10/3/2020

‫ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬،‫ ﻟﻐﺰان‬،‫ آزاد‬:‫اﻧﻮاع ﺑﺮدار‬

 A free vector is one whose action is not confined to or associated
with a unique line in space. For example, if a body moves without rotation,
then the movement or displacement of any point in the body may
be taken as a vector. This vector describes equally well the direction and Statics-1
magnitude of the displacement of every point in the body. Thus, we may
represent the displacement of such a body by a free vector.
A sliding vector has a unique line of action in space but not a unique
point of application. For example, when an external force acts on a rigid ،‫ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻧﯿﻮﺗﻦ‬،‫ ﺑﺮدار واﺣﺪ‬،‫ﮐﻤﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي اﺳﮑﺎﻟﺮ و ﺑﺮدار‬
body, the force can be applied at any point along its line of action without
changing its effect on the body as a whole,(‫)اﺻﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﭘﺬﯾﺮي‬ ‫ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ‬،‫واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬
 and thus it is a sliding vector.
A fixed vector is one for which a unique point of application is specified. The ‫ ﻣﺮﯾﺎم‬:‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊ‬
action of a force on a deformable or nonrigid body must be specified by a
fixed vector at the point of application of the force. In this
instance the forces and deformations within the body depend on the point
of application of the force, asDr.well
H. Abdollah-Pour
as on its magnitude and line of action. Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour
Semnan University 3 Semnan University 1

‫ﻗﺮار دادﻫﺎ در ﻣﻮرد ﻧﺤﻮه ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺶ و ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺑﺮدارﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع ﮐﻤﯿﺖ ﻫﺎ‬
‫اﺳﮑﺎﻟﺮ‬ 

‫ ﺣﺠﻢ‬،‫ اﻧﺮژي‬،(‫ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺳﺮﻋﺖ )ﺗﻨﺪي‬،‫ داﻧﺴﯿﺘﻪ‬،‫ ﺣﺠﻢ‬،‫ زﻣﺎن‬:‫ﻓﻘﻂ اﻧﺪازه‬ 

‫ﺑﺮداري‬ 

‫ ﮔﺸﺘﺎور )ﻟﻨﮕﺮ ﯾﺎ‬،‫ ﻧﯿﺮو‬،‫ ﺷﺘﺎب‬،‫ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬،‫ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﯾﯽ‬:‫ﻫﻢ اﻧﺪازه و ﻫﻢ اﻣﺘﺪاد‬ 

(‫ اﻧﺪازه ﺣﺮﮐﺖ )ﻣﻮﻣﻨﺘﻮم‬،(‫ﻣﻤﺎن‬

‫در ﻣﺘﻮن ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﮐﻤﯿﺖ ﻫﺎي اﺳﮑﺎﻟﺮ و ﺑﺮداري در ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﯾﺰ‬ 

‫ ﯾﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻂ ﺑﺎﻻي آن‬V :‫ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮﯾﻢ‬

Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour

Semnan University 4 Semnan University 2
 10/3/2020

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﺘﻮازي اﻻﺿﻼع‬

Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour

Semnan University 7 Semnan University 5

‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮدار‬

‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺋﻢ‬ 

A vector V may be expressed mathematically by

:‫ﺑﺮدار واﺣﺪ‬ 
multiplying its magnitude V by a vector n whose
magnitude is one and whose direction
coincides with that ofV. The vector n is called a unit
vector.

Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour

Semnan University 8 Semnan University 6
 10/3/2020

Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour

Semnan University 11 Semnan University 9

Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour

Semnan University 12 Semnan University 10
 10/3/2020

‫واﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻧﯿﻮﺗﻦ‬

‫ ﻣﯿﻼدي‬17 ‫در ﻗﺮن‬ 

.‫اوﻟﯿﻦ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ و اﺛﺒﺎت آن ﻫﺎ را اراﺋﻪ ﮐﺮد‬ 

 Law I. A particle remains at rest or continues to move with uniform
velocity (in a straight line with a constant speed) if there is no unbalanced
force acting on it.
 Law II. The acceleration of a particle is proportional t o the vector
sum of forces acting on it and is in the direction of this vector sum.
 Law Ill. The forces of action and reaction between interacting bodies are
equal in magnitude, opposite in direction, and collinear (they lie
on the same line).

Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour

Semnan University 15 Semnan University 13

‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬
.‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن دوم اﺳﺎس ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻫﺎ در دﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﮏ اﺳﺖ‬ 

‫ ﮐﻪ ﻋﻤﻼ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﻗﺎﻧﻮن دوم در‬.‫ اﺳﺎس اﺳﺘﺎﺗﯿﮏ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اول ﯾﺎ اﺻﻞ ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻧﯿﺮوﻫﺎ‬ 
‫ ﯾﺎ‬،‫ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ وﻗﺖ ﺑﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﻧﯿﺮو ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ذره اي ﺻﻔﺮ اﺳﺖ‬.‫ﺣﺎﻟﺘﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺘﺎب ﺻﻔﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﺳﺎﮐﻦ اﺳﺖ و ﯾﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﯽ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‬
‫ ﻫﺮ ﻧﯿﺮو ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﻧﯿﺮوي روﺑﺮو و ﻫﻢ اﻧﺪازه و‬:‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺳﻮم درك ﻣﺎ از ﻧﯿﺮو را ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ‬ 
.‫ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﻧﯿﺮوﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﺟﻔﺖ وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺟﺒﺮان ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ‬.‫ واﮐﻨﺶ( ﻣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮ اﺳﺖ‬،‫در ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﯾﮏ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﮐﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺪام ﻧﯿﺮو )ﮐﻨﺶ‬ 

.‫ﺟﺴﻢ را اﯾﺰوﻟﻪ ﮐﺮده و ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﮐﺪام ﯾﮏ از اﯾﻦ ﺟﻔﺖ ﻧﯿﺮو ﺑﻪ آن ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‬

Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour

Semnan University 16 Semnan University 14
 ‫‪10/3/2020‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ وزن‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺟﺎذﺑﻪ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour‬‬ ‫‪Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour‬‬

‫‪Semnan University‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪Semnan University‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ وزن‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ واﺣﺪ‬

‫اﺛﺮ وزن روي زﻣﯿﻦ‪ :‬در روي زﻣﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﯿﺮوي ﮔﺮاﻧﺸﯽ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﻋﺘﻨﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻧﯿﺮوي اﺟﺴﺎم و ﮐﺮه زﻣﯿﻦ اﺳﺖ و ﻧﯿﺮوي ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﺟﺴﺎم ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺿﺮف ﻧﻈﺮ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour‬‬ ‫‪Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour‬‬

‫‪Semnan University‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪Semnan University‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬
 ‫‪10/3/2020‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ در اﺳﺘﺎﺗﯿﮏ‬ ‫دﻗﺖ و ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺐ ﻫﺎ در ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت‬

‫ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آوردن ﻧﯿﺮوﻫﺎي وارده ﺑﺮ ﯾﮏ ﺳﺎزه‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪاد رﻗﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﻨﯽ دار در ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﯾﮑﯽ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از رﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎت و ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺷﺪن ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ آﺛﺎر ﻧﯿﺮوﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼ اﮔﺮ ﻃﻮل ﺿﻠﻊ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﯽ ‪ 24‬ﻣﯿﻠﯽ ﻣﺘﺮ اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ )دﻗﺖ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫دو رﻗﻢ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ دار(‪ ،‬ﻟﺬا ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺖ آن ‪ 576‬ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﻧﻤﯽ ﺷﻮد‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ‪580‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ و رﯾﺎﺿﯽ آن ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن و ﺑﺎ رﻓﺖ و ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻮاب ﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺗﺎ ‪ 3‬رﻗﻢ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ دار ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﮕﺮ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺷﺮوع ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ آﻧﻮﻗﺖ ﭼﻬﺎر رﻗﻢ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ دار ﺑﺎﯾﺪ آورده ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬

‫‪Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour‬‬ ‫‪Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour‬‬

‫‪Semnan University‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪Semnan University‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬

‫ﻓﺮض ﻫﺎي ﺻﺤﯿﺢ و ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬

‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ دﻗﺖ ﮐﺮد ﮐﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﺑﻨﺪي‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ ﯾﮏ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ اﯾﺪه آل ﯾﺎ ﻣﺪل از‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫در دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ ﮔﯿﺮي )‪ d2x‬و ﻣﺮاﺗﺐ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺻﻔﺮ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬا در ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﺑﻨﺪي اﯾﺪه آل ﺷﺪه ﯾﮏ ﻣﺪل‪،‬‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ(‬
‫ﻓﺮض ﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻼ از ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ ﮐﻮﺗﺎه‪ ،‬زواﯾﺎي ﮐﻢ ﯾﺎ ﻧﯿﺮوﻫﺎي ﮐﻢ در ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﺑﺰرگ ﺗﺮ ﻣﯽ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺐ ﻫﺎي زاوﯾﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮐﻮﭼﮏ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺗﻮان ﺻﺮف ﻧﻈﺮ ﮐﺮد‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﻼ اﮔﺮ ﻧﯿﺮو روي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﮐﻮﭼﮑﯽ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺷﻮد‪ ،‬ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﯿﻢ آن را روي آن‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺘﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﻓﺮض ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﺎ وزن ﮐﺎﺑﻞ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﮐﺸﺶ ﺑﺰرگ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد روي آن‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫دﻗﺖ! اﮔﺮ اﻓﺘﺎدﮔﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از وزن ﮐﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺒﺎﯾﺪ آن را ﻧﺎدﯾﺪه ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour‬‬ ‫‪Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour‬‬

‫‪Semnan University‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪Semnan University‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬
 ‫‪10/3/2020‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ ﻋﺪدي ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﯾﺎ ﺣﻞ ﻧﻤﺎدي آن‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي ﮔﺮاﻓﯿﮑﯽ‬

‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻋﺪاد ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ در ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺶ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﯾﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻤﺎدﻫﺎ ﺑﺠﺎي ﮐﻤﯿﺖ ﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن در ﻣﻮرد ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮏ و رﯾﺎﺿﯽ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ و راﺑﻄﻪ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺗﺮ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ آﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬اﯾﺪه ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫در اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﭼﮏ ﮐﺮدن اﺑﻌﺎد )دﯾﻤﺎﻧﺴﯿﻮن( در دو ﻃﺮف ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﺳﺎده ﺗﺮ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫از ﻧﻤﻮدار ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﺑﺰاري ﺑﺮاي آﺳﺎن ﺷﺪن اراﺋﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﺑﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬

‫‪Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour‬‬ ‫‪Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour‬‬

‫‪Semnan University‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪Semnan University‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮدار ﺟﺴﻢ آزاد‬

‫ﻋﺪدي ﺑﺎ دﺳﺖ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻧﻤﺎدﻫﺎي ﺟﺒﺮي ﯾﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫اﺻﻮل ﺣﺎﮐﻢ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺘﺎﺗﯿﮏ ﺑﺴﯿﺎر ﺳﺎده‪ ،‬وﻟﯽ روش ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻋﺪدي‪) .‬اﮐﺜﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ(‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ اﻫﻤﯿﺖ را دارد‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺮاﻓﯿﮑﯽ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫در ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ اﺻﻮل را ﺑﺎﯾﺪ در ذﻫﻦ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﯿﺮﯾﻢ و ﺑﻪ درﺳﺘﯽ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﮐﺎﻣﭙﯿﻮﺗﺮ )وﻗﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻌﺪاد زﯾﺎدي ﮐﻤﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫روي ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﭘﯿﺎده ﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺟﺴﻢ را از ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ درﺳﺘﯽ اﯾﺰوﻟﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻤﺎم‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺗﻠﻔﯿﻖ روش ﻫﺎ )ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪس‪ ،‬و ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮع ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ(‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺮوﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد روي آن را در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﯿﻢ‪.‬‬
‫اﯾﻦ ﮐﺎر در ذﻫﻦ و روي ﮐﺎﻏﺬ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ دو ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ!‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻧﻤﻮداري روي ﺟﺴﻢ اﯾﺰوﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﻧﯿﺮوﻫﺎي‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour‬‬
‫‪Semnan University‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬
‫‪ Dr.‬ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﻋﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﺮ آن‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻮدارﺟﺴﻢ آزاد ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪه‬
‫‪H. Abdollah-Pour‬‬
‫‪Semnan University‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬
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Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour

Semnan University 31 Semnan University 29

Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour

Semnan University 32 Semnan University 30
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Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour

Semnan University 35 Semnan University 33

‫ﺗﻌﺎدل در ﯾﮏ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
.‫ در ﺷﮑﻞ‬lb3900 ‫ داراي ﮐﺸﺶ‬65 ft‫ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮل‬AB ‫ﮐﺎﺑﻞ‬ 
.‫ را ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬b ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻧﯿﺮو و ﺟﻬﺎت ﻧﯿﺮو را در ﻗﻼب‬

Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour

Semnan University 36 Semnan University 34
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Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour

Semnan University 39 Semnan University 37

.‫ را ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬P ‫اﻧﺪازه و ﻧﯿﺮوي‬-‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

‫ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ ﺑﺎ‬AC ‫اﮔﺮ ﺑﺪاﻧﯿﻢ ﮐﺸﺶ ﮐﺎﺑﻞ‬ 
،‫ اﺳﺖ‬2130 N
.‫ را ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آورﯾﺪ‬C ‫ﻧﯿﺮوﻫﺎي روي ورق در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬

Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour

Semnan University 40 Semnan University 38
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Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour

Semnan University 43 Semnan University 41

Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour

Semnan University 44 Semnan University 42
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Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour

Semnan University 47 Semnan University 45

Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour

Semnan University 48 Semnan University 46
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Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour

Semnan University 51 Semnan University 49

Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour

Semnan University 52 Semnan University 50
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Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour

Semnan University 55 Semnan University 53

Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour

Semnan University 56 Semnan University 54
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Dr. H. Abdollah-Pour
Semnan University 57