD SMOOTH2 6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6

<10 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 o.7

:10 o.2 o.2 o.2 o.2 0.2 o.2 0.2

Ellipseb/d = 1/2

<8 0.8
& 0.9 1.0 4 a 1.3 1.7

Elliose b/d = 2
l8
W
e-* 0.8 dW
1.0 1.1 1.3 1.5

\+""t# *F4
a>i
<4
fa NL ,fi."W
x, \3
0.6 o.7 0.8 08 1.0

{
b/d=1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5
rlb= 113

N ffi 0.8 0.8

0.5
0.9

0.5
1.0

0.6
1.0

0.6
13

0.6
bld= 1 0.5 0.5
rlb = 116

YoF 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 o.4

:3 o.2 0.2 0.2 o.2 0.3 0.3 0.3

All values 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 o.7

bld= 112
r/b = '116

0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.9

bld=2
rlb = 1112

36
 IS 875 Part 3) : 2015

Table 25 - (ContinueQ

vab Cy FOR HEIGHT/ BREADTHRATIO

PI.AN SHAPE
m2/s UPTO1T2 I 2 A 10 20 @

<6 o.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.6

:6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6

bld=2
rlb = 114

<10 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5"

:,10 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6

rla= 113

rys,
rla = 1112
All values rO.9

,/T#
# "Ji.t 1.2 1.3 1.6

+ €j

All values

-$kd
4
# 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.6

;4#
q$a

{!,{i} \.*
ffi,
\a\'*/
0.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2

*g

rlb = 114
_1
#q'"*"$ 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5

p.#
I : 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.1 12 1.4
'l' '
j:1::;
rn=^tTtiti
_]

All values o.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.3

_l
t . I

rlo = 1148

* Lf
<8 o.7 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.'l 1.3
b

S8 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5

rlb= 114

3'7
IS 875(Part 3) : 2015

Table 25 - (Concluded)

vab C1 FOR HEIGHT/ BREADTHRATIO

PLAN SHAPE
m2ls UPTOT2 1 2 5 10 20 o

'|..7 2.1
All values 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.6

1 1 4 8 < i l b< 1 t 1 2

<12 0.7 o.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.',1 1 . 3

212 0.7 q7 0.7 o.7 0.8 0.9 t- |

12 SIDED
POLYGON w;rt
r 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.4
All values 1.0
,F
;n
OCTAGON !{/N

#'
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5

HEXAGON
v
>

taking 7.4.3 Force Cofficients for Unclad Buildingt

roughnr 7.4.3.1 This section applies to permanentll unclad
obtaint buildings and to frameworks of building while
multipli temporarily unclad. In the case of building whose
7.4.2.3Free surfaces are well-rounded, such as those with elliptic,
circular or oval cross-sections, the total force can be
Force coefficients more at a wind speed much less than maximum due to
shal1be as given in transition in the nature of boundary layer on them.
To allow for oblique winds, the design shall also be Although this phenomenon is well known in the case
checked for net pressure nofinal to the surface varying of circular cylinders, the same phenomenon exists in
linearly from a maximum of 1.7 Ct at the windward the case of many other well-rounded structures, and
edge to 0.44 q at the leeward edge. this possibility must be checked.

The wind load on appurtenancesand supports for 7.4.3.2 Individual members

hoardings shall be accounted for separately by using
the appropriate net pressure coefficients. Allowance
shall be made for shieldine effects of one element on
another.
7.4.2.4.Solid circular shapesmounted on a surface
The force coeffrcientsfor solid circular shapesmounted
on a surface shall be as given rnTable 27.
a) The force coefficient given in Table 29 refers to
members of infinite length. For members of finite
length, the coeffrcients should be multiplied by a factor
K that depends on the ratio llb where I is the length of
the member and b is the width across the direction of
wind. Table 28 gives the required values of K. The
following special cases must be noted while
estimatineK.

38
 IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

1.4 '-cl;
FOR 3 x 'Oo. *". 1; : = 12

1.2 I r r | | ,1*.ts |

I 1.0

I
I 08

1*49 0.6

0.4
CI = DRAG COEFFICIENT

02

0
3 4 5 6 3 4 5 6 8 1 d

or Hoardings (< l5m High)

ABOVEGROUNDh'> O25 h ONEEDGEON GROUND

(wND NORMAL
TO FACE)

WIDTHTO HEIGHTRATIO,b/h
DRAGCOEFFICIENT
Cf
WALLABOVEGROUND WALL ON GROUND
FROM0.5TO 6 FROM1 TO 12 1.2
10 20 1.3
to 32 1.4
20 40 1.5
40 80 1.75
60 120 1.8
80 OR MORE 160OR MORE 2.O

39
IS 875@art 3) : 2015

1 ) when any member abuts on to a plate or wall
in such a way that free flow of air around that
end of the member is prevented, then the ratio
of l/b shall be doubled for the purpose of
determining K; and
,) when both ends of a member are so
obstructed, the ratio shall be taken as infinity
for the purpose of determining K.
b) Flat-sided members - Force coefficients for wind
normal to the longitudinal axis of flat-sided structural
members shall be as given inTable 29"
The force coefficients are given for two mutually
perpendicular directions relative to a reference axis on
the structural member. They are denoted by Cr and Co
and give the forces normal and transyerserespectively,
to the reference plane as shown in Table 29.

Table 27 Force Coefficients for Solid Shapes Mounted on a Surface

(Clause 7.4.2.4)

SIDEELEVATION DESCRIPTION
OF SHAPE C1

DISC
CIRCULAR 1.2
\.p
,tFdf
-1'*#

1.4

o.4

{w
\F-
soLrD
peursenenrcAL 1.2

0.5FORVzD<7
SPHERICALSOLID
0.2FORVz D :7

Table 28 Reduction Factor K for Individual Members

.4.3.2(a)l
7 .4.2.2,7
l(Clauses
Sl No. Vb or VD 2 5 10 20 40 50 100 @

(l) (2) (3) (4) (s) (6) (7) (8) (e) (10)

i) Circularcylinder,subcriticalfl ol, 058 0.62 0.68 0.74 0.82 0.87 0.98 100
Circularcylinder,supercriticalflow
0.80 0.80 0.82 0 90 0.98 0.99 1.00 100
(D lJo>6nl/s)
iii) For plateperpendicularto wind
0.62 0.66 0.69 0.8r 0.87 0.90 0 95 1.00
(b lLn>6m'/s\

40
 IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

(o(orq
() o o c i o o
+ + +

to lo
q o q ( o @
C { F c ) - -
o + + r l

lr)
f0 o
#
o
lo
o ) F ! t -
ci oi oi c.i o
IE t O O
o - o i
+ + + + + +

bo
0)
J ro
c I t\ <o - t''- € cu?
N F o
o N
+
-
+
- -
!
-
l
o + +

?
IE
() o o o o
+ +
o
z
L

I )-i
.E
# o @
O J r o
L Y
9 N o c) + +
(,d bl

-'Nlw
,rte <G
> q q \ + u)(D
o O F F

+ +
r s #ffi#

LL tfl
O +.o
a
c (o rr)
a ;
o e - O
t-.
o qL-j +
bh'tr "q
u , 4
+ + r l + +

(.) {\u/
rtr @ o )
$O " 4 o c c I t () o o o
+ + r * + +
+
N IL

c Q ' : o r o s c 8 8 .
- o l - n i - c i - c j
rl: o + + o + + +

A
cil .tr
r'()
a c 9 t - ' : q c !
tLu
o o o - c i o
+ + + r +
o O F C \
+ +

=s €
(J
o l9 9 o o
F ? c { a
+ + + r
O i
r
c
()
ao!
-- O
+ +

lll UJ
uJ lu
o 6 . E 8 E E o 5 .'s8
IJJ ul
o o

41
IS 875 (Part 3) z 2015

Normal force, P"= (C," po K)/b where

Transverseforce, F,= (CrrpuK)/b Cr,u*, = forcecoefficientforthesupercriticalcircLllar
members as given in Table 31 or Annex D,
cl Ltrcular secttons- tsofcecoelltctentslor memDers
ofcircular section shall be as siven inTable25 see Cr.ul = force coefficient for subcritical circular
also Annex D. members as given in Table 31or Annex D,
C""^, = lorce coefficient for the flat sided members
dJ rorce coelllctentstor wtres ano caDlessnall De as
as given in Thble 31'
given in Table 30 according to the diameter (D), the
design wind speed(Vo) and the surfaceroughness. A"ircsub= effective area of subcritical circular
members,
7.4.3.3 Single frames
Ano, = effective area of flat-sided members,
Force coeffrcientsfor a single frame having either, Arub = A"ir".ub+Aflot, and
a) all flat sided members; or I = (Area of the frame in a supercritical flow)/
b) all circularmembers in which a1lthe members A"
of the frame have either: 7.4.3.4 Muttiple frame buildings
1) D V, less than 6 m2ls, or ructures having two or more
2) D V.; more than or equal to 6 rn?/s, : windward frames may have
shall be as given in Table 31 according to the type of te frames to leewardside'The
the member,the diameter(D), the designhourly mean ry unshielded parts of other
wind speed(v) andthe solidity rario (@). d in accordancewith1'4'3'3,
he parts of frames that are
Force coefficientsfor a single frame not complying$"lteredfufuld be multiplied by a shieldingfactor
with the aboverequirements shall be calculated;$/which^i@pendent upon the solidity rario of the
follows: S< winda1Qil.
frame.thetypesof melnb^erscomprisingthe

-y)+!},c,, rhe
var'lres
c,' =^{c,
. hF +. . +(r-y)s4'
A*o /$b ffi;fl'Hr'ffi: :il:il"fiiffii:
*$N-,",$:
Table 30 Force and Cables(L/D = 100)
3.2(d)l

Sl No. Flow Regime Force Coeffrcient, C1for

SmoothWire Fine Stranded Cables Thick Strmded Cables

or Paintetl;
(2) (4) (s) (6)

D [/r. 6 ^=lt

p lln>6 m2ls

Table 31 Force Coefficients for Single Frames

(Clause7.4.3.3)

Soliditv Ratio Force Coefficient C, for

' Circulu sections
.rtat Jloeo vremDers
Subcritical Flow Super Critical Flow
(Dvd <6nils) (D V,t6 mzls)

(1) e\ (3) (4)

0.1 1 q I2 0.7
02 1 8 t2 08
0.3 r.1 1.2 08
04 t7 11 08
0.5 r.6 1.1 08
0.75 t6 l5 t4
1.00 20 z0 20
NOTE - Linear interpolation between the values is permitted.

42
 IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

Thble 32 ShieldingFactor Il for Multiple Frames

(Clause 7.4.3.4)

Effective Solidity
Ratio
Oe
0) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

0 l0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

0 .I 09 1.0 t0 l0 l 0
0.2 0.8 0.9 1.0 l0 t.0
0.3 0.7 0.8 l0 t 0 t"0
0.4 0.6 o7 l0 l0 1.0
05 u.l 06 09 1.0 1.0
0.7 03 06 0.8 09 t0
1.0 03 06 0.6 08 t0
-
NOTE Linear interDolationbetweenthevaluesis permitted

Where there are more than two frames of similar 7.4.3.5 fuittice towers
geometry and spacing,the wind load on the third and
subsequentframes should be taken as equal to that on a) Force coefficient for lattice towers of square
the secondframe. The loads on the various frames shall r;quilateral triangle section with flat-sided
be addedto obtain total load on the structure. mbers for wind blowing againstany face
shall n in Table 33.
a) The frame spacing ratio is equal to the centre to lattice towers with flat-sided
For
centre distance between the frames, beams or girders me the maximum load, which occurs
N
divided by the least overall dimension of the frames, wind blows into a corneq shall be
beam or girder measured in a direction normal to tfta\Si
n as 1.2 times the load for the wind
directionof wind. For triangularframedstructureszffV 'ing againsta face.
rectangular framedstructureidiagonalto the wind,tK
For equilateral triangle lattice towers with flat-
sided members,the load may be assumedto
be constant for any inclination of wind to a
face.
d) Force coefficientsfor lattice towers of sqnare
sectionwith circular members,all in the same
flow regime, may be as given in Thble 34.
is to be obtained from
e) Force coefficients for lattice towers of
circular cross-sections.
equilateral-triangle section with circular
0.40 members all in the same flow regime mav be
as siven in Thble 35.
0.35
7.4,3.6 Tower appurtenances
tr 0.30 The wind loading on tower appurtenances,such as
t
ladders, conduits, Iights, elevators, etc, shall be
F
0.25
o calculatedusing appropriatenet pressurecoefficients
=
o 0.20 Table 33 Overall Force Coefficients for Towers
uJ
Composed of Flat Sided Members
r
() 0.15
UJ
L
lClause7.4.3.5(a)l
L
LrJ 0.10
Sl No, Solidity Ratio Force Coefficient

0.05 @ Square Equilateral

Towers Triangular
Towers
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 (1) (2) (3) (4)
r) < 0.1 3.8 3l
SOLIDITY
MTIO, O ir) 0.2 33 2.7
iii) 0.3 28 2.3
Ftc. 6 Eprecrrve Sor-rorryRerro, ron Crnculen iv) 0.4 2.3 19
SecrroN MpMsens v) 0.5 2.1 1.5

A2
IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

Table 34 Overall Force Coefficients for Square Towers Composed of Circular Members
l(Clause7.4.3.5(d)l

Sl No. Solidity Ratio of Front Face Force Coefficient

o SupercriticalFlow
(D Un> 6 m'ls)
--6"!" 'O"t" '
F*" O"r" C".er' F*" O"r" C"t",
(1) (2) (3) (4) (s) (6)

i) < 0.05 2.4 2.5 1.t 1.2

iD 0.1 2.2 2.3 1.2 1.3
iiD 0.2 t9 2.1 l-J t o

lv) 0.3 t7 1.9 1.4 1.6

v) 0.4 1.6 1.9 1 4 1.6
't.4
vi) 05 t.9 1.6

for these elements. Allowance may be made for Since the values of IF can vary considerably based on
shielding effect from other elements. building geometry and location, the given'values of IF
are a kind of median values and are meant only for

ifi'flffi,::'#'#ff::';li*:'i?ilix'""j[i
8 INTERFERENCEEFFECTS
Q{.ZssrgnlE& values oI lf Iof rlnal oeslgn
S.L General be
literature
drty fo.@)uildings. specialist
'ted

s
Wind interferenceis causedby modification in the wind org@d tunnelstudycarriedout.
characteristics produced by the obstruction caused by
an object or a structureih the path of the wind. If such ffi-**"Buildings
wind strikes another structure, the wind in wind force on the roof due to
usually get enhanced, though there can also be from similar buildings in case of closely
shielding effect between two very closely -rise buildings with flat roofs may be up to
buildinss/structures.The actual t for clc distance (x) between the buildings
complex to justify generalization of the w times the dimension (b) of the interfering building
pressuresproduced due to interference only I to the direction of wind (seeFig.7). Interference
be ascertained by detailed wind tun beyond 20b may be considered to be negligible.
However) some guidance can be P For intermediate spacing linear interpolation may be
purposeof preliminary design.To used.
of interference,a wind interfe
introducedas a multiplying I the 8.3 Tall Buildings
designwind pressure/force.I be
Based on studieson tall rectangularbuildings, Fig. 8
more significant for tall gives various zones of interference. The interference
factor is defined as the nced
factor (IF), which needs to be considered as a
pressure/force in the multiplication factor for wind loads corresponding to
corresponding

Table 35 Overall Force Coefficients for Equilateral TFiangular Towers Composed of Circular Members
lClause 7.4.3.5(e)l

Sl No. Solidity Ratio of Front Face Force Coefticient

o
SubcriticalFlow Flow
Supercritical
(D Ih<6l*ts) (D f,o>6nfts)
Al1 wind Directions All wind Directions

(1) (3) (4)

Q)

i) < 0.05 1.8 0.8

ii) 01 1.7 08
iii) 02 1.6 1.1
lv) 0.3 l.) 1.1
v) 0.4 l.) Ll
vi) 0.5 1.4 1 2

44
 IS 875 Part 3) : 2015

isolated building, may be assumed as fo1lows, for
preliminary estimate of the wind loads under
interference causedby another interfering tall building
of same or more height located at different zones Zl
toZ4 as shownin Fis. 8:
In general, the following guidelines may be used for
examining the problems of wind-induced oscillations.
a) Buildings and closed structureswith a height
to minimum lateral dimension ratio of more
than about 5.0, or

Zone Zl Z2 Z3 Z4 b) Buildings and structureswhose natural

frequency in the first mode is less than 1.0
IF 1.35 t.25 t.l5 r.07 Hz.

Any building or structurewhich satisfieseither of the

The interferenceeffect due to buildings ofheight less
than one-third of the height of the building under
considerationmay be consideredto be negligible while
for interference from a building of intermediate height,
linear interpolationmay be usedbetweenone-thirdand
full height.
9 DYNAMIC EFFECTS
9.1 General
above two criteria shall be examined for dynamic
effects of wind.
NOTES
1 The fundamental time period (T) may either be established
by experimental observzrtionson similar buildings or calculated
by any rational method of analysis ln the absence of such
data, T may be deterrnined as follows for multi-storied
buildinss:
a) F-oNqdent resistant frames wirhout bracings or shear walls
,."rWh" lateraI Ioads,

Flexible slendersffuctures and structural elementsshall

\Mnd
I b

_l

10b 15b

+
\Mnd

Z1 - Zone of high interference 23 - Zone of low interference

22 - Zone of moderate interference 24 - Zone of insignificantinterference
Frc. 8 INrnr.neReNcn Zoues FoR TALL RncreNcuLen BurlorNcs on SeNaeoR GREATERHBtcsr (Cleuse 7.3)

A<
IS 875(Part3) :2015

^ = 0.09H 7 Buildings md structures that may be subjected to significant

t
JA wind excited oscillations It is to be noted that wind induced
oscillations may occur at wind speeds lower than the design
where
H = total heighr of the main strucrures of the building, in m; :t:U:O:"U.
8 Analytical methods for the evaluation ofresponse ofdynamic
and
wind loading can be found in the special
d-= maximum base dimension of building in meters in a ::T::Y."^t_]"
publlcatlons'
direction puallel to the applied wind force.
9 ln assessing wind loads due to such dynamic phenomenon
2 Ifpreliminary studies indicate that wind-induced oscillations
as galloping' flutter and ovalling' in the absence of the required
are likely to be significant, investigations should be pursued
information either in-the special publications or other literature,
with the aid of analytical methods or if necessary, by means of
wind tumel tests on models expert advice should be sought including experiments on
models in boundary Iayer wind tunnels
3 Across-wind motions may be due to lateral gustiness of the
wind. unsteady wake flow (for example, vortex shedding)
negarive aerodynamic damping or due to a combinarion of these 9.2 Motion d ue to Vortex Shedding
effects. These cross-wind motions may become critical in the
y.z.l stender Jtt'uctures
design of tall buildings/structures.
4 Motions in the direction of wind (known also as buffetiDg)
ror.a slrucru re' tne. vortex sngoolnB irequency /. snall
arc causeq Dy ,ucl uatrng wtnd force associatedwith gust. The
exciration depends on gust energy available ar rhe resonmt be determined by the following formula:
frequency ,n
5 The eddies shed from an upstream body may intensify motion i/ S,4n
o a --
in the direction of the wind and may also affect cross-winrr .r( \Js L
dcv b
mohon
A\
6 The designer should also be aware of the following three /eV
foms of
foms of wind-induced
wind-induced motion
motion which
which are
are charactedzed
characterized by
by _- _ V
_- V
increasingamplitude of bscillation with the increaseof wini $S. +\$uhal number,
speed.
A) _ @F-
i) Galloping- Galtopingis transverse
oscillations
orr@v V,rX{9{oorfy mean wind speed at height e, and
struclures due to the development of aerodynamic forceN *(.S
which are in phasewith rhe motion Ir is characrq&Rdb f$E breadth of a structure or structural member
t h e p r o g r e s s i v e l yi n c r e a s i n ga m p l i t u d eo f t Q Q \ $ s e ^ ro.V normal to the wind direction in the
vibration with increase of wind speed. The c tons
horizontalplane
whichareparricurarly
0.""" ,;uff;',r;'u:W;iffiffi
includethefollowing: ul Circular structures.- For structuresof
A:/ SV
" l,H:T,'#','"'#l;11;:
All structures
triangular,
withnon-circular
:::iT;'"?g::
square.
andT sections. "T:tN
polygons,
cross@bns. such6Tp-
asweffi angles,
"Kry Sr
circular in cross-section:
= 0'20 forD\." less than 6 m2ls, and
s(v sft\
2) Twisted
Iwisted cablesandmbles cableswit4lQeetrcrusratiS\"
*ifiqYrur,u,,N = 0.25 for D v." more than or equal to 6 m2ls.
ii) Flutter - Flutter is unstable--dNgltrlatory nlqt\$l of a
structuredue to coupling bety@aerodynapffirce and b) Rectangular structures - For struchrres of
elastic deformat;onof inl@rure. eerir most rectansularcross-section:
comon form is oscillafNcmotr ombined
b e n d i n gand
bending a n dtorsion.
t o r s i o nAI@g-Eh
A
. ffih oscil
oscilla,FRJid{ion in each S, = 0. l0
depreeof freedommdVdamoed.,fHst)bilitv can set in
dr! to ene.gy ,r-os\#o- oo" tb\"of oscillationto NOTES
another and the \gdre is seer@)-xecute sustained or 1 Significant cross wind motions may be produced by vortex
divergent oscillatioils wjth a type-of motion which is a shedding if the natural frequency of the structure or structural
combination of the individual modes of vibration. Such element is equal to the frequency ofthe vortex shedding within
energy transfer takes place when the natural frequencies of the range of expected wind speeds. In such cases, further
modestakenindividuallyareclosetoeachother(ratiobeing analysis should be carried out on the basis of special
typicaUy less than 2.0). Flutter can set in at wind speeds oublications.
much less than those required for exciting the individual
2 Unlined welded steel chimney stacks and similar structures
modes of motion. Long span suspension bridge decks or
are prone to excitations by vortex shedding'
any member of a structure with large values of d/t (where d
is the length of the member and t is its dimension parallel 3 Intensification of the effects of periodic vortex shedding has
to wind stream) are prone to low speed flutter. Wind tunnel been reported in cases where two or more similar structures
testing is required to detemine critical flutter speeds and are located in close proximity, for exmple at less thm 20b
the likely structural response. Other types of flutter are apart, where b is the dimension of the structure nomal to the
single degree of freedom stall flutter, torsional flutter, etc. wind.

iii) Ovalling - Thin walled structures with open ends at one
or both ends such as oil storage tanks aRd natural draught
cooling towers in which the ratio of the diameter or
minimum lateral dimension to the wall thickness is of the
order of 100 or more are prone to ovalling oscillatioro.
These oscillations are characterized by periodic radial
defomation of the hollow structure
4 The formulae given in 8.2,1 (a) is valid for infinitely long
cylindrical structures. The vaiue of S, decreases slowly as the
ratio of length to maximum transverse width decreases, the
reduction being up to about half the value, if the structue is
only three times higher thm its width. Vortex shedding need
notbeconsideredifthemtioof lengthtomaximumtransverse
dimension is less than 2 0

46
 IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

10 DYNAMIC WIND RESPONSE V"u = design hourly mean wind speed at height z,
in m/s (see6'4)
lo.l General
t" =
whichare,windsensitive'
rarlbuildings shalbe :nffr:'"Hil::tjiilij:n:'l,""nuo'""
designedfor dynamic wind loads. Hourly mean wind
, ,- G = Gust Factorand is given by.
sDeeors useo as a relerence wtno sDeeoto Deuseo ln
dynamic wind analysis.For calculation of along wind F
(bending
loadsandresponse ,hea,fo.."s]
moments, = ,,*r^ll;r"(t*s)t *o"tttf
or tip deflections)the Gust Factor (GF) method is used p I
VL
as specifiedin 10.2. The acrosswind designpeak base
wnere
overturning moment and tip deflection shall be
calculatedusing 10.3. r = roughness factor which is twice the
longitudinal turbulence intensity, th.i
10.2 Along Wind Response (see6.5),

For calculation of along-wind load effects at a level s 8" = peak factor for upwind velocity fluctuation,
on a building/structure, the design hourly mean wind = 3.0 fof category I and2 terrains, and
pressure at height z shall be multiplied by the Gust
o\/O for category 3 and 4terrains,
Factor (GF). This factor is dependenton both the
",1Y(l -, - ra, _-.r-^__^^^____^^r
overal1heighthandthele-velsunderconsiderationasF"'*^:K\.
t\ \ slowlx\Zrying component of fluctuating
(see Fig.9). For calculation of base bending ,,,o*",-i
*tgffiJuo caused by the lower frequency
and deflection ar rhe top of the building/st ucto."tJ ^ S
" JPe! variations
should be
should be taken
taken as
as zero.
zero. S/'
\S/ o$FsPeed
oNqr

The designpeakalong wind basebendingmomE$/ I

z\.*-^..@"
v-
(M") shall
(M") shall be
be obtained
obtainedby
by summing
summingthe
the moment$
momeiTS

' z - vr'zt'z ,dv

betweenheightss andh
Xg ^"N
where I^ = measureof effective turbulence length scale
X.: SV
F" = designpeakalongwiffidonthgMdingl attheheight,h,inm
structure
atanyheffi a:
^, = y:,:::i:"t*ffi,:i$.p,,0,"r, - tt(*) forrerraincatesorvrto3
t ^- <N- ( h \ " 025
"
pr = design
- I3N# ."ug$-nd pressure = 701+ | rorrerraincalegory4
v-- '-%- \lol
- "r r -e-sr D- "o-n' :o' ol n pt' -o v f_f ,i -naan o o b
c- o Drtaailnneedo a s = ,^")":1.
d n"..,rn, ror rne seconooruer
0.6 Vj (N/m'?) turbulenceintensiry

Level at which actioneffects

are calculated

NOTE-0<sch.ands<z<h

Flc. 9 NorauoNs FoRHercsrs

47
IS 875(Part3) :2015

10.2.1.Peak Acceleration in ALong Wind Direction

g,Io.,^[q,
The peak acceleration at the top of the building/
2
. structure in along wind direction ( i in m/sz) is given
T
rh.i -_ turbulenceintensity at height ft in terrain by the following equation:
categoryi
H. = height factor for resonanceresponse SE
i= (zry,)'tsrr
/ \ z B
= r * l lI wnere
lh)
c - t = mean deflection at the position where the
size reduction factor given by:
acceleration is required. Other notations are
1 sameas given in 10.2.

[, * r.:;r'l[,+4f:bo,,f
For computing the peak acceleration in the along wind
v,.o) direction, a mean wind speed at the height of the
L v^.,ll building/structrre, Vo corresponding to a 5 year mean
where returnSqigy'shallbe used.A reducedvalueof 0.011
bort= average breadthof the building/structure is ald@sestedp the structuraldamping,B for
berweeno
between O andh. reiNdd
t"{N$oo conxS>\tructures.
conK$rt
E = spectrumof rurbulencein the approaching Sf,a.".orffid Response
wind stream - )) ^ v
\dir ,..n\gi", methodlor determining equivalent
nN T6,Vstatic w@oad andbaseoverturningmomentin the
;---^ ^ ..:* S11 acrosANd directionlor tall enclosedbuildingsand
(l+70'8N')'" ,o,Nr r e c t a n g u l ac r o s s - s e c t i ocna.l c u l a t i o o
nf
\ )
wind responseis not requiredfor latticetowers.
where S *.?5$}}
N = effectivereducedfrequency^N acrosswind designpeakbasebendingmoment
Ajme
for. enclosed buildings and towers shall be
_, ,foL, @o
W
1\/"
A-\ delemrned
dN-d"t".-ined asfollows:
2s lnllowq:

, G \ ,.-[r
=
M = 0 . 5T n p n b f t( 1 . 0 6_ 0 . 0 6 - ) { [ , . ;
" p J

where

8r' = apeakfactor'
|--------'-
= J[z to(:e 00, )] in crosswinddirection;

- pe* factor forresonant response Pn = hourly mean wind pressure at height h' in
8n
Pal
zn(zeooy")] b = the breadth of the structure normal to the
wind. in ml
Table 36 SuggestedValuesof Structural h = the height of the sffucture, in m;
Damping Coeffrcients k = a mode shape power exponent for
(CLause10.2) representation of the fundamental mode
shapeas representedby:
SI Kind ofStructure Damping / \t

\y(zJ= t| ;z II
No. Coefficient,P
(1) (2) (3)
\n/
i) Welded steel structures 0010 f" = firstmodenahrralfrequencyofthebuilding/
ii) Bolted steel structures/Rcc oo20 structurern acrosswind direction,inHz
struchll€s
The across wind load distribution on the building/
iii) Prestressedconcretestructures 0016
structure.can be obtained from M. usi4g linear

48
 trS875 (Part 3) : 2015

distribution of loads as given below: k=0.5

c) building with a central core and moment
- (tu"\( r\
r ' ^ - - t - i l - i resisting fagade,k= l.O
\ h" )\h) d) lattice tower decreasing in stiffness with
where F","= asrosswind load per unit height at height z. height, or a tower with a large mass at the
toP,k = 2.3
10.3.1Peak Acceleration in Across Wind Direction
Cr. = uc.oss wind force spectrum coefficient
The peak acceleration at the top of the buiiding/ genenlized for a linear mode. (see Fig. l0
structure in across-wind direction 1j in mlsz; with a n dF i g . 1 1 ) .
approximately constantmass per unit height shall be F = dampingcoefficientofthebuilding/structure
determinedas follows: (seeTable 36).
mo = the average mass per unit height of the
'y = t m
s E ^ oB ^ b @ r c + o . z + * ) f;c,"1 structure in, kg/m.
\/l.pl 10.4 Combination of Along Wind and Across Wind
Typical values of the mode shape power exponent, k Load Effects
are as follows:
The ind and across wind loads have to be
a) uniform cantilever,ft = 1.5 apRl multanq@\ly on the building/structureduring
dCV
b) slender framed structure (moment resisting),
.,A\
reY
\vl
i.it..
WINDDIRECTION ,;

0.1
o

!) 0.05
F
z
IJJ
C)
tr 0.02
LL
lrJ
' c o) 0.01(t;;
= ;.i\i
,^'.:l;..;r
= 0"0-'9*S
d
F ,t".\, ,
o
(L ';'.'ll
U) 0.002
TIJ
o
t 0.001
o
tl-
o
z
=
a
@
o
t
o
0.0001
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
vn,a
RATIO f c b

Legend:
- - Turbuf
- T u r b u l e n c eI n t e n s i t yo f Q . 1 2a t 2 l 3 h enceIntensityof 0.20at 213h
Frc. 10 Ver-uEsor rHe,Cnoss Wn'Io Foncs Spscrnuu CoBRncrpNrpon Seuanp,SecrtoN Buu-otNcs

49
IS 875Gart 3) : 2015

0.1
o

o 0.05
F
z
g
o 0.02
tr
lJ-
llJ
o
() 0.01
=
l
i
0.00s
F
o
ul
(L
o 0.002
ul
C)
t 0.001
o
IL
o
z
=
o
a
o
d
()

50
 IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

ANNEX A
(Clause6.2) ,
BASIC WIND SPEEDAT 10 m HEIGHT FOR SOME IMPORTANT CITIES / TOWNS

City/Town Basicwind Speed City/Town Basic wind Speed

m/s m/s

Agra 47 Kanpur 4'7

Ahmedabad 39 Kohima 44
Ajmer 47 Kolkata 50
Almora 47 Kozhikode 39
Amritsar A'7 Kurnool 39
Asansol 47 Lakshadweep 39
Aurangabad 39 Lucknow 47
Bahraich 47 Ludhiana 47
Bengaluru 33 39
Barauni 47 39
Bareilly 47 39
Bhatinda 47 47
Bhilai 39 44
\
Bhopal 39 ,A\- 33
<<J/
Bhubarieshwar 5 0 \ 44
Bhuj 41
Bikaner 39
Bokaro 50
Chandigarh m 39
Chennai Patiala 4t

Coimbatore Patna 47
Cuttack Puducherry 50
Darbhanga. Port Blair 44
Darjeeling Pune 39
Dehradun Raipur 39
Delhi Rajkot 39
Durgapur Ranchi 39
Gangtok Roorkee 39
Guwahati Rourkela 39
Gaya Shimla 39
Gorakhpur Srinagar 39
Hyderabad Surat 44
Imphal Tiruchirappalli 47
Jabalpur Trivandrum J>
A1
Jaipur Udaipur
Jamshedpur Vadodara 44
Jhansi Varanasi 47
Jodhpur Vijayawada 50
Vishakapatnam 50

5l
IS 875(Part 3) : 2015

ANNEX B
e 6.3.2.4(b)(ii)l
lClaus
CHANGES IN TERRAIN CATEGORIES

CATEGORY4

xa = FETCH,ha = HEIGHTFORCATEGORY
4

4
PROFILEFORCATEGORY

2
PROFILEFORCATEGORY

AT A
DESIGNPROFILE

-
a) DETERMINATIoN OFVELOCITY NEAR
PROFILE
A CHANGEIN TERRAINCATEGORY
(Lessroughto morerough)

Ftc. 72 Velocrrv Pnoptlps IN rue VtctNnv on a Cnnxce lN TexRetl Cerrconv

52
 IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015
x+ = FETCH,hz = HEIGHTFORCATEGORY2

I
PROFILEFOR CATEGORY4 I
1--
PROFILEFOR CATEGORY2
I
DESIGNPROFILEATA I
I
WND DIRECTION ,/

CATEGORY4 CATEGORY.2

b) Determinationof Velocity Profile Near a Change in Terrain Category (More rough to less rough)

x4 = FETCH,ha = HEIGHTFORCATEGORY
4

ht = HEIGHTFORCATEGORYJIi
xr = FETCH,
""hl
#i,'' ha

h1

CATEGORY
3 CATEGORY
x4

# / l
hl
F h4 F
r F
(, I I
TU o o
t! UJ
I T I

VELOCITY VELOCITY VELOCIry

VELOCITYPROFILEFOR CATEGORY4
VELOCITYPROFILEFOR CATEGORY3
VELOCITYPROFILEFOR CATEGORY1
DESIGNPROFILE

c) Determinationof Design Profile Involvingmore than One Change in Terrain Category

Frc. 12 Velocrrv Pnorrr-es IN THE VIcINITy oF A CHANcE IN TERRAINCerrconv

53
IS 875(Part 3) : 2015

ANNEX C
(Clause
6.3.3.1)
EFFECT OFA CLIFF ORESCARPMENT ONEQUryALENT
HETGHTABOVE GROUND (fr3FACTOR)
C-1 The influence of the topographic feature is the local topographyto the site is significantin termsof wind
flow. In suchcases,the averagevalue of,the tenain upwind of
considered to extend 1.5 Z" upwind and 2.5 L"
the site for a distanceof 5 km shouldbe takenas the baselevel
downwind of the summit of crest of the featurewhere from wind to assess the height,Z, andtheupwindslope0, of
l" is the effective horizontal length ofthe hill depending the feature.
on slope as indicated below (see Fig. l3).
C-2 TOPOGRAPHY FACTOR, K3
Slope L.
The topographyfactor fr. is givenby the following:
30<e.<17" - l+Cso
4
e , >1 7 ' z /0.3 whereC hasthe following values:
where Slope C
L = actuallength of the upwind slope in the wind 3. < e^ < l7o 1.2 elL)
direction, eseV 0.36
z = effectiveheight of the topographyfeature,
ana{i.X a factqGrived in accordancewith c-2.1
and ght, -F1above mean ground level
riate to
e. = upwindslopein the wind direction. N$,the dist4ffi, x, from the summitor crestrelarive
In case, the zone in downwind side of the crest of the efQ(Flength, Le
\$2'ihe
feature is relativelv flat (0.: r"],f"1
' a dista)$)c-2.1@)actor,soshoutdbedeterminedf
/{\7 V-Z.I ]renaOtOr, so SnOulODeOeterTnlne0 IrOm:
exceedingL", then the feature should be treateda@ 1N:
escarpment. Otherwise the feature should be Eeatd q$\opig. 14 for cliffs and escarpments,and
u, u hitl or ridge.Examplesof typicalfeatu*.S" nig. t s ror ridgesandhills.
in Fie' 13' GS- **.-
-$orr^-
\\NUIE - *nere rhedownwlnd
Wnere the downwind.slope
slope-of hill.or
ot a hrll ridgers
or ndge rs more
more
p;) tt'an 3', there wll be large regions of reduced accelerations or
"J/ even shelter and it is not possible to give general design rules
to cater for these circumstances. Values of so from Fig. 15 may
be used as upper bound values.

AFFECTED
EGTON BY
.a';Nin 4L-*
?t TOPOGMHICALFEA
1 . 5L e 2 . 5L e

CREST

I.AGEGROUND
LEVEL

*M'w
M4
5v^"":.-J--17
ND

13 (a) GENERALNOTATIONS

<A
 IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

DOWNWINDSLOPE> 3'

13 (b) HILLANDRIDGE 13 (c) CLIFFAND ESCARPMENT

Frc. 13 Topocnepnrcel DrlrerstoNs

CREST CREST
2.0 2.0

1.5 1.5

H
Le 1.0 10+ Le

0.5 0.5

0 0
-1.5

2.0 2.0

1,5 1.5

H H
L; 1.0 1.0 Le

0.5 0.5

0 IJ 0
-1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0 0 1.0 2.01.5 2.5
X
UPWTND DOWNWIND
Le
+
Frc. 15 Fecron s ron Cr-rpraNo EscenpurNr

55
IS 875(Part 3) : 2015

ANNEX D
(Clauses andT.4.3.3)
.4.3.2
7.4.2.2,7
WIND FORCE ON CIRCULAR SECTIONS

D-l The wind force on any object is given by: Sp

F = CrA.p,t \
where
Ci = force coefficient, Vd -

A. = effective area of the object normal to the

wrnd
wind direction,
dlrecnon, and \--t I
./ / \ l
pa = designpressureofthewind. sp
\l_
For most shapes, the fori.e coefficient remains
approximatelyconstantover the whole range of wind Frc. 16 Warp tN Sun Cntrrcel FI-ow

dependent upon the vel,ocity and kinematic viscosity o\\.;;

of the wind and diameter cif the section. The forcq)vd
coefficientis usually quotedagainsta non-dimensiq@v
parameter, called the Reynolds number, which taklN
of thevelocityandviscosityolthe-(futr
intoaccount
medium(in this casethe wind;, ani thsN, -'o)** N;
,ili

FIc. 17 W,qxeIN SupenCnlttcel Flow

V
) a critical value of Reynolds number followed by a
gradual rise as Reynolds number is increased still
further.
lu Lll€l.

N'
vu = design
hourlymean
ffirp".a;$
ffispeed.\) Cr with parameter D
The variation of C, Vu is
DVu ts shown in
ln
clrcular:vlind:T*u"l"c
t.+O Fig' 5 for infin^itelv.long
v = kinematic vi
y{A1 ;b ffi ;;.;
(n" ui.rffii,
f,ffiJ '31#
TiTJ:"1',,1}":'"f :?
l -i::"" R#lrr". 1$Ru
atmospheric
--"'"-""-
' ';^(3**- ffi:: JJ,T';,IT' turbulencetyplcal typical ot Dullt-up urDan
of built-up urban areas.The
l n( curve
o-s.J) N
S\-
Sin_ce.ln
i n c e i nmost n a t u r Ai r! f f i o n m e n $ \ i l b l y t o,9
m o s tnaturllirhWonm3ffi$lr b q"
efound = x I o - 5 i n a s r e a d vair
" , , t i . . t " " (e/D)
r . r / T ) ) =II x l0-5in a steady
f TYid rfor
^ , oa. smooth
- ^ ^ t l i cytinder air
ln lndra, the lonema-tlg/vlscosrt)\"ottne alr ls ralrty stream,as found in a low_turbulencewind tunnel, is
constant, it is convenient to use D Vo as the parameter ;.; ft;f;;-pu.rrorr.
instead of Reynolds number and this has been done tn
this code. It can be seen that the main effect of free-stream
turbulence is to decrease the critical value of the
Thedependenceofacircularsection'sforcecoefficient parameterDVo.For subcritical flows, turbulencecan
on Reynolds number is due to the change in the wake p.odo"" u .orrriderable reduction in C.below the steady
developedbehind thebody' air-stream values- For supercritical hows, this effect
At a low Reynolds number, the wake is as shown in becomes significantly smaller.
Fig. 16 and the force coefficient is typically 1.2. As Ifthesurfaceofthecylinderisdeliberatelyroughened
Reynolds number is increased, the wake gradually such as by incorporating flutes, riveted constructron,
changesto that shown inFig.11; that is, the wake width etc, then ih" dutu giuen in Fig. 5 for appropriate value
d* decreasesand the separation point denoted as sp, of tlD > 0 shall be used.
moves from front to the back of the body.
NOTE - In caseof uncertaintyregardingthe value of e to be
As a result, the force coefficient shows a rapid drop at usedfor small roughness,e/D shall be taken as 0 001.

56
 IS 875 (Part 3) : 2015

ANNEX E
(Foreword)
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION
(ExcludingWaterResourcesDevelopmentDivision) SectionalCommittee,CED 37

Organization Representative(s)

In personal capacity (84 SRP Colony, Peravallur, Chennai 600 082) Dn N. Lersuunnrx (Chairman)

Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, Mumbai SHRr L. R. BrsHNor

Sunr A. D RosH^N (Alternate)

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, New Delhi Sunr S. S. MnNr

Central Building Research Institute (CSIR), Roorkee DR A K. PANDEY

Dn Re.resu Dsotle (Alternate)

Central Electricity Authoriry, New Delhi Sunr R. B. W.qLrvse

Snnr S. K. Rov CuowlHurv (Alternate)

Central Public Works Department, New Delhi Suar A. K. Gnrc

SHru R.c.iesHKuese (Alternate\
'Central
Water Commission, New Delhi n C&Moo (E&Ne)
Dnecron (N&W) (Alternate)

Engineer-in-Chief's Branch (MES), NewDelhi

Engineers India Limited, New Delhi

\ )\ ,
Gammon India Limited, Mumbai h: W. Desupnroe
\11 Avwesu Y. Melrsuoaerln (A lternate)

Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chemai 1V Devons MeNoN

S- Dn A MeHen Puseo (Al.ternate)

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur

s \N DR VINAYK Gupre
Dn Pneu KrsueN
Dn S.K.Keuslnx (Alternate)
SunrK RarNnv
Sr{RrA. DAS GuPrA
Sspr Srrvnru SEN(Alternate)
Ssar 0uren Sesnv
SunrA. K. Bzc (Alternate)
SunrS. K. Punr
Sunr Sersu Kuvan, SE (P-9) (Al.ternate)
Deputy Municipal Commissioner(ENGG)
City Engineer(Ahernate)
National Buildings Construction Corporation Limited, New Delhi SunrRexesuMeavn
(Altemate)
SunrL P. SINGH
National Council for Cement and Building Materials, Ballabgarh SunrV V. Anou
SHnrS Suenve (Ahernate)
National Thermal Power Corporation, Noida Suru H KuNlu
Sunr Mesoov ALL(Akernate)
Research, Designs & Standards Organization, Lucklow Joint Director Standards(B&S)
JT Director Stnds (B&S) SB-l (Alternate)
RITES Limited, Gurgaon SunrAsuor Kuune Mnrrrun
Structural Engineering Reserch Centre (CSIR), Chennai Dr S. Servr Rom
Dr P. Herxlusttre (Alternate)
TCE Consulting Engineers Limited, Mumbai SunrA. P Mull
SuruA- Durre (Alternate)
The Institution of Engineers (India) Ltd, New Delhi SHnrK. B, Reronrn

5'1
 IS 875(Part 3) :20L5

In personal capacity, (P-121, Sanjay Nagar, Ghaziabad 201 001) SHru S' K. AcARwAL

: In personal capacity, (142 Deshbandhu Apartments, Sunt G. P LeHtpt

New Delhi 110019)

In personal capacity, (61, Civil Lines, Roorkee 247 667) Dn Pnelr Kntssr'll
'F'
BIS Directorate General Sfui D. K. AcrlwAL, Screurtsr and HeA.o (Ctvtt- Eucc)
[Representing Director General (Ex-officio)] '

Member Secretaries
Shri S. CHerunveor
Scmrrrsr 'F' (Crvrr ENcc),BIS
and
Shri S. ApuNKuuen
Screrlrrsr'C' (Crvt Ercc), BIS

58
(Continued from second cover)

f) Provisions to account for effects of directionality, area averaging and correlation of pressures on the
design wind pressurehave been included.
g) Guidelines to account for the wind induced interferencefor tall buildings and low rise buildings have
beenincluded for use in preliminary design.It is howeverrecommendedto carry out detailedboundary
layer wind tunnel tests/CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) studies for final design of important
structures.
h) In the Gust Factor Method for evaluating along wind response, equations have been suggested for
background factor, size reduction factor, energy ratio and length scale of turbulence.
j) A method for computing acrosswind responseof tall buildings and lattice towers, which is in line with
some of the internationalcodes of practice,has been included.

The Committee observedthat there has been a growing awarenessamong the consultants,academicians,researchers
and practiceengineersfor design and constructionof wind sensitivestructures.In order to augmentthe available
limited good quality meteorological wind data and structuralresponsedata, it is necessaryto conduct full scale
measurementsin the held. Thus as emphasizedin the previous revision, all individuals and organizationsresponsible
for putting-up of tall structuresare encouragedto provide instrumentationin their existing and new structures
(transmissiontowers, chimneys, cooling towers, buildings, etc) at different elevations(at least at two levels) to
continuously measure and monitor wind data. The instruments q1erequired to collect data on wind direction,
.wind speedand structuralresponseof the structuredue to win the help of accelerometer, strain gauges,
etc). It is also the opinion of the Committee that such instrume{ta\Sn in tall
or alter the functional behaviour of such structures.The data{NQo
accuratewind loadins of structures.
hagRKF into account the prevailing practice in
this@4lird hagR(
The Committee responsible for the formulation of this@Erd
regard to loading standards followed in this countrSQlhe
countrS$1))he variqg$ithorities
variqg$ and has also taken note of the
tn t@otsirulatio4ffii
developments in a number of other countries. In t@otsirulatiolffiis code. the following overseasstandards
have also been examined: dS
a) BS EN 199I - I -4:2005Eurocodel: AQo - Part 1-4: General actions - Wind actions
b) JointAustralian/New ZealandSt@ 2:2002 Strrctural designactions,Part 2; Wind
actions -V
c) ASCE7-05AmericanSrunO-@ irementsfor Minimum Design Loads for Buildings
and Otber Structures.
d) AIJ 2004 - Architec (AIJ) Recommendationsfor Loads on Buildings.

The composition of the Commj

observedor calculated, with IS 2 : 1960

tn. ft$g/a testor analysis,shallberoundedoff in accordance
'Rulesfor roundingoff"*ffig
gl@rical val@\revised)' . The numberof significantplacesretainedin theroundedoff
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