14.

Design of Pile Cap

14.1 Determination of Pile Cap Dimension

Minimum number of piles

PD + PL
n=
Qe

where P D , PL = dead and live loads on pile cap

Qe = effective bearing capacity of pile

kN 2
Qe = Qa − 20 ⋅ ( 3⋅ D) ⋅ H
3
m

D = pile dimension

H = depth of foundation
kN
20 = average unit weight of soil and concrete
3
m
Qa = allowable bearing capacity of pile with FS = 2.5 .. 4

Distance between piles = 2D .. 4D

D
Distance from pile to concrete face = ≤ 150mm .. 200mm
2
Reactions of piles

Page-237-
 P Mx⋅ yi My⋅ xi
Ri = + + ≤ Qu
n n n

∑ ( yk) 2 ∑ ( xk) 2
k=1 k=1

P = 1.2⋅ PD + 1.6⋅ PL

Mx , My = bending moments about x- and y-axis

xi , yi = location of pile

1.2⋅ PD + 1.6⋅ PL
Qu = Qa⋅
PD + PL

Page-238-
 Suggested minimum cener-to-center pile spacing by several building codes are as follows:

1.2 Determination of Depth of Pile Cap

A. Case of Two-way Shear

Vu ≤ ϕVc

where Vu = punching shear

ϕVc = punching shear strength

ϕ = 0.75 is strength reduction factor for shear

Vu =
∑ Routside = Qu⋅ noutside
⎡⎡ 4⋅ f'c⋅ b0⋅ d ⎤⎤
⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢⎢ ⎛ 4⎞ ⎥⎥
⎢⎢ ⎜ 2 + ⎟ ⋅ f'c⋅ b0⋅ d ⎥⎥
ϕVc = ϕ⋅ min ⎝ β⎠ (in psi)
⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢⎢ ⎛ αs⋅ d ⎞ ⎥⎥
⎜
⎢⎢ b + 2⎟ ⋅ f' ⋅ b ⋅
c 0 ⎥⎥ d
⎣⎣ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎦⎦

⎡⎡ 0.33⋅ f'c⋅ b0⋅ d ⎤⎤

⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢⎢ ⎛ 1 + 2 ⎞ ⋅ f' ⋅ b ⋅ d ⎥⎥
0.17 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ c 0
ϕVc = ϕ⋅ min ⎢⎢ ⎝ β⎠ ⎥⎥ (in MPa)
⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢⎢ ⎛ sα ⋅ d ⎞ ⎥⎥
⎢⎢ 0.083⋅ ⎜ b + 2⎟ ⋅ f'c⋅ b0⋅ d ⎥⎥
⎣⎣ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎦⎦

αs = 40 for interior columns

30 for edge columns
20 for conner columns

β = ratio of long side to short side of column

Page-239-
 d = effective depth of footing

( ) (
b0 = ⎡ bc + d + hc + d ⎤is
⎣ ⎦⋅2)critical section parameter

critical section
for two−way shear

D S S D
D
S

critical section

B
for one−way shear
S
D

B. Case of Pucnhing at coner pile

Ru ≤ ϕVcorner

where Ru = reaction of pile

ϕVcorner = punching shear strength at the coner pile

D
d/2
b0

⎡⎡ 0.33⋅ f'c⋅ b0⋅ d ⎤⎤

⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢⎢ ⎛ 1 + 2 ⎞ ⋅ f' ⋅ b ⋅ d ⎥⎥
0.17 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ c 0
ϕVconer = ϕ⋅ min ⎢⎢ ⎝ β⎠ ⎥⎥ (in MPa)
⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢⎢ ⎛ sα ⋅ d ⎞ ⎥⎥
⎢⎢ 0.083⋅ ⎜ b + 2⎟ ⋅ f'c⋅ b0⋅ d ⎥⎥
⎣⎣ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎦⎦

Page-240-
 b0 = π⋅ ( D + d) for circular pile

b0 = ( D + d) ⋅ 4 for square pile

C. Case of Beam Shear or One-way Shear

Vu1 ≤ ϕVc1 Vu2 ≤ ϕVc2

where Vu1 , Vu2 = beam shears

ϕVc1 , ϕVc2 = beam shear strength

Vu1 =
∑ Rleft = Qu⋅nleft Vu2 =
∑ Rtop = Qu⋅ ntop
ϕVc1 = ϕ⋅ 2⋅ f'c⋅ B⋅ d (in psi)

ϕVc1 = ϕ⋅ 0.17⋅ f'c⋅ B⋅ d (in MPa)

ϕVc2 = ϕ⋅ 2⋅ f'c⋅ L⋅ d (in psi)

ϕVc2 = ϕ⋅ 0.17⋅ f'c⋅ L⋅ d (in MPa)

14.3 Determination of Steel Area

Section: Rectangular singly reinforced.

Required strength:
⎛ hc ⎞
Mu1 =
∑ Ri⋅ ⎜ xi −
⎝ 2⎠
⎟

⎛ bc ⎞
Mu2 =
∑ Ri⋅ ⎜ yi −
⎝ 2⎠
⎟

Example 14.1

Required strength PD := 361.5kN PL := 91.27kN

Foundation depth H := 1.5m

Column dimensions bc := 250mm hc := 250mm

Material f'c := 25MPa fy := 400MPa

Page-241-
 Allowable bearing capacity of pile Qa := 65kN

Dimension of pile D := 200mm

Solution

Effective bearing capacity of soil

kN 2
Qe := Qa − 20 ⋅ ( 3⋅ D) ⋅ H = 54.2⋅ kN
3
m
Number of piles

PD + PL
n := = 8.354 Use n := 9
Qe

Pile spacing S := 3⋅ D = 600⋅ mm

Dimension of pile cap

B := 2⋅ S + 2⋅ D = 1.6 m L := B = 1.6 m

200 600 600 200

200
600

1600
600
200

1600

Determination of depth of pile cap

Depth of pile cap h := 350mm

d := h − ⎛⎜ 50mm + 14mm +
14mm ⎞
⎟ = 279⋅ mm
⎝ 2 ⎠

Page-242-
Design bearing capacity of pile

1.2⋅ PD + 1.6⋅ PL
Qu := Qa⋅ = 83.241⋅ kN
PD + PL
d
Two-way shear from the face of column distane = 139.5⋅ mm
2
Vu := Qu⋅ 8 = 665.929⋅ kN

Two-way shear strength

( )
b0 := bc + d + hc + d ⋅ 2 = 2.116 m

ϕ := 0.75

hc
β := =1 αs := 40 for interoir column
bc

⎡⎡ f'c ⎤⎤
⎢⎢ 0.33MPa⋅ ⋅ b0⋅ d ⎥⎥
⎢⎢ MPa ⎥⎥
⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
f'c
ϕVc := ϕ⋅ min ⎢⎢ ⎛ 2⎞
0.17⋅ ⎜ 1 + ⎟ MPa⋅ ⋅ b0⋅ d ⎥⎥
⎢⎢ ⎝ β⎠ MPa ⎥⎥
⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢⎢ ⎛ α s⋅ d ⎞ f'c ⎥⎥
⎢⎢ 0.083⋅ ⎜ b + 2⎟ MPa⋅ MPa ⋅ b0⋅ d ⎥⎥
⎣⎣ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎦⎦
ϕVc = 730.575⋅ kN

Two_way_shear := "is not critical" if ϕVc ≥ Vu

"is critical" otherwise

Two_way_shear = "is not critical"

Beam shears or one way shear

Vu1 := Qu⋅ 3 = 249.723⋅ kN

Vu2 := Qu⋅ 3 = 249.723⋅ kN

Beam shear strengths

f'c
ϕVc1 := ϕ⋅ 0.17MPa⋅ ⋅ B⋅ d = 284.58⋅ kN
MPa

Page-243-
 f'c
ϕVc2 := ϕ⋅ 0.17MPa⋅ ⋅ L⋅ d = 284.58⋅ kN
MPa

Beam_shear := "is not critical" if ϕVc1 ≥ Vu1 ∧ ϕVc2 ≥ Vu2

"is critical" otherwise

Beam_shear = "is not critical"

Steel reinforcements in direction L = 1.6 m

b := B = 1.6 m d = 279⋅ mm

⎛ hc ⎞
Mu := Qu⋅ ⎜ S − ⎟ ⋅ 3 = 118.619⋅ kN⋅ m
⎝ 2⎠

Mu
R := = 1.058⋅ MPa
2
0.9⋅ b⋅ d

f'c ⎛ R ⎞
ρ := 0.85⋅ ⋅ ⎜ 1 − 1 − 2⋅ = 0.00271
fy 0.85⋅ f'c ⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛ f'c ⎞
⎜ 0.25MPa⋅ ⎟
⎜ MPa 1.4MPa ⎟
ρmin := max , = 0.0035
⎜ fy fy ⎟
⎝ ⎠

( )
As := max ρ , ρmin ⋅ b⋅ d = 15.624⋅ cm
2

2
π⋅ ( 14mm) 2
As0 := = 1.539⋅ cm
4

⎛ As0 ⎞ B − 50mm⋅ 2
sL := Floor ⎜ , 10mm⎟ = 150⋅ mm nL := + 1 = 11
A sL
⎜ s ⎟
⎝ b ⎠
2
As_L := nL⋅ As0 = 16.933⋅ cm

Shrinkage steel reinforcement

2 2
As.t := 0.0018⋅ b⋅ h = 10.08⋅ cm
< As_L = 16.933⋅ cm

Page-244-
Steel reinforcements in direction B = 1.6 m

b := L = 1.6 m d = 279⋅ mm

⎛ bc ⎞
Mu := Qu⋅ ⎜ S − ⎟ ⋅ 3 = 118.619⋅ kN⋅ m
⎝ 2⎠

Mu
R := = 1.058⋅ MPa
2
0.9⋅ b⋅ d

f'c ⎛ R ⎞
ρ := 0.85⋅ ⋅ 1− 1 − 2⋅ = 0.00271
fy ⎜ 0.85⋅ f'c ⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛ f'c ⎞
⎜ 0.25MPa⋅ ⎟
⎜ MPa 1.4MPa ⎟
ρmin := max , = 0.0035
⎜ fy fy ⎟
⎝ ⎠

( )
As := max ρ , ρmin ⋅ b⋅ d = 15.624⋅ cm
2

⎛ As0 ⎞ B − 50mm⋅ 2
sB := Floor ⎜ , 10mm⎟ = 150⋅ mm nB := + 1 = 11
As sB
⎜ ⎟
⎝ b ⎠
2
As_B := nB⋅ As0 = 16.933⋅ cm

Shrinkage steel reinforcement

2 2
As.t := 0.0018⋅ b⋅ h = 10.08⋅ cm < As_B = 16.933⋅ cm

11DB14@150
1600

1600

Page-245-
Example 14.2

Required strength

PD := 1794.572kN PL := 427.5kN

MD := 25.55kN⋅ m ML := 12.65kN⋅ m

Pile cap depth H := 1.5m

Column stud bc := 400mm hc := 400mm

Material f'c := 25MPa fy := 400MPa

Dimension of pile D := 300mm

Allowable bearing capacity of pile Qa := 367.8kN

Solution

Effective bearing capacity of soil

kN 2
Qe := Qa − 20 ⋅ ( 3⋅ D) ⋅ H = 343.5⋅ kN
3
m

Number of piles

PD + PL
n := = 6.469 Use n := 7
Qe

Location of pile

⎛ −1000 ⎞ ⎛ 0 ⎞
⎜ −500 ⎟ ⎜ 750 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ −500 ⎟ ⎜ −750 ⎟
X := ⎜ 0 ⎟ mm Y := ⎜ 0 ⎟ mm
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 500 ⎟ ⎜ 750 ⎟
⎜ 500 ⎟ ⎜ −750 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1000 ⎠ ⎝ 0 ⎠
Dimension of pile cap
⎛ B ⎞ ⎛ 2100 ⎞
B := ( max( Y) + D) ⋅ 2 L := ( max( X) + D) ⋅ 2 ⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟ ⋅ mm
⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ 2600 ⎠

Page-246-
 ⎛ −L ⎞ ⎛ −B ⎞
⎜L ⎟ ⎜ −B ⎟
1 ⎜ ⎟ 1 ⎜ ⎟
X0 := ⋅ ⎜ L ⎟ Y0 := ⋅ ⎜ B ⎟
2 ⎜ ⎟ 2 ⎜
−L B ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ −L ⎠ ⎝ −B ⎠

Pile Locations
2

−2 −1 0 1 2

−1

−2

Reaction of pile

Pu := 1.2PD + 1.6PLMu := 1.2MD + 1.6ML

ORIGIN := 1 n := rows ( X) n=7

Pu Mu⋅ Xi
i := 1 .. n Ri := +
n n

∑ ( Xk) 2
k=1

Page-247-
 ⎛ 388.389 ⎞
⎜ 396.872 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 396.872 ⎟
R = 405.355 ⎟ ⋅ kN
⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 413.839 ⎟
⎜ 413.839 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 422.322 ⎠
Ultimate bearing capacity of pile

1.2⋅ PD + 1.6PL
Qu := Qa⋅ = 469.664⋅ kN
PD + PL

Pile := "is OK." if max( R) ≤ Qu Pile = "is OK."

"is not good." otherwise

Depth of pile cap h := 750mm

d := h − ⎛⎜ 50mm + 20mm +
20mm ⎞
⎟ = 670⋅ mm
⎝ 2 ⎠
d
Punching shear from the face of column distane = 335⋅ mm
2
Graphs

−2 −1 0 1 2

−1

−2

critical section of two-way shear

Vu := Qu⋅ 6 = 2817.985⋅ kN

Page-248-
Punching shear strength

( )
b0 := bc + d + hc + d ⋅ 2 = 4.28 m

d = 670⋅ mm ϕ := 0.75
hc
β := =1 αs := 40 for interior
bc

⎡⎡ f'c ⎤⎤
⎢⎢ 0.33MPa⋅ ⋅ b0⋅ d ⎥⎥
⎢⎢ MPa ⎥⎥
⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
f'c
ϕVc := ϕ⋅ min ⎢⎢ 0.17⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 + ⎞⎟ MPa⋅ ⋅ b0⋅ d ⎥⎥
2
⎢⎢ ⎝ β⎠ MPa ⎥⎥
⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
⎢⎢ ⎛ αs⋅ d ⎞ f'c ⎥⎥
⎢⎢ 0.083⋅ ⎜ b + 2⎟ MPa⋅ MPa ⋅ b0⋅ d ⎥⎥
⎣⎣ ⎝ 0 ⎠ ⎦⎦

ϕVc = 3548.655⋅ kN

The_Cap := "is not punching" if ϕVc ≥ Vu

"is punching" otherwise

The_Cap = "is not punching"

Beam shears or one way shear from the face of column distance d = 670⋅ mm

−2 −1 0 1 2

−1

−2

critical section of beam shear

Page-249-
 Vu1 := Qu⋅ 1 = 469.664⋅ kN Vu2 := Qu⋅ 2 = 939.328⋅ kN

Beam shear strengths

f'c
ϕVc1 := 0.75⋅ 0.17MPa⋅ ⋅ B⋅ d = 896.962⋅ kN
MPa

f'c
ϕVc2 := 0.75⋅ 0.17MPa⋅ ⋅ L⋅ d = 1110.525⋅ kN
MPa

The_Cap := "is not beam shear" if ϕVc1 ≥ Vu1 ∧ ϕVc2 ≥ Vu2

"is beam shear" otherwise

The_Cap = "is not beam shear"

- Steel reinforcements in direction L = 2.6 m

b := B = 2.1 m d = 670⋅ mm

Ru := max( R)

rows ( X)
Mx := for i ∈ 1 ..
2
continue if Xi = 0 ⎛⎜ 337.857 ⎟⎞
Mx = ⎜ 126.697 ⎟ ⋅ kN⋅ m
⎛ hc ⎞
Mi ← Ru⋅ ⎜ Xi − ⎟ ⎜ 126.697 ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠
M

Mu1 :=
∑ Mx = 591.251⋅ kN⋅m
Mu1
R1 := = 0.697⋅ MPa
2
0.9⋅ b⋅ d

f'c ⎛ R1 ⎞⎟
ρ := 0.85⋅ ⋅ ⎜1 − 1 − 2⋅ = 0.00177
fy ⎜ 0.85⋅ f'c ⎟
⎝ ⎠

Page-250-
 ⎛ f'c ⎞
⎜ 0.25MPa⋅ ⎟
⎜ MPa 1.4MPa ⎟
ρmin := max , = 0.0035
⎜ fy fy ⎟
⎝ ⎠

( )
As := max ρ , ρmin ⋅ b⋅ d = 49.245⋅ cm
2

2
π⋅ ( 22mm) 2
As0 := = 3.801⋅ cm
4

⎛ As0 ⎞
s1 := Floor ⎜ , 10mm⎟ = 160⋅ mm
As
⎜ ⎟
⎝ b ⎠

n1 := ceil ⎛⎜ + 1⎞⎟ = 14
B − 50mm⋅ 2
s1
⎝ ⎠
2
Asx := n1⋅ As0 = 53.219⋅ cm

Top bars (shrinkage reinforcement)

2
As.t := 0.0018⋅ b⋅ h = 28.35⋅ cm

2
π⋅ ( 18mm) 2
As1 := = 2.545⋅ cm
4

⎛ As1 ⎞
st := Floor ⎜ , 10mm⎟ = 180⋅ mm
As.t
⎜ ⎟
⎝ b ⎠

nt := floor ⎛⎜ + 1⎞⎟ = 12
B − 50mm⋅ 2
st
⎝ ⎠
- Steel reinforcements in direction B = 2.1 m

b := L = 2.6 m d = 670⋅ mm

Page-251-
 rows ( Y)
My := for i ∈ 1 ..
2
continue if Yi = 0 ⎛⎜ 0 ⎟⎞
My = ⎜ 232.277 ⎟ ⋅ kN⋅ m
⎛ hc ⎞
Mi ← Ru⋅ ⎜ Yi − ⎟ ⎜ 232.277 ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ ⎠
M

Mu2 :=
∑ My = 464.554⋅ kN⋅m
Mu2
R2 := = 0.442⋅ MPa
2
0.9⋅ b⋅ d

f'c ⎛ R2 ⎞⎟
ρ := 0.85⋅ ⋅ ⎜ 1 − 1 − 2⋅ = 0.00112
fy ⎜ 0.85⋅ f'c ⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛ f'c ⎞
⎜ 0.25MPa⋅ ⎟
⎜ MPa 1.4MPa ⎟
ρmin := max , = 0.0035
⎜ fy fy ⎟
⎝ ⎠

( )
As := max ρ , ρmin ⋅ b⋅ d = 60.97⋅ cm
2

⎛ As0 ⎞
s2 := Floor ⎜ , 10mm⎟ = 160⋅ mm
As
⎜ ⎟
⎝ b ⎠

L − 50mm⋅ 2
n2 := ceil ⎛⎜ + 1⎟⎞ = 17
s2
⎝ ⎠
2
Asy := n2⋅ As0 = 64.623⋅ cm

Top bars (shrinkage reinforcement)

2
As.t := 0.0018⋅ b⋅ h = 35.1⋅ cm

⎛ As1 ⎞
st := Floor ⎜ , 10mm⎟ = 180⋅ mm
As.t
⎜ ⎟
⎝ b ⎠

Page-252-
 B − 50mm⋅ 2
nt := floor ⎛⎜ + 1⎞⎟ = 12
st
⎝ ⎠

−2 −1 0 1 2

−1

−2

Bottom Steel Bar

Page-253-