Diversity of

Teaching
New Wave of Students &
Perspective in the Industry

By: Engr. John Christian Y. Nicdao

Diversity factor is the ratio of the
sum of the individual maximum
demands of the various
subdivisions of a system (or part of
a system) to the maximum demand
of the whole system (or part of the
system) under consideration.
Diversity is usually more than one.
Basic Approach of Teaching
 Basic Electrical Terms

ENGINE
ALTERNATOR

L1 Load 1 = 50watts Lights

Application of single
L2 Load 2 = 50watts TV phase loads must be
balance in a three
L3 Load 3 = 50watts Fans
phase power system
N
Energy Use

Kw - How Much Load in use

Kw Demand - Peak Load achieved in a time period
Kwh - How long used (consumption)

1 kw = 1bulb
10 kw Total Load
Energy Use

Kw - How Much Load in use

Kw Demand - Peak Load achieved in a time period
Kwh - How long used (consumption)
1 kw = 1bulb

10:00 am - 6 kw Total Load

Energy Use

Kw - How Much Load in use

Kw Demand - Peak Load achieved in a time period
Kwh - How long used (consumption)
1 kw = 1bulb

10:00 am - 6 kw Total Load

3:00 pm - 3 kw Total Load

7:00 pm - 8 kw Total Load

10:00 to 2 kw Total Load

11:00pm -
 Energy Use

Kw - How Much Load in use

Kw Demand - Peak Load achieved in a time period
Kwh - How long used (consumption)
1 kw = 1bulb

6 kw x 5 hours = 30kwh 10:00 am - 6 kw Total Load

3 kw x 4 hours = 12kwh 3:00 pm - 3 kw Total Load

8 kw x 3 hours = 24 kwh 7:00 pm - 8 kw Total Load

2 kw x 1 hour = 2 kwh 10:00 to 2 kw Total Load

11:00pm -
Total consumption = 68 kwh
 Energy Use

Power & Energy Use

Load 42" LED TV Light Bulb Microwave Oven
Power 80 watts 16 watts 800 watts
Time of Use 2 hours 10 hours 4 popcorn x 3 minutes = 0.2 hours
Energy Used 160 watt-hours 160 watt-hours 160 watt-hours
 Energy Use

Power & Energy Use

Load 42" LED TV Light Bulb Microwave Oven
Power 80 watts 16 watts 800 watts
Time of Use 2 hours 10 hours 4 popcorn x 3 minutes = 0.2 hours
Energy Used 160 watt-hours 160 watt-hours 160 watt-hours
 Energy Use

Power & Energy Use

Load 42" LED TV Light Bulb Microwave Oven
Power 80 watts 16 watts 800 watts
Time of Use 2 hours 10 hours 4 popcorn x 3 minutes = 0.2 hours
Energy Used 160 watt-hours 160 watt-hours 160 watt-hours
 0: KW
00
:0

10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45

0
5
1: 0
47
:0
Energy Use

3: 0
28
:0
5: 0
10
:0
6: 0
49
:0
8: 0
28
:
10 00
:0
6:
11 00
:4
8:
13 00
:2
9:
15 00
:0
8:
16 00
:5
0:
18 00
:2
8:
20 00
:0
8:
21 00
-------------- Pe ak KW De m and

:4
7
23 :00
:3
0:
00
 0: KW
00
:0

10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45

0
5
1: 0
47
:0
Energy Use

3: 0
28
:0
5: 0
10
:0
6: 0
49
:0
8: 0
28
:
10 00
:0
6:
11 00
:4
8:
13 00
:2
9:
15 00
:0
8:
16 00
:5
0:
18 00
:2
8:
20 00
:0
8:
21 00
-------------- Pe ak KW De m and

:4
7
23 :00
:3
0:
00
 0: KW
00
:0

10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45

0
5
1: 0
47
:0
Energy Use

3: 0
28
:0
5: 0
10
:0
6: 0
49
:0
8: 0
28
:
10 00
:0
6:
11 00
:4
8:
13 00
:2
9:
15 00
:0
8:
KWH Consum ption

16 00
:5
0:
18 00
:2
8:
20 00
:0
8:
21 00
-------------- Pe ak KW De m and

:4
7
23 :00
:3
0:
00
Electric Metering
Electric Metering

Three Phase Meter

Load 1 =
50watts Lights
Load 2 =
50watts TV

Load 3 =
50watts Fans
Electric Meter Reading

Present Reading 12562

– Previous Reading . 12002
= Difference 560
. x Meter Multiplier . 30
= KWH Consumption 16800 KWH
. x Electricity Rate . 10.50
= Total Electricity Cost P 176,400.00
Electric Meter Reading – Below 200Kw

Present Reading
– Previous Reading . Peak KW Demand
= Difference + . x Demand Rate =
Total Electricity
. x Meter Multiplier . = Demand Cost
= KWH Consumption . x Electricity Rate . Cost
. x Consumption Rate = Demand Cost
= Consumption Cost

12562
12002
560
30
16800 KWH 45 KW Demand
10.50 220.00
P 176,400 + P 9,900 = P 186,300
Agenda

• Objectives
• Basic Electrical Terms
• Electrical Devices
• Energy Use and Electric Metering
• Electricity Bill and Consumption Monitoring
• Electrical Power System
• Maintenance Engineer Responsibilities
• Best Practices and Learning
Knowing your Utility Bill
Knowing your Utility Bill

Kwh Consumption
Kw Demand (peak)

Compare with Kw Demand if GMBD is exceeded

Total amount / Kwh Consumption = P 8.23 / kwh

Knowing your Utility Bill
Knowing your Utility Bill

Billed Demand = 77.28 x

Kw Demand (peak)
Kwh Consumption

GMBD checking If the Kw Demand (Peak) is lower that the

Power Factor Billed Demand, the GMBD is your Billed Demand

Total amount / Kwh Consumption = P 12.14 / kwh

Load Factor = Kwh x 100%
Kw Demand (peak) x 24hrs x No of Days

Load Factor = 9,264 x 100% = 16.65%

77.28 x 24hrs x 30 Days

>40% LF is ideal for Malls, Offices, and Residential

60% LF and above are mostly achieved by BPOs due to their 24/7 operation
Knowing your Utility Bill

Typical Meralco bill with low Kw Demand not reaching the Demand Charge

KW Demand
If your KW Demand is the same
amount with the Demand Charge
(kw), you have achieved your
target load and have no GMBD
to worry about

Demand Charge Kw
If the Demand Charge is not equal
to the Kw Demand amount,
The Demand Charge (kw) amount is
your GMBD
 Electrical Power System

Dry Type Transformer

480 to 220V

220V 220V
220V

400V Line to Line + Neutral Feeder Riser

Line to Line Line to Line
Line to
Neutral

220V Line to Line Feeder Riser

Lights, Outlets, Lights, Outlets, Lights, Outlets,
Computers Computers Computers
480V Line to Lin e Feeder Riser

480V 400V 220V

Line to Line Aircons, Line to Line Aircons, Line to Line Aircons,
Elevators Elevators Elevators
Pumps Pumps Pumps

Power Transformer Power Transformer Power Transformer

34.5KV to 480V 34.5KV to 400V 34.5KV to 220V
 Electricity Monthly Consumption
2018 vs 2019 Common Area KWHR Consumption
400,000 100%
KWHR CONSUMPTION

14%
10%
300,000 -1% -7% -12%
3% 0%

200,000

-100%
100,000

0 -200%
January February March April May June
2018 210,908.23 208,980.81 176,622.57 204,035.48 202,108.98 212,644.59
2019 213,380.14 188,561.84 188,753.56 175,165.68 226,488.22 205,417.36
% Reduction -1% 10% -7% 14% -12% 3%

2018 2019 % Reduction

Average Electricity Consumption

* Jan to Aug 2018 & 2019 only

Facility Management Responsibilities
1. Renewal of Electrical Permit Annually
2. Electrical Plan evaluation for Tenants/Merchants
3. Issuance of Electrical Permits
4. Electric meter and sub-meter reading
5. Basic Electrical Tools are complete and usable
6. Electrical consumables are available (Electrical Tape, fuse, split-bolt
connectors, wires, etc.)

7. Spare Electrical Devices (Motors, Circuit Breaker, Controllers, etc.)

8. Preventive Maintenance of Electrical System
Preventive Maintenance Schedules

Daily Weekly Monthly Annually

Generators No Load & Equipment Parts

Synchro Inspection Replacement if
Testing required
Transformer Equipment Oil Test
Inspection Resistance test
Cleaning
LBS & LVSG Meter Reading Equipment Testing, Cleaning,
Inspection Re-tightening
ATS Checking of Equipment Testing, Cleaning,
Devices Inspection Re-tightening
Busduct Temp Monitoring Equipment Testing, Cleaning
Inspection Re-tightening
Circuit Breakers Temp Monitoring Equipment Testing, Cleaning
Panel Boards Inspection Re-tightening
Electrical Temp Monitoring Equipment Thermal scanning
Connections Inspection Cleaning
Re-tightening
Thermal Scanning
Thermal Scanning
Thermal Scanning
Importance of Equipment Grounding
Importance of Equipment Grounding