Top 7 Differences Between Metamorphic Rocks and Igneous Rocks

9/20/2020 Top 7 Differences Between Metamorphic Rocks and Igneous Rocks
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Top 7 Differences Between Metamorphic Rocks and Igneous Rocks

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Representative photo
1-Origin
The Rock Cycle (Credit: abrighton.com)
Metamorphic rocks: arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form". The original rock may be a
sedimentary rock, an igneous rock or another older metamorphic rock.
Igneous rocks: began as magma (molten rock) which cooled and crystallized into minerals. This magma can be derived from partial melts of existing rocks in either a
planet's mantle or crust.
2-How they form
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is subjected to heat (temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C) and pressure (1500 bars), causing profound physical and/or
chemical change. The temperatures were not enough to melt the rock, otherwise, an igneous rock would have formed.
Igneous rock: is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Igneous rock may form with or without crystallization, either below the surface as intrusive
(plutonic) rocks or on the surface as extrusive (volcanic) rocks.
3-Tectonic setting
The tectonic sitting of the metamorphic rock
Metamorphic rocks: result from the forces active during plate tectonic processes. The collision of plates, subduction, and the sliding of plates along transform faults
create differential stress, friction, shearing, compressive stress, folding, faulting, and increased heat flow. The tectonic forces deform and break the rock, creating openings,
cracks, faults, breccias, and zones of weakness along which magmas can rise. Generally speaking, the greater the tectonic forces, the higher the pressures and
temperatures affecting a rock mass and the greater the amount of resulting structural deformation and metamorphism.
The Tectonic setting of the igneous rocks credit: Rob Van der Voo
Igneous rocks: form from magmas, and most magmas are associated with plate tectonics. Mafic (basaltic) and ultramafic magmas form along the divergent midoceanic
ridges and are major components of new oceanic crust. More felsic magmas, such as andesites and rhyolites, are associated with the edges of continental crust at
subduction zones along converging plate boundaries. Whether a magma is intermediate or felsic may depend on the relative amounts of oceanic crust and continental crust
in the subduction zone that melt to form the magma.
4-Mineralogic contents
Metamorphic index minerals form under specific temperature and pressure conditions.
Metamorphic minerals are those that form only at the high temperatures and pressures associated with the process of metamorphism. These minerals, known as index
minerals, include sillimanite, kyanite, staurolite, andalusite, and some garnet.
Other minerals, such as olivines, pyroxenes, amphiboles, micas, feldspars, and quartz, may be found in metamorphic rocks, but are not necessarily the result of the process
of metamorphism. These minerals formed during the crystallization of igneous rocks.
Minerals contents of the igneous rocks
Igneous rock: Felsic Igneous rock, highest content of silicon, with predominance of quartz, alkali feldspar and/or feldspathoids: the felsic minerals; these rocks (e.g., granite,
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low density. While mafic Igneous rock, lesser content of silicon relative to felsic rocks, with predominance of mafic minerals
pyroxenes, olivines and calcic plagioclase; these rocks (example, basalt, gabbro) are usually dark coloured, and have a higher density than felsic rocks.ultramafic rock,
lowest content of silicon, with more than 90% of mafic minerals.
5-Classification
This chart depicts metamorphic rock types, their texturture, grain size, and characteristics.
Metamorphic rock is classified by texture and composition. The texture of a metamorphic rock can be either foliated and appear layered or banded, or non-foliated and
appear uniform in texture without banding. Foliated rocks contain many different kinds of minerals, but non-foliated rocks contain only one main mineral, which contributes
to their more uniform appearance.
Classification of Igneous Rocks Take a look and see how igneous rocks are classified according to dominant minerals, accessory minerals, color, and texture.
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6-Texture
Texture of the metamorphic rock
The five basic metamorphic textures with typical rock types are slaty (includes slate and phyllite; the foliation is called "slaty cleavage"), schistose (includes schist; the
foliation is called "schistosity"), gneissose (gneiss; the foliation is called "gneissosity"), granoblastic (includes granulite, some marbles and quartzite), and hornfelsic (includes
hornfels and skarn).
Texture of the igneous rock
Igneous textures include the rock textures occurring in igneous rocks. Igneous textures are used by geologists in determining the mode of origin igneous rocks and are
used in rock classification. There are six main types of textures; phaneritic, aphanitic, porphyritic, glassy, pyroclastic and pegmatitic.
7-Known for
Granite and Gneiss credit: Geology Cafe
Gneiss is a common and widely distributed type of rock formed by high-grade regional metamorphic processes from pre-existing formations that were originally either
igneous or sedimentary rocks. It is often foliated (composed of layers of sheet-like planar structures). The foliations are characterized by alternating darker and lighter
colored bands, called "gneissic banding".
Granite is the most famous igneous rocks. Which is a type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture. Granites can be predominantly white,
pink, or gray in color, depending on their mineralogy. The word "granite" comes from the Latin granum, a grain, in reference to the coarse-grained structure of such a
holocrystalline rock. By definition, granite is an igneous rock with at least 20% quartz and up to 65% alkali feldspar by volume.

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9/20/2020 Top 7 Differences Between Metamorphic Rocks and Igneous Rocks

Top 7 Differences Between Metamorphic Rocks and Igneous Rocks

The Rock Cycle (Credit: abrighton.com)

sedimentary rock, an igneous rock or another older metamorphic rock.

The tectonic sitting of the metamorphic rock

minerals, include sillimanite, kyanite, staurolite, andalusite, and some garnet.

Minerals contents of the igneous rocks

to their more uniform appearance.

Texture of the metamorphic rock

hornfels and skarn).

Texture of the igneous rock

Granite and Gneiss credit: Geology Cafe

colored bands, called "gneissic banding".

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