Q.

If the sun is 15˚N of the equator, what is the maximum latitude at which an observer can view the
midnight sun?

A. The observer can view the midnight sun when the observer is on the prime meridian and a little
above the equator

Q. What is the difference between Zone Time and Standard Time/

A. 1. Basically both times are the same. However there are minor differences as:

a. Zone time is used at sea whereas standard time is shore time.

b. Zone time day has one period of 24 hours and no A.M. and P.M. suffix while Standard time
day has two 12 hour periods, forenoon and afternoon designated by A.M. and P.M.

c. Standard time has some variation as daylight saving time, which Zone time has not.

Q. How may an astronomical position line be combined with a bearing of a shore object to obtain the
ship’s position?

A. Take the azimuth of a body for instance with it, apply its computed point as intercept, towards or
away from the body. On the computed point, draw a line perpendicular to the azimuth of the body,
thus establishing a line of position. Simultaneously, take the true bearing of a shore object which
will give immediately a line of position. The intersection of the LOP’s based on the two observations
determine the ship’s position.

Q. Describe the relation between Longitude of an observer and the hour angle of a body, and the
geographical position of the body.

A. With an initial Longitude, solving for meridian angle from its hour angle will determine the observed
Longitude. With the declination of the body, the Latitude will be known. Thus, the geographical
position of the body can be determined with a Latitude and Longitude.

Q. What is the relationship between the Departure, Difference of Longitude and also the Difference of
Latitude?

A. Departure is the distance or linear measurement between two meridians or longitudes. Difference
of Longitude is the angular measure between two longitudes. The Difference of Latitudes are the
angular measure between two parallels of Latitude.

159
 SEAMANSHIP KNOWLEDGE

Q. Define the following

A. Percentage of intact buoyancy – is the percentage of the total surface area of flooded
compartments which can be occupied by water.

Total Reserve Quantity – is that quantity that a vessel can call up in order to meet losses or
buoyancy due to damage to the main hull.

Stability Curve – is that graph which shows the relative leverages exerted by the ship to restore
herself to equilibrium when forcibly inclined by sea or wind.

Horsepower Measurement – is a measurement sometimes used to compare an classify vessels

according to volume and indicated horsepower of the main engine.

Expansion Joint – is a sliding joint in the superstructure or deck plating installed to permit linear
movement fore and aft between the adjacent connected sections when the ship hogs and sags on
order to obviate beyond the margin line.

Floodable Length – is the maximum fraction of a ship’s total length at any given point which can be
flooded without the ship being submerged beyond the margin line.

Neutral Equilibrium – the condition of load wherein the ship cannot remain balanced on upright
position so that it may topple on its side when affected by external forces.

Tons Per Inch Immersion – is the number of tons of cargo to be loaded in a ship to make her draft
sink by 1 inch.

Inch Trim Moment – is the moment to alter the trim by 1 inch. The weight added to, discharged
from, or moved about in the ship and the longitudinal distance of its center of gravity from the
tipping center. Weight X Distance = Moment.

Longitudinal Measurement – is the length measured fore to aft.

Transversal Measurement – is the length measured from the port side to the starboard side.

Pivoting Point – is the point about which a vessel’s hull appears to pivot while turning by action of
the sudden and making headway.

Bank Cushion – is the wedging effect if displaced water between the vessel’s bow and the nearer
bank.

Bank Suction – is the indraft of vessel’s stem toward the nearer bank caused by return flow of
displaced water predominantly on the off quarter. Aided by the rotary action of a right-handed
screw, this suction forces the vessel to shear toward the farthest bank when the nearer bank is on
her starboard side.

160
Q. Definition of Terms:

A. Permeability – the volume permeability of any space on board, as defined for subdivision,
calculation is the percentage of that space which can be occupied by water.

Center of Buoyancy – is that point along the vertical line on the immersed portion of the ship,
where the force is heading upwards.

Center of Gravity – is the force going downwards on a point of the vertical line where the whole
weight of the ship will balance.

Length between Perpendiculars – is the horizontal distance between the forward stem to the after
stem.

Try Sail – a quadrilateral fore and aft sail with boom and carried above the main mast of a big and
hoisting on small mast.

Tonnage Tax – a federal tax levied on all commercial vessels for the privilege of entering, trading,
leaving or lying in port or harbour.

Force of Buoyancy – the force acting vertically upwards on a body afloat.

Registered Depth – is the distance measured amidship from the innermost part in the shell plating
in the port side and of the innermost part in the starboard side.

Registered Width – is the distance measured from the innermost part of the main deck to the
uppermost part of the keel measured amidship.

Moulded Width – is the distance measured amidship from the uppermost part of the shell plating
on the port to starboard side.

Moulded Depth – is the distance measured amidship from the uppermost part of the main deck to
the innermost part of the keel.

Cargo Port – is an opening in the ship’s side especially provided for loading or discharging cargo.
Also called side port.

Cargo List – a record of the goods accepted for loading on one vessel.

Cargo Gear – the general term applied to all gear located in the vicinity of cargo hatches and used
for loading and discharging. It includes winches, cargo booms, and their fittings, spans, heel and
head blocks, gaps and cargo runners.

Length Overall – is the length measured from fore to aft.

Docking Plug – is a craved set pin of 1/8 to 1 1/4 inch of brass and fitted in the garboard strake of the
shell plating at the bottom of each compartment to drain the water which remains in the ballast
tanks when the vessel is in the drydock.

161
Q. Define the following:

A. Freeing Ports – are holes in the bulwark or rail, which allow deck wash to drain off into the sea.
Some freeing ports have swing gates which allow water to drain off but which automatically close
from sea water pressure.

Gun Tackle – is a tackle made up of a fall and two single blocks.

Net Registered Tonnage – is the carrying capacity of a vessel as ascertained according to

government regulations and arrived at by measuring the arabic contents of the space intended for
revenue earning.

Light Displacement Tonnage – the weight of the vessel, engine and its auxiliaries. No weights
whatsoever were loaded yet.

Deadweight Tonnage – means the carrying power of the ship from her light displacement draft to
her maximum loading draft.

Tonnage Coefficient – is the decimal by which the product of length, breadth and depth of a vessel
must be multiplied to obtain the gross tonnage.

Trip Charter – a charter party used when a vessel is chartered for a single voyage. The owner retains
and operates his vessel; his payment is based upon the amount of cargo transported in terms of
tons or any other cargo unit. Also called voyage charter.

Turning Circle – is the path approaching the form of a circle described by a vessel of helm at full
angle while turning thru 360˚ with engines running at full speed.

Oilage – the distance in feet or meters from the level of the liquid to the tank top. The distance
from the surface if the liquid to the bottom of the tank is innage

Bilge – is the lower internal part of the hull adjacent to the keelson, where the bilge water collects.

Bitts – are cylindrical objects made of cast iron or steel. They are arranged in pairs, welded or
bolted on deck usually mounted forward and aft of each chock, used mainly for securing mooring
lines.

Jacobs Ladder – is a ladder with wooden steps and rope sides.

Keel – is the main center line structural member, running fore and aft along the bottom of the ship
and sometimes referred to as the backbone.

Plimsol Mark – is a term which refers to the freeboard mark painted on the ship’s side.

Binnacle – the stand which supports the compass bowl.

Cofferdam – is the empty space between two bulkheads separating two adjacent compartments.

162
Q. In the IALA system, a buoy used to indicate the direction of deeper water is called:
A. a. lateral buoy b. cardinal buoy c. mid-channel buoy

Q. These marked areas allocated to naval and military authorities for purposes of firing and
bombing are:
A. a. Danger area buoys b. general area buoys c. specific area buoys

Q. When a rescuer performing CPR, the ratio of chest compression to lung inflation for an adult
victim is:
A. a. 7 compressions to 1 ventilation b. 5 compressions to 1 ventilation
c. 12 compressions to 2 ventilations d. 15 compressions to 2 ventilations

Q. To place a triangular bandage on the arm for use as a sling, the apex of the triangle should be
located at:
A. a. Elbow b. shoulder c. waist d. hips

Q. The purpose of a strong ring or loop attached to the back of a lifejacket is to:
A. a. Attach a person to a life ring c. strengthen the life jacket
b. hoist the survivor from the water d. all of the above

Q. A strong slip secured to a framing of a ship in the chain locker which holds the inboard end of
the anchor cable:
A. a. Shackle bolt slip b. seahouse slip c. bitter end d. chain shackle

Q. Portion’s of a vessel’s hold partitioned off and specially constructed to carry water ballast or
liquid cargo;
A. a. Settling tanks b. double bottom tanks c. deep tanks d. open tanks

Q. A square round box made of galvanized iron, perforated with holes and fitted to ends of bilge
suctions to prevent these pipes to be clogged:
A. a. Store box b. protection box c. strom box d. bilge screen

Q. A drain hole cut through the gunwale and shell plating to allow water to run directly overboard:
A. a. Sculls b. scuttle butt c. scuttle d. scupper hole

Q. A grooved wheel in a block over which a rope passes through:

A. a. Sheath b. sheave c. rope guide d. slip piece

Q. A block combination composed of a fall and two single blocks:

A. a. Double whip b. handy billy c. gun tackle d. luff tackle

Q. When a crew member is intoxicated he should be:

A. a. given a sedative b. given large dose of Epsom salts
c. be kept cool d. be kept quiet

Q. Another name for pain reliever is:

A. a. hypnotics b. tranquilizers c. analgesics d. depressant

163
Q. What is the purpose of the fresh water line on the load line markings?
A. To show the summer load line to which the ship may be immersed in fresh water. The difference
between the summer load line in seawater and the fresh water line is the allowance to be made
for loading in fresh water at any other load line.

Q. How would you know how many persons a lifeboat is allowed to carry?
A. Number of persons is marked in each lifeboat’s bows and at least two in the thwarts. It may also
be determined by: L x B x D x 0.6 and divide the result by 10.

Q. What is the most important thing to be done before the lifeboat is to be lowered?
A. make sure the drain plug is in place; that the painter is fast and tended; a man is stationed at
each boat.

Q. What would you do if, riding to a single anchor, you found out you were dragging?
A. Pay out more cable. If this fails to stop her dragging, give ship a slight sheer away from the
anchor and drop the second anchor.

Q. What part of the vessel cuts the water forward?

A. a. bow c. prow
b. keel d. stern

Q. The amount of load to which a particular member of a ship’s structure as subjected to is

A. a. load c. elastic limit
b. stress d. all of the above

Q. The part of the vessel which gives her watertight integrity, cover the hull and binds the whole
structure together –
A. a. deck plates c. shell plates
b. fore deck d. poop plates

Q. The frame of a vessel that runs parallel to the keel is called –

A. a. transverse frame c. parallel frame
b. center frame d. longitudinal frame

Q. In the lateral buoyage system, the port hand buoy are painted –
A. a. green b. red c. black d. yellow

Q. The starboard hand buoys are painted –

A. a. red b. green c. black d. yellow

Q. When entering an anchorage, the buoy that signifies for awaiting pratique, a permission from
authorities to proceed to an allotted berth –
A. a. mid-channel buoy b. quarantine buoy c. east cardinal buoy

164
Q. Define the following terms:

Tank Top – the plating laid on the bottom floors of the ship, which forms the topside of the tank
sections or double bottom.

Bulwark – the upper section of the frames and side plating, which extends above and around the
upper deck.

Camber – the slope upward toward the center of a surface, as a deck amidship or shedding water.

Forecastle – the forward part of the hull, usually raised above the main deck, formerly used as
quarters of the crew but now used as storerooms, or boatswain’s locker.

Capstan – the part of the vertical shaft windlass around which a working line is passed.

Davits – the equipment or special winches used for lowering or hoisting lifeboats.

Deep Tanks – these usually consist of ordinary hold compartments strengthened to carry ballast.
They usually run from the tank top to or above the lower deck.

Trim – the difference of the draft forward and aft. The longitudinal equivalent of heel.

Deck Warrant – a negotiable instrument issued by the deck owners to the title to the goods upon
the production of a bill of lading.

Cargo Battens – one of the planks fitted to the inboard side of frames in the hold or cargo spaces of
a steel vessel in order to keep cargo away from the shell plating and avoid all contacts with metallic
surface.

Cable – a heavy fiber or wire rope or chain. The term is most frequently used in its nautical sense,
to indicate the means by which the ship is connected with her anchor.

Q. A ship has a light displacement of 7,675 tons. Her light KG is 31.5 ft. She has loaded 1,400 tons 10 ft.
above the keel and 600 tons 10 feet above the original center of gravity. What will your vessel’s
final position of the center of gravity be?

A. Solution: W KG Moments
7,675 x 31.5 = 241,762.5 ft. tons
1,400 x 10.0 = 14,000 “ “
600 x 10.0 = 6,000 “ “

9,675 261,762.5 ft. tons

Total Moments 261,762.5

New KG = New KG=
Total Weights 9, 675

New KG = 27.04 feet

165