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PART 1: STATICS

CHAPTER 1: Principles of Statics

INTRODUCTION
ENGINEERING MECHANICS may be defined as the science which considers the effect of the
forces on rigid bodies.
Statics – the effect and distributed of the forces on rigid bodies which are remain at rest.
Dynamics – the motion of the rigid bodies caused by the force acting on them.
Rigid body is defined as a definite amount of matter the parts of which are fixed in position relative to
each other.

Fig 1-1: Outline of engineering mechanics

SCALAR AND VECTORS


SCALAR – are positive or negative physical quantity the can be completely specified by this
magnitude.
- Quantities which possess magnitude only can be added arithmetically
- E.g. length, mass, time, speed, distance, volume, current etc.
VECTOR – any physical quantity that requires both a magnitude and direction for its complete
description.
- Quantities which possess magnitude and direction and can be combined only by
geometric (vector) addition;
- E.g. force, position, moment, displacement, acceleration, momentum, etc.
- Shows graphically by an arrow length represent the magnitude and the angle defines
the direction of its line of action

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FUNDAMENTALS CONCEPTS AND DEFINTION
Particle – has a mass, but a size that can be neglected.
Rigid Body – can be considered as a large number of particles in which all the particles remain at
a fixed distance from one another, both before and after applying a load.
Length – used to locate the position of a point in space and thereby describe the size of a physical
system
Time – is conceived as a succession of events
Mass – is a measure of the quantity of matter that is used to compare the action of one body with
that of another.
Force – a “push or pull” exerted by one body to another
• External Force - changes, or tends to change, the state of motion of a body. (independent on
point of application)
• Internal Force – produces stress and deformation in the body. (dependent on point of
application)
* Principle of Transmissibility – a force may be moved anywhere along its line of action without
changing its external effect on a rigid body.

NEWTON’S THREE LAW OF MOTION


First Law (Law of Inertia). A particle originally at rest, or moving in a straight line with
constant velocity, tends to remain in this state provided the particle is not subjected to an unbalanced
force.
Second Law (Law of Acceleration). A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force experiences
an acceleration that has the same direction as the force and a magnitude that is directly proportional to the
force.
Third Law. (Law of Action-Reaction). The mutual forces of action and reaction between two
particles are equal, opposite, and collinear

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FORCE SYSTEM
Force system is any arrangement where two or more forces act on a body or on a
group of related bodies.

Coplanar Forces – the lines of action of all the forces in a force system lie in
one plane.

Parallel – forces that are of the same angle to one another; the lines of action
are parallel

Concurrent Forces - are system of forces whose line of action (the


direction in which a force acts) meet at a common point.

Non-Concurrent Forces – lines of action neither are parallel nor


intersect in a common point.

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CHAPTER 2: Resultant of Force System
The effect of the system of forces on a body is usually expressed in terms of resultant. The value
of the resultant determines the motion of the body. If the resultant is zero, the body will be in equilibrium
and will not change its original state of motion. If the resultant is not zero the body will have a varying
state of motion, thereby creating a problem in dynamics.

FORCE AND COMPONENTS


Consider Fig 2-1 in which force F acts upon the
given body (O). The effect of the force is to move
the body rightward and upward. We project F upon
them to obtain the perpendicular components Fx
and Fy. The relations between these components
and F is determined in trigonometry of sine, cosine
and tangent of the angle θx:
𝐹𝑦
Sin θx =
𝐹
Fy = F Sin θx
𝐹𝑥
Cos θx =
𝐹
𝐹𝑦 Fig 2-1 – Rectangular components
Fx = F Cos θx Tan θx =
𝐹𝑥
PHYTAGOREAN THEOREM:

F = √(𝐹𝑥)2 + (𝐹𝑦)2

Sign Sign Direction of F with


Diagram
of Fx of Fy respect to origin O

+ + Up to right

+ - Down to right

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- + Up to left

- - Down to left

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
2-1. A force of 200lb is directed as shown in the figure 2-2. Determine X and Y component of the force.
Solution: By looking at the figure 2-2 the force is projecting
upward to the left Fx is negative and Fy is positive
Fx = F Cos θx Fx = 200lb Cos 30°
Fx = 200lb (0.866)
Fx = -173.2lb
Fy = F Sin θx Fy = 200lb Sin 30°
Fig 2-2
Fy = 200lb (0.5)
Fy = 100lb

SINE LAW

The Law of Sines is the relationship between the sides and angles of non-right (oblique) triangles .
Simply, it states that the ratio of the length of a side of a triangle to the sine of the angle opposite that side
is the same for all sides and angles in a given triangle.
The a is the opposite side of angle A where it its proportion to the opposite side b and angle B and
opposite side c at angle C.

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COSINE LAW
relates the lengths of the sides of a triangle to the cosine of one of its angles.
The Law of Cosines states:

SAMPLE PROBLEM
2-2. Determine the X and Y component of each of the force
shown in the Figure 2-3. Note: 12 and 5 are the distance of
the of Y and X respectively from the origin.

Fig 2-3

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RESULTANT OF THREE OR MORE CONCURRENT FORCES
There are two ways of accomplishing the addition of three or more vectors: GRAPHICALLY and
ANALLYTICALLY`
GRAPHICALLY – Two vectors can be added to give a resultant: this resultant in turn can be added to a
third vector until all the vectors have been added together to give an overall resultant.

Fig. 2-4 (a) Analytically Fig.2-4 (b) Graphically

Using fig 2-4 (b) the resultant of F and P (R1 is easily obtain). To this resultant and the free vector Q is
added to give the final resultant R. Observe that the R1 need not be drawn at all, the total resultant of the
system being obtained by tail of the first vector F with the tip of the last vector Q.
ANALYTICALLY – The vectors can be resolved into components that coincide with arbitrarily chosen
axes. The components of each vector with respect to these axes can be added algebraically, and resulting
addition will be the components of the overall resultant vector. Figure 2-4 (a)

Figure 2-4 (b) can be redraw as in Fig 2-5 to show the X and Y components of each force by projection
upon the reference axes. It is apparent that Rx, the component of R is equivalent to the algebraic sum of
the X components of F, P and Q; also that Ry equivalent to the algebraic sum of the Y components of F, P
and Q. The components of R is doneted as “Summation of X (∑x)” and “Summation of Y (∑y)”
Rx = ∑x
Ry = ∑y
Having computed the components of the resultant R, now we can determine its magnitude and inclination
using the the method discuss earlier.

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R = √(∑x)2 + (∑y)2

∑y
Tan θx =
∑x

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM
Figure 2-4 Rectangular components of resultant

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2-3 Determine completely the resultant of the concurrent force system shown in the figure 2-6.

Figure 2-6

Figure 2-5 Rectangular components of resultant

Rx = ∑x ∑x = 200cos30° + 100cos45°- 400cos0 – 300cos60°


Ry = ∑y = 173.2051 + 70.7168 - 400 – 150
∑x = -306.0842lb
∑y = 200sin30° + 300sin60° -50sin90° - 100sin45°
= 100 + 259.8076 -50 – 70.7168
∑y = 239.0908lb

R = √(∑x)2 + (∑y)2

= √(−306.0842)2 + (239.0908)2

R = 388.4lb

∑y
Tan θx =
∑x
239.0908
Tan θx = = 0.7811
306.0842

θx = tan-1(0.7811)
θx = 38°

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
2-4 Determine the resultant of the four forces
acting on the body shown in the figure 2-6.
2-5 The resultant of the concurrent forces Figure 2-6
shown in the figure 2-7 is 300lb pointing up
along Y axis. Compute the values of F and θ
required to give this resultant
2-6 Two horses on the opposite banks of a
canal pull a barge moving parallel to the banks
by the means of two horizontal ropes. The
tensions in these ropes are 200lb and 240lb
while the angle between them is 60°. Find the
resultant pull on the barge and angle between
each ropes and the side of the canal.
2-7. Determine the magnitude and direction of
the resultant of the three forces shown.
Determine also the horizontal and vertical
component of the resultant. (fig 2-8)
2-8. Given the figure of a square inside another square
(fig. 2-9). Prove the Pythagorean Theorem c2=a2+b2 is true
and correct
2-9. Find the resultant E at the given data:
A: 50m/s at 10°
B: 20m/s at 110° Figure 2-7
C: 100ft/s at 210°
D: 75ft/s at 300°
Figure 2-8

Figure 2-9

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CHAMPTER 3: MOMENT
The moment of a force about an axis or line is the
measure of its ability to produce turning or twisting
about the axis. The magnitude of the moment of a
force about an axis which is perpendicular to a
plane containing the line of action of the force is
defined as the product of the force perpendicular
distance from the axis to the line of action of the
force.
+ M=Fxd
+ M=Rxd
Application: In some cases, it is more convenient to determine the moment force from the moments of its
components rather than from the force itself.
From the figure 3-1 suppose a force F is passing
thru a point of C, B and A having a coordinates
of (x,y). In this case it is inconvenient to calculate Figure 3-1
the moment from arm d which is perpendicular to
the force F from the origin O. By resolving the
force into its component Fx and Fy at A, the
moment arm of Fx about O is the distance y and
the moment arm of Fy about O is distance x. The
moment in O clockwise direction is expressed by:
+ Mo = F . d = Fx . y – Fy . x
+ Mo = F cos θ . y - F sin θ . x
Note: In moment, place your thumb at the origin or fixed point (O) then start rotating your index finger
clockwise direction. If the force is against in the moment of rotation it will be negative (Fy) and not
against its positive. If component of a force passes through a point
therefore it has a zero moment arms

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
3.1. In the figure 3-2 assuming clockwise moment as positive, compute
the moment of the force F = 450lb and P = 36lb at point D and C
respectively.
tan θf = (3/4) + MD = -450lb sin(36.8699°) . 1ft + 450lb
θf = tan-1 (3/4) cos(36.8699°) . 3ft
θf = 36.8699° + MD = 810 lbft
Figure 3-2

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tan θP = (2/3) + MP = -361lb cos(33.69°) . 4ft
θP = tan-1(2/3) + MP = -1201.48 lbft
θP = 33.69°

Note: The force component in x axis (Fx) passes through the point C therefore its
moment arm is zero it will be cancel out

SAMPLE PROBLEM
3.2 Two forces P and Q pass through a point A which is 4 m to the
right of and 3 m above a moment center O. Force P is 890 N
directed up to the right at 30° with the horizontal and force Q is 445
N directed up to the left at 60° with the horizontal. Determine the
moment of the resultant of these two forces with respect to O.
3.2 In figure 3-3, determine the moment of the resultant of these two
forces with respect to O.
3.3 In Fig. 3-4, a force of 250lb intersects the X axis at 4 ft to the
right of O. Determine the moment at A and B respectively.
3.4 A force of 350lb upward to the right at coordinates (-4 , 5). Find
the moment at point A and B. If point A is located 5 units to the
right of the origin and point B is located 4 units below of the origin. Figure 3-3
3.5 In question number 3.4 find the force if the moment in point A is
equal to 590ftlb.
3.6 In question number 3.4 find the force if the moment in point B is
equal to 350ftlb.
3.7 Determine the resultant moment of the four forces acting on the
rod shown below about point O. (fig. 3-5)
3.8 The Howe roof truss shown in Fig. 3-6 carries the given loads.
The wind loads are perpendicular to the inclined members.
Determine the magnitude of the resultant, its inclination with the Figure 3-4
horizontal, and where it intersects AB.

Figure 3-6

Figure 3-5

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RESULTANT OF PARALLEL FORCES
Parallel forces can be in the same or in opposite directions. The sign of the direction can be chosen
arbitrarily, meaning, taking one direction as positive makes the opposite direction negative. The complete
definition of the resultant is according to its magnitude, direction, and line of action.
CONCENTRATED LOADS / FORCE – The Figure 3-7
resultant is concentrated at the center. Figure 3-7
+ M=Rxd
Rx = ∑x
Ry = ∑y
Assume that there is no horizontal force (∑x = 0):

R = √(∑x)2 + (∑y)2

R = ∑y

DISTRIBUTED LOAD/FROCE - A uniformly distributed load (UDL) is a load that is distributed


or spread across the whole region of an element such as a beam or slab. In other words, the magnitude of
the load remains uniform throughout the whole element.

Rectangular Load

R=woL
Distance (drec):

drec = 1/2 L
Triangular Load

R=1/2woL
Distance (dtri):
dtri = 2/3 L
dtri = 1/3 L

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ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM
3.8 Determine the resultant of the parallel force system acting
on the bar AB shown in the fig 3-8.
Solution: Obtain first the magnitude of the resultant force.
R = ∑y
R = -30lb - 50lb + 15lb – 25lb
R = -90lb Figure 3-8
R = 90lb downward
+ M=Rxd
+ MA = 90lb(dA)
+ MA = 50lb(2’) – 15lb(6’) + 25lb(8.5’)

90lb(dA) = 222.5ftlb

dA = 222.5ftlb / 90lb
dA = 2.4722 ft (from point A)
+ MB = 90lb(dB)
+ MB = 15lb(2.5’) – 50lb(6.5’) - 30lb(8.5’) Check:

90lb(dB) = -542.5ftlb 8.5ft = dA + dB


There is no such measurement as negative 8.5ft = 2.4722ft + 6.0278ft
dB = 6.0278 ft (from point B) 8.5ft = 8.5ft

3.9 The beam AB in Fig. 3-9 supports a load


which varies an intensity of 30 lb/ft to 225 lb/ft.
Calculate the magnitude and position of the
resultant load. Solution: We divide distributed
loads into two (rectangular (R1) and triangular
load (R2)) Figure 3-9

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SAMPLE PROBLEM Figure 3-10
3.10 Determine the resultant of the five
parallel forces acting on the rocker arm of
Fig. 3-10.
3.11 Find the value of P and F so that the
four forces shown in Fig. 3-11 produce an
upward resultant of 300 lb acting at 4 ft from
the left end of the bar .
3.12 The resultant of three parallel loads (one is
missing in Fig. 3-12) is 13.6 kg acting up at 2 m to
the right of A. Compute the magnitude and position
of the missing load.
3.13. Locate the amount and position of the resultant of the Figure 3-11
loads acting on the Fink truss in Fig. 3-13.
3.14 The beam AB in Fig. 3-14 supports a load
which varies an intensity of 220 N/m to 890
N/m. Calculate the magnitude and position of
the resultant load.

Figure 3-12

Figure 3-13

Figure 3-14

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CHAPTER 4: COUPLES
Two parallel, noncollinear forces that are equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction
R = 0 ; ∑M = 0
C = Fxd
C = 100lb(2ft) = 200lb(1ft) = 200lbft

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM
4.1 The three-step pulley shown in Fig. 4.1 is subjected to the
given couples. Compute the value of the resultant couple. Also
determine the forces acting at the rim of the middle pulley that
are required to balance the given system.

C= 30lb(24in) + 20lb(20in) – 15lb(16in)


C= 880lb.in. (in clockwise)
Note: Middle pulley
C = F(20in)
F(20in) = 880lb.in
F = 880lb.in / 20in
F = 44lb Figure 4-1

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
4.2 To close a gate valve it is necessary to exert two forces of 60 lb at opposite sides of a handwheel 3 ft
in diameter. Through an accident the wheel is broken and the valve must be closed by a thrusting bar
through a slot in the valve stem and exerting a force 4 ft out from the center. Determine the force required
and draw a free-body diagram of the bar.

4.3 Replace the system of forces acting on the frame in Fig. 4-2 by a Figure 4-2
resultant R at A and a couple acting horizontally through B and C.
4.4 The force system shown consists of the couple C and four forces.
If the resultant of this system is a 500-lb·in. counterclockwise couple,
determine P, Q, and C. (Fig.4-3)
4.5 Replace the force and couple moment system acting on the beam
in the figure by an equivalent resultant force, and find where its line of
action intersects the beam, measured from point O. (Fig 4-4)
4.6 The cantilever truss shown in Fig. 4-5 carries a vertical load of 15
kN. The truss is supported by bearing at A and B which exert the
forces Ax, Ay, and Bx. The four forces shown constitute
two couples which must have opposite moment effects to Figure 4-3
prevent movement of the truss. Determine the magnitude
of the supporting forces.

Figure 4-5
Figure 4-4

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CHAPTER 5: EQUILIBRIUM FORCES SYSTEM

Equilibrium – A body is said to be in equilibrium if the resultant of the force sysastem that acts on the
body vanishes. Equilibrium means that both the resultant force and the resultant couple are zero.
∑x = 0
∑y = 0
M=0
Free Body Diagram (FBD) - is a sketch of the body showing all forces that act on it. The term free
implies that all supports have been remove and replaced by the forces (reactions) that they exert on the
body.
Forces that Act on a Body
1. Reactive Forces (Reactions) - forces that are exerted on a body by the supports to which it is
attached.
2. Applied Forces - forces acting on a body that are not provided by the supports.
SUPPORT REACTION

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ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM
5.1 The cable and boom shown in Fig. 5-1 support a load of 600 lb.
Determine the tensile force T in the cable and the compressive for C in
the boom.

Solution: Draw first the free body diagram to


identify the tension and compression or
reaction of the cable and boom in the Fig. 5-
1. As the load towards downward the
reaction of the cable is opposite upward. If
the cable has a reaction upward it causes the Figure 5-1
boom to compressed upward also.

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∑x = 0 ∑y = 0 C = 600lb / 1.1154
0 = C (cos 45°) – T (cos 30°) 0 = T (sin 30°) + C (sin 45°) – 600 C = 537.92lb

√6 √6
T (cos 30°) = C (cos 45°) 600lb = C (sin 30°) + C (sin 45°) T= (537.92lb)
3 3

√6
T = C (cos 45°) / cos 30° 600lb = C ( (sin 30°) + sin 45°) T = 439.21lb
3

√6
T= C 600lb = C (1.1154)
3

SAMPLE PROBLEM
5.2 A cylinder weighing 400 lb is held against a smooth incline by means of the weightless rod AB in Fig.
5-2. Determine the forces P and N exerted on the cylinder by the rod and the incline.

Figure 5-2

5.3 Determine the magnitude of P and F necessary to keep the concurrent force system in Fig. 5-3 in
equilibrium.

Figure 5-3

5.4 Determine the values of α and θ so that the forces shown


in Fig. 5-4 will be in equilibrium.

Figure 5-4

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5.5 A beam, simply supported at the ends, carries a concentrated load of 300lb and a uniformly distributed
load weighing 100 lb/ft as shown in figure 5-5. Determine the reactions in the beam.

Figure 5-5

5.6 A boom AB is supported in a horizontal position by a hinge A and a cable which runs from C over a
small pulley at D as shown in Fig. 5-6. Compute the tension T in the cable and the horizontal and vertical
components of the reaction at A. Neglect the size of the pulley at D.

Figure 5-6

5.7 The frame shown in Fig. 5-7 is supported in pivots at A and B. Each member weighs 50lb/ft. Compute
the horizontal reaction at A and the horizontal and vertical components of the reaction at B.

Figure 5-7

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5.8 The truss shown in Fig. 5-8 is supported on roller at A and hinge at B. Solve for the components of
the reactions.

Figure 5-8

5.9 Compute the total reactions at A and B for the truss shown in Fig. 5-9.

Figure 5-9

5.10 The weight W of a traveling crane is 20 tons acting as


shown in Fig. 5-10. To prevent the crane from tipping to
the right when carrying a load P of 20 tons, a
counterweight Q is used. Determine the value and position
of Q so that the crane will remain in equilibrium both when
the maximum load P is applied and when the load P is
removed.

Figure 5-10

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5.11 Determine the reactions for the beam loaded as shown in Fig. 5-11

Figure 5-11
5.12 Determine the load P required to hold bar AB in a horizontal position on the smooth inclines shown
in fig. 5-12.

Figure 5-12

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CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE
Truss – is a structure composed of slender members joined together at their end joints.
Planar Trusses - lie in a single plane and are often used to support roofs and bridges
Simple Trusses - constructed by expanding the basic triangular truss
Examples of trusses:

Truss-Type Fuselage. A Warren Truss uses mostly diagonal bracing.

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Assumptions for Design:
The weights of the members are negligible.
The members are joined together by smooth pins.
The applied forces act at the joints.
Each member of a truss is a two-force member.

In solving problems, ALWAYS RIGHT if the member


experiencing TENSION OR COMPRESSION

METHOD OF JOINTS
When using the method of joints to calculate the forces in the members of a truss, the equilibrium
equations are applied to individual joints (or pins) of the truss. Example

Zero-Force Member – member that does not carry a load


– contributes to the stability of the structure
– can carry loads in the event that variations are introduced in the
normal external loading configuration

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ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
6.1 Find the force acting all members of the truss shown in fig 6-1

Figure 6-1

ΣMA=0 ΣFx=0
3RDy=50(2)+80(0.75) Ax=80 kN
RDy=53.33 kN

ΣMD=0
3Ay+50(1)=80(0.75)
Ay=3.33 kN

At Joint A
θ = tan-1(0.75/1) ΣFx = 0
θ = 36.8699° 0 = FAE + cos (36.8699°) FAB - Ax
ΣFy = 0 -FAE = - 80kN + cos (36.8699°) 5.55kN
0 = sin (36.8699°) FAB – Ay FAE = 80kN - cos (36.8699°) 5.55kN
FAB = 3.33kN / sin (36.8699°) FAE = 75.56kN (tension)
FAB = 5.55kN (tension)
Figure 6-2

At Joint B
α = 90°- θ
α = 90° - 36.8699°
α = 53.1301°
(Assume that Force BE is tension fig. 6-2) Figure 6-3

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ΣFy=0
0 = - cos (53.1301°) FAB – FBE
0 = - cos (53.1301°) 5.55kN
FBE = -3.33kN (the assumption is wrong that force BE is
compression)
FBE = 3.33kN compression (fig.6-3)
ΣFx = 0
0 = -sin (53.1301°) FAB + FBC
-FBC = - 4.44kN
FBC = 4.44kN tension

At joint E
ΣFy = 0 ΣFx = 0
0 = sin (36.8699°) FCE – FBE 0 = FEF + cos (36.8699°) FCE - FAE
FCE = FBE / sin (36.8699°) FEF = FAE - cos (36.8699°) FCE
FCE = 3.33kN / sin (36.8699°) FEF = 75.56 - cos (36.8699°) FCE
FCE = 5.55kN tension FEF = 71.12kN tension

At joint F
ΣFy = 0 ΣFx = 0
0 = FCF – 50kN 0 = FEF - FFD
FCF = 50kN tension FFD = 71.12kN tension

At joint C (Lets assume that the force FCD is tension Fig. 6-4)
ΣFx = 0
0 = 80kN + sin (53.1301°) FCD - sin (53.1301°) FCE – FBC
-sin (53.1301°) FCD = 80kN - sin (53.1301°) (5.55kN) – 4.44kN
FCD = 71.12kN / - -sin (53.1301°) Figure 6-4

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FCD = -88.9kN (it is not tension)
FCD = 88.9kN compression fig. 6-5

Figure 6-5

SAMPLE PROBLEM
6.2 Compute the force in each member of the Warren
Truss shown in the fig. 6-6.

Figure 6-6

6.3 Determine the forces in the members of the roof truss


shown in Fig. 6-7.

Figure 6-7

6.4 Find the force in each member of the truss shown in


Fig. 6-8

Figure 6-8

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6.5 Compute the force in all members of the truss shown in
Fig. 6-9

Figure 6-9

6.6 Determine the force in each member of the crane


shown in the fig. 6-10

Figure 6-10

6.7. Determine the force in each


member of the Pratt roof truss
shown in Fig. 6-11.

Figure 6-11

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METHOD OF SECTIONS

 Analyzing the free-body diagram of a part of a truss that contains two or more joints is called the
method of sections.
 Principle: If the truss is in equilibrium then any segment of the truss is also in equilibrium.
 It permits us to directly determine the force in almost any member instead of proceeding to that
member by joint-to-joint analysis.
 The cutting plane must not cut more than three members whose internal forces are unknown.

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM
6.8 In problem 6.2, find all the forces FCE, FBC and FEF using method of section

ΣMA=0
3RDy=50(2)+80(0.75)
RDy=53.33 kN α = 90°- θ
θ = tan-1(0.75/1) α = 90° - 36.8699°
θ = 36.8699° α = 53.1301°

At SECTION 2
ΣFy = 0
0 = RDY – 50 kN – sin (36.8699°) FCE
sin (36.8699°) FCE = 53.33 kN – 50 kN
FCE = 3.33kN / sin (36.8699°)
FCE = 5.55kN tension

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+ ΣMF = 0

0 = 80kN(0.75m) – RDY (1m) – FCE cos(36.8699°) (0.75m) – FBC(0.75m)


FBC(0.75m) = 60kN.m – 53.33 kN.m – 5.55kN cos(36.8699°) (0.75m)
FBC = 3. 34kN.m / 0.75m
FBC = 4.45kN
+ ΣMC = 0
0 = - RDY (1m) + FEF (0.75m)
FEF = 53. 33kN.m / 0.75m
FEF = 71.11 kN See the difference of 0.01kN in both FEF and FBC in answer from the
Method of joints. To maintain its equilibrium.

SAMPLE PROBLEM
6.9 At problem 6.2 of the Warren truss Figure 6-12
determine the force in members BD, CD,
and CE using method of section
6.10 At problem 6.4, Calculate the force
(tension or compression) in members BC,
BE, and DE using method of section.
6.11 Using method of section, determine the
force in member BD, CD and CE of a roof
truss shown in the (Fig, 6-12). Figure 6-13
6.12 The Warren truss loaded as shown in the
Fig 1-13 is supported by roller at C and a
hinged at G. By the method of sections,
compute the force in members of BC, DF and
CE. Assume all the triangles are equilateral.
6.13 Use the method of section to compute the
force in members AB, AD, BC and BD of the
truss in the fig 6-14

Figure 6-14

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CHAPTER 7 FRICTION
Friction – force that resists the movement of two contacting surfaces that slide relative to one another.
Types of Friction
Dry Friction - also called Coulomb friction, occurs when unlubricated surfaces of two solids are
in contact and slide or tend to slide from each other. If lubricant separates these two surfaces, the friction
created is called lubricated friction. This section will deal only with dry friction.
Fluid Friction - occurs when layers of two viscous fluids moves at different velocities. The
relative velocity between layers causes frictional forces between fluid elements, thus, no fluid friction
occurs when there is no relative velocity.
Skin friction - also called friction drag is a component of the force resisting the motion of a solid
body through a fluid.
Internal friction - is associated with shear deformation of the solid materials subjected to cyclical
loading. As deformation undergo during loading, internal friction may accompany this deformation.
It is apparent that friction resistance depends upon the degree
of wedging action between hills and vales of the contract surface. The Figure 7-1
measure of this wedging action depends upon the Normal pressure N
between the surfaces. As a result, the maximum frictional resistance is
said to be proportional to the normal pressure is expressed symbolically
as:
FαN
Where the sign “α” is read “is proportional to” This may be reduced to
an equation by putting in a constant proportionality f depends upon the
roughness of the constant surfaces. This constant is called the
coefficient of friction, written as:
F = fN
In figure 7-1, it shows that F and N are really the component of the total reaction R exerted by the plane
surface against the block. The size of the angle between R and N depends on the value of the friction
resistance F. If F is zero, this angle will be zero. As F increases, so does the angle. Angle of Friction may
be defined as:
tan φ = f
tan φ = F/N

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ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM Figure 7-2
7.1 A 200lb block is in contact with a plane inclidned at 30° to the
horizontal A force P parallel to and acting up to the plane is applied
to the body if the coefficient of static friction is 0.20. Compute the
value of a horizontal force P that will cause motion to impend up
the incline (figure 7-2).
Solution: Draw the FBD diagram (fig 7-3a). And rotate the axis in
order of the x and y is in 0 and 90 degrees respectively (fig 7-2b)

ΣFy = 0
0 = N – 200 cos 30° - P sin 30°
N = 173.2051 + 0.5P
F = fN Figure 7-3a
F = 0.2 (173.2051 + 0.5P)
F = 34.6410 + 0.1P
ΣFy = 0
0 = P cos 30° - 200lb sin 30° - F ; substitute the equation F = 34.6410 + 0.1P
-P cos 30° = - 200lb sin 30° - (34.6410 + 0.1P)
-P cos 30° = - 200lb sin 30° - 34.6410 – 0.1P
-P cos 30° + 0.1P = -200lb sin 30° - 34.6410
P (0.1 + cos 30°) = 200lb sin 30° - 34.6410
P = (200lb sin 30° - 34.6410) / (0.1 + cos 30°)
P = 175.77lb Figure 7-3b

7.2 Resolve problem 7.1, using the angle of friction φ and


total reaction of the incline of the block instead of its
components F and N (figure 7-4).
tan φ = f
φ = tan-1(f)
φ = 11.3099°
θ = 30 + 11.3099

Figure 7-4

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θ = 41.3099°
There are 2 ways on how to solve for P (using the rotation of the axis like in problem 7.1 (figure 7-5a)
other is using the sin law chapter 2 page 5 (figure 7.5b))

Figure 7-5a

5b

Figure 7-5a

5b

P / sin 41.3099° = 200 lb / sin 48.6901°


P = 200 lb (sin 41.3099° / sin 48.6901°)
P = 175.77 lb

SAMLPE PROBLEMS
7.3 A 400 lb block is resting on a rough horizontal surface for Figure 7-6
which the coefficient of friction is 0.40. Determine the force P
required to cause motion to impend if applied to the block (a) 5b
horizontally or (b) downward at 30° with the horizontal. (c) What
minimum force is required to start motion?
7.4 The 200lb block shown in the figure 7-6 has a impending
motion up the plane caused by the horizontal force of 400lb.
Determine the coefficient of static friction bettween contact
surfaces.
7.5 Find the least value of P required to cause the
system of blocks shown in Fig. 7-7 to have impending
motion to the left. The coefficient of friction under each
block is 0.20.

Figure 7-7

5b

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CHAPTER 8 FORCE SYSTEM IN SPACE
Assume three concurrent forces Fx, Fy and Fz to act along the reference axes shown in fig 8.1.
They are mutually perpendicualr components of F.
The resultant F extendes from the tail of the firt vector O to the last vector at C. Vectors
determine the side of the box which F is diagonal. Observe that OB is the resulatnt of Fz and Fx, we
defined the relation as:
(OB)2 = (Fz)2 + (Fx)2
We also observe that the OB and BC form a right triangle which F is the hypotheneus. So we have:
F2 = OB2 + BC2 ; see that BC is the value of Fy
F2 = OB2 + Fy2 ; where as (OB)2 = (Fz)2 + (Fx)2
F2 = (Fx)2 + (Fy)2 + (Fz)2

F = √(Fx)2 + (Fy)2 + (Fz)2

Figure 8-1

5b

The inclination of a force in space is defined by the angles included between the reference axes and the
force. It is generally denoted “θ” with a suitable subscript. It clearly shows that θy included between the F
and its Y projection Fy. HOC forms a right triangle from trigonometry we will have Fy = Fcos θy. Also
EOC forms a right triangle we have Fx = Fcos θx. Lastly, AOC forms a right triangle Fz = Fcos θz. In
summarize:
Fx = Fcos θx cos θx = F/Fx
Fy = Fcos θy cos θy = F/Fy
Fz = Fcos θz cos θz = F/Fz

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In analytic geometry, where as we are dealing with coordinates (x,y,z) we expressed that the forces F and
its coordinates (distance) are proportional:
𝐹𝑥 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑧 𝐹
= = =
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑑

d = √(x)2 + (y)2 + (z)2

SAMPLE PROBLEM
8.1 Determine the components and the distance (d) if the force F = 300 whose line of action coincides with
the line joince points A (-2,1,3) and B (3,5-3).
Solution:Draw FBD as indicated in the problem. (fig. 8-2)

Figure 8-2

5b

Components of the distance d between A and B are x = 5, y = 4 and z = 6. Lets apply the formula
𝐹𝑥 300 𝐹𝑧 300
d = √(x)2 + (y)2 + (z)2 = =
5 8.775 6 8.775
d = √(5)2 + (4)2 + (6)2 Fx = 170.94lb Fz = - 205.13lb
𝐹𝑦 300
d = 8.775 =
4 8.775
𝐹𝑥 𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑧 300
= = = Fy = 136.75lb
5 4 6 8.775

36 | P a g e
The sign of the components corresponds with positive or negative direction of the reference axes.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
8.3 Determine the magnitude of the resultant, its pointing and its direction cosines for the following
system of non-coplanar, concurrent forces. 300 lb (+3, -4, +6); 400 lb (-2, +4, -5); 200 lb (-4, +5, -3).
8.4 Determine the magnitude of the resultant, its pointing, and its direction cosines for the following
system of non-coplanar concurrent forces. 100 lb (2, 3, 4); 300 lb (–3, –4, 5); 200 lb, (0, 0, 4).
8.5 Determine the magnitude of the resultant, its pointing, and its direction cosines for the following
system of non-coplanar concurrent forces. 200 lb (4, 5, –3); 400 lb (–6, 4, –5); 300 lb, (4, –2, –3).

37 | P a g e
CHAPTER 9 CENTROID AND CENTER OF GRAVITY
CG or Center of Weight
• It is the point at which the resultant of the gravitational forces (weight) act on a body.
• It is a property of the distribution of weight within the body.
Center of Mass
It is the point through which the resultant inertia force acts on a body.
It is a property of the distribution of mass within the body.
W x̅ = ∑wx
W y̅ = ∑wy
These equation state that the moment of a weight W about an axis is equal to the moment of its elemental
weight
Centroid
• It is the point at which area (or volume or line) can be concentrated
• It is the point at which the static moment is zero.
• The centroid represents the geometric center of a body. This point coincides with the center of
mass or the center of gravity only if the material composing the body is uniform or homogeneous.
• Formulas used to locate the center of gravity or the centroid simply represent a balance between
the sum of moments of all the parts of the system and the moment of the “resultant” for the
system.
• In some cases the centroid is located at a point that is not on the object, as in the case of a ring,
where the centroid is at its center. Also, this point will lie on any axis of symmetry for the body.
Centroid of Area and Lines
Ax̅ = ∑Ax
Ay̅= ∑Ay

Centroid by Integration
Centroid of an Area

Ax̅ = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝐴

Ay̅ = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝐴
Centroid of a Line

Lx̅ = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝐿

Ly̅ = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝐿

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PLEASE BE FAMILIAR

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ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM

Figure 9-1
9.1 Determine the posistion of the centroid
5b
of the shaded part fig 9-1

Solution: The concept in this you should


first subdivided into geometic figures that
you see in the figure where as a triangle
should be subtracted. Observe that the
figure has a quarter cirlce (r=5in), rectangle
1 (5inx4in), rectangle 2 (6inx9in) and a
triangle (b = 7.5in and h = 9in). Make a
table where in you will input the data
gathered in the figure.

SHAPE AREA (in2) X (in) AX (in3) Y (in) AY (in3)


Quarter circle 19.635 +2.1221 41.6674 +2.1221 41.6674
Rectangle 1 20 2.5 50 -2 -40
Rectangle 2 54 -3 -162 0.5 27
Triangle -33.75 -3.5 118.125 -1 33.75
TOTAL 59.885 47.867 62.4174

Quarter Cicle
A = ¼ (πr2) = ¼ (π)(5)2 = 19.635in2
x = 4r / 3π = 4(5) / 3π =2.1221in
y = 4r / 3π = 4(5) / 3π =2.1221in
Rectange 1
A = 4 in x 5in = 20in2
x = ½ b = ½ (5) = 2.5in
y = ½ d = ½ (4in) = 2in (see that point in y coodinate is below the reference axes) hence, should be -2in
Rectangle 2
A = 9 x 6 = 54
x = ½ b = ½ (6) = 3 (left side it should be -3)

40 | P a g e
y = ½ d = ½ (9) = 4.5
y = 5 – 4.5 = 0.5 (from the reference axis)
Triangle
A = ½(bh) = ½ (9)(7.5) = 33.75 (the area of the triangle should
be subtracted as you see in the Fig 9-1 in order to get the centroid
of the shaded part, hence it should be -33.75in2)
x = 1/3 (b) = 2.5
x = 6 – 2.5 = 3.5 (6 units is the distance from the reference axis it
is also at the left side so it should be -3.5in)
y= 1/3 (h) = 3
y = 4 – 3 = 1 (4 units is the distance from the reference axis it is also below the reference axis -1in)
Ax̅ = ∑Ax Ay̅ = ∑Ay
x̅ = ∑Ax / A y̅ = ∑Ay / A
x̅ = 47.867 in3 / 59.885 in2 y̅ = 62.4174 in3 / 59.885 in2
x̅ = 0.8 in (location of the centroid in axis) y̅ = 1.04 in (location of the centroid in axis)

41 | P a g e
SAMPLE PROBLEM

9.2 Determine the coordinates of the centroid of the area shown in Fig. 9-2 with respect to the given axes.

Figure 9-2

5b

9.3 The dimensions of the T-section of a cast-iron beam are shown in Fig.9-3. How far is the centroid?

Figure 9-3

5b

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9.4 Find the coordinates of the centroid of the shaded area shown in Fig. 9-4

9.5 Locate the centroid of the shaded area enclosed by the curve y2 = ax and the straight line shown in
Fig. 9-5. Hint: Observe that the curve y2 = ax relative to the y-axis is of the form y = kx2 with respect to
the x-axis.
Figure 9-5

5b

9.6 The 16-ft wing of an airplane is subjected to a lift which varies from zero at the tip to 360 lb per ft at
the fuselage according to w = 90x1/2 lb per ft where x is measured from the tip. Compute the resultant
and its location from the wing tip.

43 | P a g e
PART 2: DYNAMICS
CHAPTER 10: RECTILINEAR TRANSLATION
Dynamics - the branch of classical mechanics concerned with the study of forces and their effects on
motion.

• Motion – Change of position of an object with respect to time and reference point.

• Translation – Motion involving change in displacement over a period of time.

• Rotation – Motion involving change in angle over a period of time.

• Rectilinear Motion – Straight line motion.

• Curvilinear Motion – Motion along a curved path.

• Displacemanent (s) – shortest distance between initial and final position of a particle.

• Velocity (v) – Instantaneous rate of change of displacement with respect to time.

Considet a particle is traveling in a straight line from A to B let points 1 and 2 be the two positions a
small distance apart. If the Δs is transverse in the time Δt, it follows from the definition that the average
velocity over that displacement will be
𝑑𝑠
v= eq.1
𝑑𝑡
Acceleration. Let us now assume that in the preceding discussion the particle starts from A with a
velocity vA and arrives at B with a velocity of vB. The average acceleration or the average of change of
velocity will be divided by the elapsed time.
𝑑𝑣
a= eq.2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠 𝛥𝑠 1
Since v = the acceletation can be written as a = ( )
𝑑𝑡 𝛥𝑡 𝛥𝑡
Using eq.1 and eq.2 where as dt = dt
vdv = ads eq.3
These three equations just developed are known as the differential kinetic equations of motion.

44 | P a g e
The equation may be derived from the diff differential kinetic equations of motion by starting with the
definition of acceleration (eq.2)
dv = adt
Integrate between definite limitis, whereas a is constant:
𝑣 𝑡
∫𝑣𝑜 𝑑𝑣 =𝑎 ∫0 𝑑𝑡
[v - vo] = a [t -0]
v-vo = at
v = vo + at eq.4
from eq. 1, we substitute the equation 4
ds = v dt
𝑠 𝑡
∫0 𝑑𝑠 =∫0 (𝑉𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑠 𝑡 𝑡
∫0 𝑑𝑠 =∫0 (𝑉𝑜)𝑑𝑡 + ∫0 (𝑎𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 𝑡 𝑡
∫0 𝑑𝑠 =𝑉𝑜 ∫0 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎 ∫0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 𝑡2
0
[s] = vo0𝑡 [t] + a0𝑡 [ ]
2
S = vot + ½ at2 eq.5
Last from eq.3
vdv = ads
𝑣 𝑠
∫𝑣𝑜 𝑣𝑑𝑣 = a∫0 𝑑𝑠
𝑣 2 −𝑣𝑜2
= as
2
𝑣 2 − 𝑣𝑜2 = 2as

v2 = 𝒗𝟐𝒐 + 2as eq. 6


Three kinematic equations of motion with constant acceleration are:

v = vo + at
S = vot + ½ at2
v2 = 𝒗𝟐𝒐 + 2as

45 | P a g e
FREE FALLING BODIES, AIR RESISTANCE NEGLECTED
In the case of a free falling body, the force is its own weight. The weight is a force that result from the
attraction between the mass of the object and the mass of the earth. In solving problems on falling bodies,
a specified direction (up or down). Velocity and acceleration are positive when directed along positive
displacement; they are negative when pointing in the opposite direction. For our latitude, this acceleration
may approximately as 32.174ft/sec2 in english and 9.81 in metric represented by the symbol g.
It should be observe that a negative value of acceleration does not perse indicate a slowing down. We can
only say that a body is acceleration if its velocity is increasing time. This is equivalent a stating that a
body is speeding up if the direction of velocity and acceleration are the same, and slowing down if the
velocity and acceleration are oppositely directed.

ILLUSTRATION PROBLEM
10.1 As shown in fig. 10-1, a stone is thrown vertically into the air from a tower 100ft high at the same
instant that a second stone is thrown upward from the ground. The initial velocity of the first stone is
50ft/sec and that of the second is 75ft/sec. When and where will the stones be at the same height from the
ground?
Solution: Applying eq.5 and the acceleration Figure 10-1
is directly downward therefore it is negative
g = -32.174 ft/sec2 5b

s = vot + ½ at2
Stone 2: s2 = 75t – 16.087 t2

Stone 1: s1 = 50t – 16.087 t2

As seen in the figure that:


s2 – s1 = 100
100 = 75t – 16.087 t2 – (50t – 16.087 t2)
100 = 25t
t = 4 sec
Substitute t equation of the stone 1 and 2:

s2 = 75(4) – 16.087 (4)2

s2 = 42.608 ft

s1 = 50(4) – 16.087 (4)2

s1 = -57.392 ft
Hence, the stones pass each other 57.392 ft below the top of the tower and 42.608 ft from the ground. We
assumed that they would meet above the tower, the negative sign s1 indicates otherwise.

46 | P a g e
SAMPLE PROBLEM
10.2 A stone is dropped down a well and 5 sec later the sound of the splash is heard. If the velocity is
1120 ft per sec. what is the depth of the well in metric?
10.3 A stone is droppped from a captive ballon at an elevation of 1000ft. Two seconds later another stone
is projected vertically upward from the ground with velocity of 248 ft per sec. If g is 32.174 ft per second
squared when and where will the stones pass each other?
10.4 A ship is being launch slides down the ways with a constant acceleration. She takes 8 sec to slide the
first foot. How long will she take to slide down the ways if their length is 625 ft.
10.5 A train moving with constant acceleration travels24 feet during the 10th sec of its motion and 18ft
during the 12th sec of its motion. Find its initial velocity and its constant acceleration.
10.6 An automobile moving at a constant velocity of 45 ft per sec passes a gasoline station. Two seconds
later, another automobile leaves the gasoline station and acclerates at the constant rate of 6 ft per second
squared. How soon will the second mobile overtake the first.
10.7 A stone is thrown vertically upward from the ground with a velocity of 48.3 ft per sec (14.72 m per
sec). One second later another stone is thrown vertically upward with a velocity of 96.6 ft per sec (29.44
m per sec). How far above the ground will the stones be at the same level?
10.8 A ball is dropped from the top of a tower 80 ft (24.38 m) high at the same instant that a second ball
is thrown upward from the ground with an initial velocity of 40 ft/sec (12.19 m/s). When and where do
they pass, and with what relative velocity?
10.9 Particles A and B are elevated 12 meters high from a given reference base. Particle A is projected
down an incline of length 20 meters at the same time particle B is let to freely fall vertically. Find the
velocity of projection of particle A if both particles strikes the base at the same time.
10.10 A stone is thrown vertically upward and return to earth in 10 sec. What was its initial velocity and
how high did it go?
10.11 On a certain stretch of track, trains run at 60 mph (96.56 kph). How far back of a stopped train
should be a warning torpedo be placed to signal an oncoming train? Assume that the brakes are applied at
once and retard the train at the uniform rate of 2 ft/sec2 (0.61 m/s2).

47 | P a g e
CHAPTER 11: CUVILINEAR TRANSLATION
FLIGHT PROJECTILES AIR RESISTANCE NEGLECTED
We shall assumed the projectile to be
moving without rotation in a vaccum.
Such factors as wind velocity, air
resistance and rotation of the earth
which have an effect on the actual
flight of the projective, will be
neglected. The principle of the solution
is to reslove the curvilinear motion of
the path into rectilinear motion along
the X and Y axes.
Hence the recrtangular component of
this acceleration are constant at ax = 0
and ay = -g

FLIGHT OF PROJECTILES

Rectilinear motion with constant X Component of Flight X Component of Flight


acceletation (ax = 0 , vox = vo cosθ) (ay = -g , voy = vo sinθ)
Vx = vox + axt Vy = voy + ayt
v = vo + at
vox = vo cosθ voy = vo sinθ
x = voxt + ½ axt2 y = voyt + ½ ayt2
S = vo t + ½ at2
x = vo cosθ (t) y = vo sinθ (t) – ½ gt2

SAMPLE PROBLEM
11.1 A projectile is fired from the top Figure 11-1
of a cliff 300 ft high with a velocity of
1414 ft/sec directed at 45° to the 5b
horizontal. Find the range on a
horizontal plane through the base of
the cliff.
Solution: Draw the diagram (fig 11-1)
representing the condition of the
problem. Y displacement is positive

48 | P a g e
upward and hence the downward acceleration is negative, the final projectile is below the origin and
hence negative therefore we have

y = vo sinθ (t) – ½ gt2


-300 = 1414 sin 45° (t) + ½ (-32.174) (t2)
-300 = 999.849(t) – 16.087t2
t2 -62.1526 t -18.6486 = 0 (factoring polynomials into binomials)
(t – 62.4512) (t + 0.2986) = 0
t1 – 62.4512 = 0 t2 + 0.2986 = 0
t1 = 62.45 sec t2 = - 0.3 sec
There is no such time as -0.3 we consider as the answer t1 = 62.45sec. To more easy to calculate the
equation t2 -62.1526 t -18.6486 = 0, you can use the scientific calculator (Casio FX-570) press mode, 5
and 3 where as: ax2 + bx +c = 0. Type the numbers a = 1 then b = -64.4515 and c = 18.6486. It is very
helpful especially in board exams in solving agebraic equations.

x = vo cosθ (t)
x = 1414 cos (45°) (62.45)
x = 62,440.57 ft
SAMPLE PROBLEM
11.2 A stone is thrown from a hill at angle of 60° to the Figure 11-2
horizontal with an initial velocity of 100 ft / sec. After hitting
level ground at the base of the hill, the stone has covered a 5b
horizontal distance of 500ft. How high is the hill in metric?
11.3 A shell leaves a mortar with a muzzle velocity if 500 ft /
sec directed upward at 60° with the horizontal. Determine the
position of the steel and its resultant velocity 20 seconds after
firing. How high will it rise?
11.4 Repeat problem 11.3 if the projectile is fired downward at 30° to the horizontal.
11.5 A ball is thrown so that it just clears 10ft fence 60ft away. If it left the hand 5ft above the ground and
the at angle of 60° to the horizontal, what was the initial velocity of the ball?
11.6 Refer to Fig 11-2 and find the theta to cause the projectile to hit point B in exactly 4 sec. What is the
distance x?
11.7 A stone has an initial velocity of 100 ft / sec to the right at 30° with the horizontal. The components
of acceleration are constant at ax = -4 ft/ sec2 and ay = -20 ft/sec2. Compute the horizontal distance
covered until the stone reaches point 60ft below its original elevation.

49 | P a g e
CHAPTER 12: BANKING
Ideal angle of banking, consider horizontal turn on a curve of radius r ft while traveling at v ft/sec. The
curve is banked at an angle with the horizontal so that there is no tendency to slide up or down the road.

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