Numerical Analysis

Practice Class 1B – Answers

August 2020
Problem 1
𝑛2 +𝑒4𝑛
(i) lim
𝑛→∞ 2𝑛−𝑒 𝑛
∞
Since we have an indeterminate form of type , we apply the l’Hospital’s rule,
∞
𝑑
𝑥 2 +𝑒 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 +𝑒 4𝑥 ) 2𝑥+4𝑒 4𝑥
lim = lim𝑑 = lim .
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥−𝑒 𝑥 𝑥→∞ (2𝑥−𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑥→∞ 2−𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

Again applying l’Hospital’s rule,

𝑑
2𝑥+4𝑒 4𝑥 (2𝑥+4𝑒 4𝑥 ) 2+16𝑒 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
lim = lim 𝑑 = lim .
𝑥→∞ 2−𝑒 𝑥 𝑥→∞ (2−𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑥→∞ −𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑛2 +𝑒4𝑛 2+16𝑒 4𝑛
Thus, lim = lim lim −(2𝑒 −𝑛 + 16𝑒 3𝑛 ) = -∞.
𝑛→∞ 2𝑛−𝑒 𝑛 𝑛→∞ −𝑒 𝑛 𝑛→∞

3
3 𝑙𝑛(1+𝑛)
(ii) lim [𝑛𝑙𝑛(1 + )] = lim [ ]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛→∞ 1/𝑛

Since we have an indeterminate form, we apply l’Hospital’s rule,

3 𝑑 3
𝑙𝑛(1+𝑥) ln⁡(1+𝑥) 3
𝑑𝑥
lim [ ] = lim [ 𝑑 ] = lim .
𝑥→∞ 1/𝑥 𝑥→∞ (1/𝑥) 𝑥→∞ 1+3/𝑥
𝑑𝑥
3 3
Thus, lim [𝑛𝑙𝑛(1 + )] = lim = 3.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛→∞ 1+3/𝑛

(iii) lim (𝑛 + 𝑒 𝑛 )1/𝑛

𝑛→∞
Since u = 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝑢 then,
1 ln⁡(𝑛+𝑒𝑛 )
𝑛 1/𝑛 𝑙𝑛(𝑛+𝑒 𝑛 )1/𝑛 ln⁡(𝑛+𝑒 𝑛 ) lim
lim (𝑛 + 𝑒 ) = lim 𝑒 = lim 𝑒 𝑛 =𝑒 𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

Since we have an indeterminate form of type ∞/∞, we apply l’Hospital’s rule,

1
 𝑑
ln⁡(𝑥+𝑒𝑥 )
ln⁡(𝑥+𝑒𝑥 ) lim (𝑑𝑥 𝑑 ) 1+𝑒𝑥
lim ( ) 𝑥→∞ (𝑥) lim (𝑥+𝑒𝑥 )
𝑒 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 =𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥→∞
Again applying l’Hospital’s rule,
𝑑
(1+𝑒𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
1+𝑒𝑥 lim ( 𝑑 ) 𝑒𝑥
lim (𝑥+𝑒𝑥 ) 𝑥→∞ (𝑥+𝑒𝑥 ) lim (1+𝑒𝑥)
𝑒 𝑥→∞ =𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥→∞ .
𝑒𝑛 1
𝑛 1/𝑛 lim (1+𝑒𝑛 ) lim ( )
Thus, lim (𝑛 + 𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑛→∞ =𝑒 𝑛→∞ 𝑒−𝑛+1 = e.
𝑛→∞

ln⁡(𝑛)
(iv) lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
Since we have an indeterminate form of type ∞/∞, we apply l’Hospital’s rule,
𝑑
ln⁡(𝑥) ln⁡(𝑥) 1
𝑑𝑥
lim = lim 𝑑 = lim .
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥→∞ (𝑥) 𝑥→∞ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
ln⁡(𝑛) 1
Thus, lim = lim = 0.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛

𝑛
(v) lim
𝑛→∞ 2𝑛
Since we have an indeterminate form of type ∞/∞, we apply l’Hospital’s rule,
𝑑
𝑥 (𝑥) 1
𝑑𝑥
lim = lim 𝑑 = lim .
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 𝑥→∞ (2𝑥 ) 𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 𝑙𝑛2
𝑑𝑥
𝑛 1
Thus, lim = lim = 0.
𝑛→∞ 2𝑛 𝑛→∞ 2𝑛 𝑙𝑛2

Problem 02

Definition of convergence

A sequence {𝑎𝑛 } has a limit and we write,

lim 𝑎𝑛 = 𝐿 or 𝑎𝑛 → 𝐿 as 𝑛 → ∞
𝑛→∞

2
 If for every 𝜀 > 0 there is a positive integer N such that,
If 𝑛 > 𝑁⁡ then |𝑎𝑛 − 𝐿| < 𝜀.

Archimedeam property

Given any real number 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, there is 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 + such that 𝑛 > 𝑥.

(i) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛
Claim: lim 𝑎𝑛 = ∞
𝑛→∞
Proof:
Need to show: ∀𝑀 > 0, ∃𝑁 > 0 such that ∀𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 + , 𝑛 > 𝑁 → 𝑎𝑛 > 𝑀.

Let M> 0 be arbitrary, by Archimedeam property there is 𝑁 ∈ 𝑍 + such that

𝑁 >M. Thus,⁡⁡⁡∀𝑛 > 𝑁, 𝑎𝑛 > 𝑀.
Therefore, lim 𝑛 = ∞.
𝑛→∞

(ii) 𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑛 + 1
Claim: lim 𝑎𝑛 = ∞
𝑛→∞
Proof:
Need to show: ∀𝑀 > 0, ∃𝑁 > 0 such that ∀𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 + , 𝑛 > 𝑁 → 𝑎𝑛 > 𝑀.

Let M> 0 be arbitrary,

2𝑛 + 1 > 𝑀
𝑀−1
𝑛>
2
𝑀−1
By Archimedeam property there is 𝑁 ∈ 𝑍 + such that 𝑁 > max⁡{ ⁡, 1}
2
𝑀−1
Thus, 𝑛 > 𝑁⁡ ⁡⁡→⁡ 𝑛 > → 2𝑛 + 1 > 𝑀⁡⁡ → ⁡⁡⁡𝑎𝑛 > 𝑀.
2
Therefore, lim 2𝑛 + 1 = ∞.
𝑛→∞

3
 𝑛2 +1
(iii) 𝑎𝑛 =
𝑛
Claim: lim 𝑎𝑛 = ∞.
𝑛→∞
𝑛2 +1 1
Observe that, ∀𝑛 ∈ 𝑁,⁡⁡⁡ = 𝑛 + ⁡ ⁡ ≥ 𝑛.
𝑛 𝑛
𝑛2 +1
In part (i) we proved that lim n = ∞, therefore by comparison lim = ∞.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑛2 +1
Therefore, lim = ∞.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛

(iv) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛 + (−1)𝑛 √𝑛
Claim: lim 𝑎𝑛 = ∞.
𝑛→∞

Need to show: ∀𝑀 > 0, ∃𝑁 > 0 such that ∀𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 + , 𝑛 > 𝑁 → 𝑎𝑛 > 𝑀.

Let 𝑀 > 0 be arbitrary, then by Archimedeam property there is 𝑁 ∈ 𝑍 + such that
𝑁−1
𝑁 > 2𝑀 + 1. Then > 𝑀.
2

Thus, 𝑛 > 𝑁 ⁡⁡→ 𝑛 + (−1)𝑛 √𝑛 ⁡⁡ > ⁡𝑁 + (−1)𝑁 √𝑁⁡

(𝑁−(−1)𝑁 √𝑁)
= (𝑁 + (−1)𝑁 √𝑁)⁡
(𝑁−(−1)𝑁 √𝑁)

𝑁2 −𝑁 𝑁 2 −𝑁 𝑁(𝑁−1) 𝑁−1
=⁡ ≥ = = ⁡⁡ > 𝑀.
𝑁−(−1)𝑁 √𝑁 𝑁+√𝑁 2𝑁 2

Therefore,⁡ lim 𝑛 + (−1)𝑛 √𝑛 = ∞.

𝑛→∞

Problem 03
1⁡, 𝑖𝑓⁡𝑛⁡𝑖𝑠⁡𝑜𝑑𝑑
(i) 𝑎𝑛 = ⁡ {
0⁡, 𝑖𝑓⁡𝑛⁡𝑖𝑠⁡𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛

Suppose the sequence converges and the limit is L. Let 𝜖 = 1/2. Then according
to the definition of limit, there is a positive integer N such that,
If 𝑛 > 𝑁⁡ then |𝑎𝑛 − 𝐿| < 𝜀.
Consider 𝑛0⁡, 𝑛𝑜 + 1 > 𝑁 such that 𝑎𝑛0 = 1 and 𝑎(𝑛0 +1) = 0. Then,

4
 1 1 3 1
|𝑎𝑛0 − 𝐿| < →⁡ |1 − 𝐿| < ⁡⁡→ <𝐿< ⋯a
2 2 2 2
1 1
|𝑎(𝑛0 +1) − 𝐿| < →⁡ |0 − 𝐿| < ⁡⁡→ −1/2 < 𝐿 < 1/2 ⋯ b
2 2
This is a contradiction. Therefore, the limit does not exist and sequence diverges.

(ii) 𝑎𝑛 = cos⁡(𝑛𝜋)
Suppose the sequence converges and the limit is L. Let 𝜖 = 1. Then according to
the definition of limit, there is a positive integer N such that,
If 𝑛 > 𝑁⁡ then |𝑎𝑛 − 𝐿| < 𝜀.
Consider 𝑛0⁡, 𝑛𝑜 + 1 > 𝑁 such that 𝑎𝑛0 = 1 and 𝑎(𝑛0 +1) = −1. Then,
|𝑎𝑛0 − 𝐿| < 1 →⁡ |1 − 𝐿| < 1 ⁡⁡→ 2 > 𝐿 > 0 ⋯a
|𝑎(𝑛0 +1) − 𝐿| < 1 →⁡ |−1 − 𝐿| < 1 ⁡⁡→ −2 < 𝐿 < 0 ⋯ b
This is a contradiction. Therefore, the limit does not exist and sequence diverges.
Problem 04
(−1)𝑛
(i) lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
1
lim |𝑎𝑛 | = lim = 0.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛
Therefore, the alternative sequence converges to 0.

(−1)𝑛
(ii) lim
𝑛→∞ 2𝑛+3
1
lim |𝑎𝑛 | = lim = 0.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 2𝑛+3
Therefore, the alternative sequence converges to 0.

(iii) lim (−1)𝑛

𝑛→∞
lim |𝑎𝑛 | = lim 1 = 1⁡ ≠ 0.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
Therefore, the alternative sequence does not converge.

(5𝑛2 +1)
(iv) lim (−1)𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑛2 +3
1
(5𝑛2 +1) (5+)
𝑛2
lim |𝑎𝑛 | = lim = lim 3 = 5⁡ ≠ 0.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛2 +3 𝑛→∞ (1+𝑛2 )

5
 Therefore, the alternative sequence does not converge.

Problem 05

1
(a) 𝑎1 = ⁡ −1 𝑎𝑛+1 = ⁡ 𝑎𝑛
3
1 −1
When 𝑛 = 1,⁡ 𝑎2 = ⁡ 𝑎1 𝑎2 = ⁡
3 3
1 1
When 𝑛 = 2,⁡ ⁡𝑎3 = ⁡ 𝑎2 𝑎3 = ⁡
3 9
1 −1
When 𝑛 = 3,⁡ 𝑎4 = ⁡ 𝑎3 𝑎4 = ⁡
3 27
1 1
When 𝑛 = 4,⁡ 𝑎5 = ⁡ 𝑎4 𝑎5 = ⁡ .
3 81

1
(b) 𝑎1 = ⁡2, 𝑎2 = ⁡3, 𝑎𝑛+2 = ⁡ 𝑎𝑛+1 + ⁡ 𝑎𝑛
2
1
When 𝑛 = 1,⁡ 𝑎3 = ⁡ 𝑎2 + ⁡ 𝑎1 = 4
2
1 3 11
When 𝑛 = 2,⁡ ⁡⁡𝑎4 = ⁡ 𝑎3 + ⁡ 𝑎2 ⁡ = 4 + ⁡ ⁡ = ⁡
2 2 2
1 11 4 15
When 𝑛 = 3,⁡ 𝑎5 = ⁡ 𝑎4 + ⁡ 𝑎3 = + =⁡
2 2 2 2
1 15 11 41
When 𝑛 = 4,⁡ 𝑎6 = ⁡ 𝑎5 + ⁡ 𝑎4 = +⁡ =⁡ .
2 2 4 4