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Observations on Anomalous
Stress in Interpreting
a
Sarah Williams
a
Centre for Research on Bilingualism, Stockholm
University
Published online: 21 Feb 2014.

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Interpreting, The Translator, 1:1, 47-64, DOI: 10.1080/13556509.1995.10798949

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 The Translator. Volume 1, Number 1 (1995), 47-64

Observations on Anomalous Stress in Interpreting

SARAH WILLIAMS
Centre for Research on Bilingualism, Stockholm University

Abstract. A problematic phenomenon in simultaneous interpreting,

and one which is recognized by interpreters, teachers of interpreting
and conference delegates alike, is that of anomalous stress, i.e. when
the interpreter unexpectedly stresses the 'wrong' word. Since one of
the functions of stress in spoken language is to show coherence rela-
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tions in a text, anomalous stress can lead to comprehension problems

for the listener. Examples of anomalous stress produced by a profes-
sional interpreter at a live conference were acoustically analyzed in
relation to stress patterns in the speaker's input. In the examples
studied, it was found that while the anomalous stress produced by
the interpreter did not appear to be directly related to semantic or
pragmatic features in the incoming message, it was preceded by
stressed elements in the input. Two possible mechanisms are tenta-
tively suggested as playing a role in the occurrence of anomalous
stress: firstly, an automatic matching mechanism triggered by sali-
ent stress from the input, which may anticipate forthcoming input
prosody or may trigger the most recently stored prosodic pattern,
and secondly, the independent storage of salient prosodic patterns
from the input. Initial findings of this pilot study indicate that anoma-
lous prosody may at least in some cases be a result of automatic
mechanisms beyond the interpreter's conscious control.

An irritating but widespread phenomenon in simultaneous interpreting,

and a problem recognized by interpreters, teachers of interpreting, and
conference delegates alike, is that of anomalous prosody. This can mani-
fest itself in various forms, such as monotonous intonation contours
(Altman 1989; Gran 1989; Kurz 1989), erratic rhythm (Andronikof 1962;
Barik 1972; Altman 1989), high volume output (Gran 1989; Spiller &
Bosatra 1989) and anomalous stress (Shlesinger 1994). While all aspects
of prosody are important in contributing in various ways to the successful
transmission of a message in spoken language, this paper will confine
itself to a discussion of anomalous stress.
Cruttenden (1986:16) defines stress as prominence due to either pitch,
length or loudness, or a combination of these, whereby stressed syllables

ISSN 1355-6509 © St. Jerome Publishing, Manchester

 Anomalous Stress in Interpreting 48

are indicated most by pitch and least by loudness. Pitch concerns the vary-
ing height of the pitch of the voice over one syllable or over a number of
successive syllables: in other words, the voice goes up and down; length
concerns the relative durations of a number of successive syllables or the
duration of a given syllable in one environment relative to the duration of
the same syllable in another environment (i.e. when one syllable or word
is longer than others); loudness concerns changes of loudness within one
syllable or the relative loudness of a number of successive syllables, that
is it concerns changes in volume (ibid:2). Very generally speaking, stress
falls into two categories, which I will refer to as word-related stress and
discourse-related stress. Word-related stress can be delimitative, serv-
ing to mark beginnings and endings of words and thus aiding segmentation
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of the stream of speech, or distinctive, distinguishing between two other-

wise identical-sounding words (ibid:18), such as, for example, black bird
and blackbird. Discourse-related stress has various functions (Bolinger
1986, 1989; Cruttenden 1986): grammatical functions, such as topicalization
and parenthesis; discourse and coherence functions, largely to do with
how a particular piece of information fits into the discourse as a whole,
such as focus, given versus new information, contrastivity; pragmatic func-
tions, i.e. what is contributed to the communicative situation in general,
in terms of speech acts, and speaker's attitude and emotional state. Anoma-
lous stress is when the stress on an element is unexpected in the context
and creates a misrendering of the original message, even creating stress
patterns that are atypical of the target language.
In simultaneous interpreting, it is possible that the occurrence of anoma-
lous stress creates for the listener problems of coherence which either
momentarily or permanently impair comprehension of the text. In the case
of momentarily impaired comprehension of the text, modification of ini-
tially miscomprehended coherence relations in the light of following
information (i.e. back-tracking) will require extra effort on the part of the
listener; conversely, extra effort will also be required if listener expecta-
tions created by the preceding text are suddenly not realized (Cutler 1987).
In both cases, the flow of comprehension is momentarily interrupted and
listener concentration may suffer. In the case of permanently impaired
comprehension of the text, the miscomprehension is never rectified, with
the result that there then exists a discrepancy between the speaker's in-
tended message and the message received by the listener. In a study by
Shlesinger (1994) showing, among other things, that anomalous stress is
a feature of interpreted text, the level of listener comprehension and recall
of information was found to be lower in subjects who listened to inter-
preted texts than in those who listened to the same texts transcribed and
read aloud by the same interpreters.
 Sarah Williams 49

That anomalous stress occurs in interpreting, and that it may well have
a detrimental effect on listener comprehension, then, is clear. What is not
so clear is why and when this phenomenon occurs. When listening to the
recorded performance of a professional interpreter at a conference, I no-
ticed that anomalous stress in the interpreter's production (which I refer
to here as output) sometimes appeared to be immediately preceded by
particularly salient stress in the speaker's production or input. The stress
in the output and the input however did not seem to be semantically or
pragmatically related, such that, roughly speaking, anomalous stress oc-
curring in output Al seemed to be a reflection of speaker stress occurring
in B, as can be seen in Figure 1. In other words, the speaker first produced
Sentence A, and then the interpreter rendered Sentence A in the target
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language (AI) while listening to the speaker's next sentence, Sentence B.

In some cases, it seemed as though the interpreter reacted to the stressed
word in Sentence B by inadvertently producing salient stress. The prob-
lem was that when this happened, the interpreter was still producing
Sentence A l , so that the stress produced seemed to be unrelated to the
sentence being uttered by the interpreter.

SPEAKER:
[!]~
----~~----------
--------~~~~~~--~~~
INTERPRETER:
GJ~~

Figure 1: Model of input-related anomalous stress

1. Material and method

In order to see whether these perceptual findings could be corroborated

with objective evidence, an acoustic analysis was carried out using a dou-
ble track recording of interpreted material from a one-day conference at
which the working languages were English and Swedish.
Excerpts containing examples of perceived anomalous stress preceded
by salient stress in the input were taken from the recorded material. These
excerpts were then run through a computer program, SOUNDSWELL
(Ternstrom 1992), and a printout was obtained for the speech signal, sound
pressure level and fundamental frequency (F0) on both tracks, i.e. both the
speaker's and the interpreter's production. Intensity and fundamental
 Anomalous Stress in Interpreting 50

frequency are the acoustic equivalents of loudness and pitch, respectively.

Fundamental frequency (F0) is obtained by filtering out as many other
frequencies as possible, namely those produced by overtones (making up
the sounds characteristic of the particular quality of the speaker's voice)
and background noise. 1 In order to make the presentation of the results
more accessible, only the Fo graphs, which show the intonation contours,
are given here. The complete graphs for speech signal, sound pressure
level and Fo appear separately in the Appendix. In all of these graphs, the
length of the syllables can be seen by looking at the horizontal axis, which
gives time in seconds.
The four excerpts analyzed in section 2 below were taken from the
first fifteen minutes of the interpreter's performance and were selected
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because they provide clear examples of the phenomenon in question,

namely input-related anomalous stress. 2 I should point out, however, that
there were also instances of salient stress in the input which were not fol-
lowed by anomalous stress in the output. Other instances were found where
the interpreter's anomalous stress may have been influenced by other fac-
tors such as, for example, relief at finally having found the word sought
after; such instances do not provide clear examples of input-related anoma-
lous stress. In what follows, then, the suggestion that anomalous stress
may be input-related is put forward as one of several possible factors oc-
casioning anomalous stress.
There is a noticeable discrepancy in terms of quality between the
speaker's and the interpreter's recording, which is due to the fact that re-
cording conditions for the interpreter were more favourable (soundproof
booth, little background noise, little physical movement towards and away
from the microphone). This is why the Fo readings for the speaker are not
as clear as those for the interpreter; the background noise produced fuzz
which was difficult to filter out without filtering out some of the speech
signals. A related problem was the actual quality of the speaker's voice,
which contained a lot of overtones that were difficult to filter out. 3 De-
spite all this, it is still possible to identify the higher F0 of the stressed
elements in the speaker's utterances.
Each example is first given in a rough transcription, with various fill-
ers such as er and mm simply rendered as er. All stressed items appear in
italics; those which are relevant to the discussion are in bold italics. In-
stances of anomalous-stress in the interpreter's production appear in
italicized bold capitals. An attempt has been made to indicate roughly
where the stressed elements occur in relation to each other by using the
convention of displaced parallel text. Each example is followed by an
acoustic analysis in which only the relevant stressed elements are given
as text. 4 It is here that the exact timing of the elements can be seen, as the
 Sarah Williams 51

time scales for both speaker's track and interpreter's track have been syn-
chronized.

2. Results

In all the examples analyzed here, the interpreter was listening to a new
message at the same time as producing a version of the previous message.
In each case, the anomalous stress produced by the interpreter while inter-
preting the previous message was immediately preceded by salient stress
in the input that the interpreter was listening to. Since the stress in the
input belonged to a new message that the interpreter had not yet rendered
in the target language, it was neither semantically nor pragmatically re-
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lated to the word which the interpreter actually stressed. Hence the
occurrence of instances of anomalous stress in the interpreter's output.

Example 1

Speaker: somnar monopolisten forr eller senare in ................................ och sussar gott .. .
Interpreter: doing this ....................... and .... therefore ...... the person who has a monopoly

..... och levererar daIig service till ett hogt pris .... Detta ar ett ....... er ................. ett
will more or less go to sleep ............. and ..... will deliver very bad services to a very

................... empiriskt och ........................... vetenskap-

high PRICE .................... And .......... this is an empir-

Gloss: ... the monopolist will sooner or later go to sleep and sleep well and
deliver bad service at a high price. This is an empirical and scientif- ....

In this example, the anomalous stress is on the word price. The correspond-
ing word in the original,pris, was unstressed, and there is no discourse-related
reason for stressing price. The anomalous stress follows a stressed item in
the input, detta, with a time lag of approximately 2.802 seconds (See
Graphs la and Ib).5

Example 2

Speaker: avknoppat foretag med foredetta ......... kommunala- och lanstingsanstallda

Interpreter: we know .. that .. today .. a company ..... that ... has .. started ............... .

kvinnor som har blivit iildrevard dom ldg tju/em procent battre an stans enheter
... er ...... on .... the .. side ......... for instance WOMEN who've been employed in the ge-

nar processen ....... .

municipal geria- .. .
 Anomalous Stress in Interpreting 52

Gloss: ... companies with women who had previously been employed by
the municipality and local councils which have now become old folks'
homes they were twenty-five per cent better off than the city's institutions
when the process ...

'" 300
,=~250
:;: r- 200 della
[-;.

i5 ~ 150
:;:'"
2 g 100
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z:~

~ ~ 50

price

2 4
TI~IE IN SECONDS

Graphs la and lb. Upper Section: Speaker stress on detta

Lower Section: Interpreter stress on PRICE

",300
~250
<:>
tjufem
~~ 200
domJag
i5 ~ 150
:;:'"
2
z:~
g 100
~ ~ 50

TIME IN SECONDS

Graphs 2a and 2b. Upper Section: Speaker stress on dom ldg tjufem
Lower Section: Interpreter stress on WOMEN
 Sarah Williams 53

The anomalous stress in Example 2 is on women. The corresponding word

in the original, kvinnor, was unstressed, and there is no discourse-related
reason why women should be stressed. Women appears to occur almost
simultaneously with the stress in the input, dom lIlg tjufem. However, on
closer inspection it can be seen that the beginning of the stress pattern in
the input immediately precedes the anomalous stress pattern in the out-
put. The two syllables in the Swedish input,dom lIlg, not only have higher
pitch but also show other signals that indicate stress, namely in the form
of increasing loudness. The prosodic changes in these two syllables, which,
rhythmically, happen to co-occur exactly with the syllables being pro-
duced by the interpreter, may have triggered the anomalous stress in the
output, such that the next syllable produced by the interpreter reflected
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the stress in the input. It seems likely that the interpreter's third syllable
would have occurred simultaneously with the speaker's next syllable had
the speaker not produced a syllable group, tjufem, with an unstressed syl-
lable before the main stressed syllable (see Figure 2).

Swedish input dom Hig tiu fern

Time in seconds 5.358 5.509 5.622 5.848
Time in seconds 5.358 5.509 5.759
English output for instance women

Figure 2: Simultaneous occurrence of stress in speaker input and

interpreter output over several syllables

Example 3

Speaker: ... pa ...... sig .... for att komma fran ............. ett ............. typ .... .
Interpreter: .. one who looks at ....... a ......... five year period and one looks

av system till ett annat .... er ............ sa er .... har man nu i fOrvaltningarna
from .. one ............................ er ... from one system, getting from one system

.... mycket ambitiOst tycker jag och de fiesta har varit mycket bra gatt igenom vad iir det
to another one one has decided IN the administration in a very ...... er ... ambitious way ... .

nu som kan konkurrensutsiittas och .. .

.... one has gone through .................. .

Gloss: ... in order to change over from one type of system to another, they
have now, in the administration, I think very ambitiously, and most of
 Anomalous Stress in Interpreting 54

them have been very good, looked in detail at what can be exposed to
competition and ...
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TIME DI SECONDS

Graphs 3a and 3b. Upper Section: Speaker stress on mycket ambitiost

Lower Section: Interpreter stress on IN

Here, the anomalous stress is on the word in. The corresponding word in
the input, i, was unstressed, and there is no discourse-related reason for
stressing in. The anomalous stress follows a stressed item in the input,
mycket ambitiOst, with a time lag of approximately 0.79 seconds.

Example 4

Speaker: ... egen utsaga ligger de inte mer an atta tio procent battre beroende
Interpreter: ... they'll allow .. twenty-five .. per cent higher ........ but now ...... .

pa .. att ... de .................... kommunala enheterna (xxx) har nu b6rjat tillampa en del
they're ....... only ............... about ....... er ... eight .................... ten ...... per cent better

av deras arbetsmetoder och fiiljaktligen sankt sina kostnader och fiiljaktligen ar inte
.............. only ........................ than .. the ...... municipal .. sector .... it's because the

skillnaden lika star ........... langre mellan den privata ........... och den egna
municipal sector have FOLLOWED them and lowered their costs .............. .

egen energiverksamhet .. .
........ er ....................... .
 Sarah Williams 55

Gloss: ... their own statement they are no more than eight or ten per cent
better, as the municipal institutions have now begun to apply some of
their methods and consequently lowered their costs and consequently the
difference is no longer as great between the private and their own con-
cerns.

In this example, the intonation of the item carrying anomalous stress in the
output sounded perceptually very similar to that of an item stressed earlier in
the input, rather than to the intonation of the immediately preceding item.
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'N' 300
C 250 I
~ 1Z 200
1-;..-
slor

~:;::'"~ 150
~ g 100
z'"
f:: e: 50
'N'
C 400 followed
...l<::

~ ~ 300
Zu
~ ~ 200
<=-
co
!§ ~ 100
......

2 4
TIME 1:\ SECO:-;DS

Graphs 4a and 4b. Upper Section: Speaker stress on kommunala and star
Lower Section: Interpreter stress on FOLLOWED

This may indicate the existence of two mechanisms. The anomalous stress
on followed sounds perceptually very much like the intonation in the in-
put kommunala, which occurs quite a bit earlier than followed. However,
it will be noted that followed is immediately preceded by rising pitch and
increase in breath pressure in the input star (see Graphs 4c and 4d in the
Appendix). This may trigger anomalous stress in much the same way as
was suggested in discussing Example 3, except that the stress pattern pro-
duced in this case does not seem to be based on an anticipation pattern set
up by star, but is perceived to reflect the stress pattern from the earlier
input kommunala. The time lag between kommunala and followed is ap-
proximately 6.832 seconds; the time lag between star and followed is
0.341 seconds.
 Anomalous Stress in Interpreting 56

3. Discussion

First, it must be pointed out that any discussion based on a limited number
of examples, as in this case, must necessarily be somewhat speculative.
However, the examples analyzed above suggest that while the anomalous
stress in the interpreter's output does not directly correspond, semanti-
cally or pragmatically, to stressed elements in the input, it does appear to
reflect or be preceded by salient stress in the input, although exactly how,
why and when this happens is still unclear. Indeed, the analysis indicates
that there may be several different mechanisms involved, which mayor
may not be related. In Example 1, anomalous stress is produced slightly
after salient stress in the input; in Example 2, it is produced immediately
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after the onset of salient stress in the input and may in fact anticipate
forthcoming salient stress, whereby increasing loudness may playa role;
in Example 3, the anomalous stress in the output sounds similar to that
which has just occurred in the input, and in Example 4, it appears to be
immediately preceded by salient stress in the input but sounds similar to
salient stress that occurred considerably earlier in the input.
Clearly, much more work needs to be carried out before anything more
definite can be said. However, two areas of research may offer some in-
sight into this phenomenon, namely the tendency, in certain circumstances,
for a person to adapt his/her pitch to that of the person s/he is talking to
(referred to here as Fo mirroring) and the tendency to use the sound of
one's own voice to automatically monitor and adjust subsequent speech
production (referred to here as proprioceptive audial control).
It has been noted in the literature that identification with the speaker is
an important factor in conference interpreting. Cary (1962:5), for exam-
ple, suggests that "the essence of conference interpretation as compared
with other forms of translation is not so much a scrupulous analysis of a
text, but rather an immediate identification with the speaker" (my transla-
tion;6 see also Andronikof 1962 and Garcia-Landa 1985). Ironically, this
identification with the speaker, which is felt to provide a basis for good
interpreting, may be precisely what leads to the kind of anomalous stress
that is detrimental to listener comprehension (possibly via Fo mirroring).
In a study in which pairs of subjects met for the first time, were recorded
in conversation and afterwards independently reported their feelings to-
wards the other person, Buder (1993) was able to show that in cases in
which there was a mutual feeling of affinity, there was also a tendency for
rhythmic and F0 matching to take place; in other words, subjects adapted
their intonation to that of the other person. Indeed, there is reason to be-
lieve that Fomatching may actually be innate; infants' Fo in babbling is
higher in the presence of the female caretaker and lower in the presence of
 Sarah Williams 57

the male caretaker (Weir 1962). Fo matching may also constitute part of
the more global matching mechanism seen in reciprocal body language in
dyads that is well documented in research on interpersonal behaviour (for
instance in Morris 1977).
A related problem may be the perceptual mixing of the speaker's
prosody and the interpreter's own prosody. Spiller & Bosatra (1989) dis-
cuss various problems involved in co-ordinating the perception of the
speaker's input and the interpreter's own input, and point out that the
audiophonatory reflex is very important in monitoring output; delayed
audio feedback, for example, can cause stuttering, and the higher volume
input sometimes favoured by students can also interfere with this
audiophonatory reflex. Gran (1989:95) also mentions that when students
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at the initial stage of their training turn up the volume for fear of missing
part of the original speech, they then tend to speak "in a very loud voice,
in a flat and monotonous tone, while making syntactic and pronunciation
errors because of auditive interference with the source language" and dis-
play "an almost total lack of control of their output in the TL". If, perhaps
because of energy and attention constraints, the interpreter is (momentar-
ily) unable to keep the two incoming channels separate, i.e. the speaker's
voice and hislher own, then the speaker's input at that point may act as
audial control for the interpreter's output, creating an automatic adjust-
ment. It may, then, be the ability to block this posited automatic matching
mechanism that students have to acquire, and it may be this blocking that
sometimes fails to operate in professional interpreters under certain cir-
cumstances.
It is by now perhaps clear that this study raises more questions than it
answers, such as, for example:

• When and why does input-related anomalous stress occur?

• What is the relationship between pitch, duration and intensity in in-
put and output?
• How many mechanisms are involved in input-related anomalous
stress, e.g. mirroring, anticipation, triggering, memory of original
prosodic pattern?
• Is there a distinctive time-lag for input-related anomalous stress?
• Does this phenomenon occur in all interpreters, or just some?
• Does it occur with equal frequency in women and men?
• How does anomalous stress in the output of professional interpreters
compare with that in the output of student interpreters?
• What is the relationship between anomalous stress, discourse-related
stress and word-related stress? Does anomalous stress take precedence
 Anomalous Stress in Interpreting 58

only over discourse-related stress or might it in some cases be so

strong that it also overrides word-related stress?
• Is the occurrence of anomalous stress the same in the first and sec-
ond languages (L1 and L2)?
• Might further work in this area provide support for the hitherto cred-
ible but subjective view 7 that sign language interpreters are easier to
listen to and understand than other interpreters because of a greater
degree of separateness between input and output modes?

Ultimately, further research must pay close attention to detail, in terms of

exact measurements of pitch, duration and intensity, and must also be
carried out on a far larger corpus of material, including more subjects and
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more language combinations. Unfortunately, analyses of the kind presented

here are extremely time-consuming, which consequently sets certain
limitations on the size of a realistic corpus. However, since the results
presented in this paper would support the finding that subjective perception
of pitch is relatively reliable (see Kitzing 1979), another way for researchers
to approach this issue is to carry out detailed subjective analyses of data
by listening to tapes of conference interpreting on double-track tape-
recorders and noting instances of perceived input-related anomalous
prosody. Although this would preclude the more exact kind of measurements
presented here, such work would nevertheless be extremely valuable in
providing an insight into the extent and nature of this phenomenon. Ideally,
this kind of research should be monitored occasionally by means of
acoustic analyses on random samples as a way of checking reliability.
There appears to be a tacit assumption in the literature that prosody is
something over which the interpreter has conscious control; students are
encouraged to adopt a lively rather than monotonous intonation pattern
(Altman 1989; Kurz 1989), and Alexieva (1990:5), for example, refers to
"optimum prosodic variant(s)" and "felicitous choice of prosody". While
it is essential to draw attention to the vital role of prosody in interpreting,
it is also important to bear in mind that prosodic features may be influ-
enced by a variety of factors. The preliminary findings presented in this
paper indicate that anomalous prosody, at least in some cases, may be the
result of automatic mechanisms beyond the interpreter's conscious con-
trol.

SARAH WILLIAMS
Centre for Research on Bilingualism, Stockholm University, S-J069J
Stockholm, Sweden. Sarah. Williams@biling.su.se
 Sarah Williams 59

Notes

Grateful thanks go to the staff at the Department of Logopedics and Phoniatrics,

Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, and in particular to Alf
Hakansson for his generous help with the technical side of this research.

1. The amplitude of the speech signal is measured in volts (V), the sound
pressure level is measured in decibels (dB), and the fundamental frequency
is measured in Hertz (Hz).
2. It would obviously be extremely helpful to know more about the frequency
and distribution of this phenomenon, induding how many instances of
anomalous stress occurred in the first fifteen minutes. Although such an
extensive investigation is beyond the scope of this particular paper, it is
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my intention to carry out more detailed research in this area in the near
future.
3. In the graphs that follow, the upper curve Fo extraction is not perfect; peaks
above 250-300 Hz probably reflect the second harmonic rather than Fo.
4. Because of technical reasons, the text given in the graphs is an approxi-
mation of where the stress occurs; in order for the text to fit exactly over
the graph lines, either it would have had to have been reduced to an illeg-
ible size, or I would have had to enlarge the graph itself to such an extent
that it would not have been possible to present this length of excerpt.
5. The time lag was measured from the beginning of the rise in Fo in the
stressed element in the input to the beginning ofthe rise in Fo in the stressed
element in the output.
6. ''l'originalite essentielle de !'interpretation de conference par rapport aux
divers genres de traduction consiste en ce qu'elle suppose non une ana-
lyse minutieuse d'un texte, mais !'identification instantanee a un homme
qui parle".
7. Personal communication, Anna-Lena Nilsson, sign language interpreter,
Stockholm University.

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Argyle, Michael (1972, 1977) The Psychology of Interpersonal Behaviour,
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 Sarah Williams 61

Appendix

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t:
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-10
-20
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'N'
!; 250
:if- ~> 200 delta

~~ 150
Ci g 100
~~ 50

TIME IN SECONDS

Graph 1 c. Speaker stress on detta

4
2
~
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..
f-
:l
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-4

TI~IE f.\ SECONDS

Graph ld. Interpreter stress on PRICE

 Anomalous Stress in Interpreting 62

4
:> 2
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Q
0 ~~~~~~-.--~~~~~~
E -2
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.."

--~-------------------------
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~ -20

If~g ~,~~~~~~~~
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iI
I

o 2345678
TIME 1:'0 SECO:'ODS

Graph 2c. Speaker stress on dam ldg tjufem

4
:> 2
i O~~~~~____~*M~"~~.
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~ -4

women

I I I ! I
o 1 2 3 4 567 8
TI~IE 1:'0 SECO:'ODS

Graph 2d. Interpreter stress on WOMEN

 Sarah Williams 63

4
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.
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;;
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T1~IE I~ SECONDS

Graph 3e. Speaker stress on mycket ambitiOst

4
2
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0
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.
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-20

o 4 12 14
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Graph 3d. Interpreter stress on IN

 Anomalous Stress in Interpreting 64

4
2
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E
.
...J
:;;
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--~-----------------------------------
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2 4 6 8 10 12 14
TIME L'I SECONDS

Graph 4c. Speaker stress on kommunala and stor

TIME (:\' SECONDS

Graph 4d. Interpreter stress on FOLLOWED