Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e (Marieb)

Chapter 5 The Skeletal System

5.1 Multiple Choice Part I Questions

Using Figure 5.1, identify the following:

1) The proximal epiphysis is represented by .

A) Label H
B) Label C
C) Label A
D) Label B
E) Label F
Answer: D
Page Ref: 138
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

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2) The area that causes the lengthwise growth of a long bone is indicated by .
A) Label F
B) Label D
C) Label A
D) Label E
E) Label C
Answer: D
Page Ref: 137, 138
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

3) The area that serves as a storage area for fat in adults is indicated by .
A) Label H
B) Label F
C) Label A
D) Label G
E) Label B
Answer: A
Page Ref: 137, 138
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

4) The diaphysis is indicated by .

A) Label D
B) Label C
C) Label G
D) Label A
E) Label H
Answer: B
Page Ref: 137, 138
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

5) The periosteum, a connective tissue covering on the diaphysis, is represented by .

A) Label C
B) Label A
C) Label G
D) Label B
E) Label F
Answer: E
Page Ref: 137, 138
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
6) The area that contains glassy hyaline cartilage that provides a smooth slippery surface which
decreases friction is indicated by .
A) Label D
B) Label H
C) Label E
D) Label B
E) Label A
Answer: A
Page Ref: 137, 138
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

7) Blood cell formation is called .

A) ossification
B) hematopoiesis
C) homeostasis
D) metabolism
Answer: B
Page Ref: 135
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

8) What bones protect the spinal cord?

A) ribs
B) sternum
C) vertebrae
D) coxal bones
Answer: C
Page Ref: 135
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

9) Cube-shaped bones that contain mostly spongy bone are called bones.
A) flat
B) long
C) short
D) irregular
Answer: C
Page Ref: 136
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

10) Small canals that connect osteocytes in their lacunae to the central canal are known as
.
A) canaliculi
B) perforating (Volkmann's) canals
C) central (Haversian) canals
D) perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
Answer: A
Page Ref: 137
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
11) The process of bone formation is known as .
A) hematopoiesis
B) hemostasis
C) metabolism
D) ossification
Answer: D
Page Ref: 141
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

12) Bone-destroying cells known as osteoclasts are activated by the hormone .

A) calcitonin
B) parathyroid hormone (PTH)
C) insulin
D) growth hormone
Answer: B
Page Ref: 142
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

13) The first step in bone healing involves the formation of a blood-filled swelling known as a(n)
.
A) epiphyseal line
B) bony callus
C) hematoma
D) fibrocartilage callus
Answer: C
Page Ref: 145
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

14) An incomplete bone break, known as a(n) fracture, is commonly seen in children.
A) spiral
B) greenstick
C) impacted
D) comminuted
Answer: B
Page Ref: 144
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

15) The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage form the skeleton.
A) appendicular
B) central
C) axial
D) main
Answer: C
Page Ref: 146
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
16) The large hole located in the base of the occipital bone that allows the spinal cord and brain
to connect is the .
A) occipital condyle
B) vertebral foramen
C) intervertebral foramen
D) foramen magnum
Answer: D
Page Ref: 148
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

17) The temporal bones are joined with the parietal bones at the sutures.
A) coronal
B) sagittal
C) squamous
D) lambdoid
Answer: C
Page Ref: 147
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

18) The shin bone is called the .

A) tibia
B) fibula
C) femur
D) radius
Answer: A
Page Ref: 165
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

19) The head of the humerus fits into the of the scapula.
A) acromion process
B) glenoid cavity
C) suprascapula notch
D) coracoid process
Answer: B
Page Ref: 158
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

20) Two or more bones meet at a location called a(n) .

A) fracture
B) hematoma
C) articulation (joint)
D) marrow cavity
Answer: C
Page Ref: 166
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
21) Immovable joints are functionally classified as .
A) diarthroses
B) synarthroses
C) amphiarthroses
D) symphyses
Answer: B
Page Ref: 166
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
Using Figure 5.2, identify the following:

22) The parietal bone is indicated by .

A) Label M
B) Label O
C) Label A
D) Label H
E) Label P
Answer: C
Page Ref: 147
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
23) The fibula is indicated by .
A) Label Q
B) Label X
C) Label R
D) Label T
E) Label W
Answer: B
Page Ref: 164, 165
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

24) The patella is indicated by .

A) Label E
B) Label G
C) Label I
D) Label U
E) Label A
Answer: C
Page Ref: 165
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

25) The manubrium and xiphoid process are markings on the bone indicated by .
A) Label O
B) Label N
C) Label A
D) Label K
E) Label B
Answer: A
Page Ref: 157
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

26) The radius bone is indicated by .

A) Label T
B) Label R
C) Label F
D) Label S
E) Label Q
Answer: E
Page Ref: 160, 161
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
27) The mandible is indicated by .
A) Label N
B) Label W
C) Label M
D) Label C
E) Label B
Answer: A
Page Ref: 150, 151
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

28) The carpals are indicated by .

A) Label N
B) Label X
C) Label J
D) Label I
E) Label T
Answer: E
Page Ref: 161
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

29) The greater tubercle and trochlea are bone markings situated on the bone marked by
.
A) Label O
B) Label I
C) Label E
D) Label Y
E) Label A
Answer: C
Page Ref: 160
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

30) The ilium, pubis, and ischium fuse to form the bone marked by .
A) Label F
B) Label G
C) Label T
D) Label H
E) Label I
Answer: B
Page Ref: 162
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
5.2 Multiple Choice Part II Questions

1) The most important minerals stored in bones are .

A) calcium and iron
B) sodium and phosphorus
C) sodium and potassium
D) calcium and phosphorus
E) calcium and potassium
Answer: D
Page Ref: 135
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

2)

The arrangement of bone tissue shown in Figure 5.3 consists of .

A) osteons (Haversian systems)
B) yellow marrow
C) trabeculae
D) neurons
E) red marrow
Answer: A
Page Ref: 137
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

3) Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A) marrow cavity
B) epiphyseal plate
C) articular cartilage
D) periosteum
E) endosteum
Answer: A
Page Ref: 135
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
4) The femur, tibia, humerus, and radius are all classified as .
A) compact bones
B) irregular bones
C) flat bones
D) long bones
E) sesamoid bones
Answer: D
Page Ref: 136
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

5) What type of tissue covers the epiphysis of bones and reduces friction in the joints?
A) yellow marrow
B) endosteum
C) spongy bone
D) periosteum
E) articular cartilage
Answer: E
Page Ref: 137
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

6) In adults, the function of the yellow marrow is to .

A) store adipose tissue
B) form blood cells
C) store calcium and phosphorus
D) promote lengthwise growth in long bones
E) decrease friction at joint surfaces
Answer: A
Page Ref: 137
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

7) The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that .

A) bone is dead
B) bone length is no longer increasing
C) bone diameter is increasing
D) bone diameter is decreasing
E) bone length is increasing
Answer: E
Page Ref: 137
Bloom's: 3) Application
8) Each complex of central canal and matrix rings in compact bone is known as .
A) a perforating (Volkmann's) canal
B) the epiphysis
C) a canaliculus
D) a central (Haversian) canal
E) an osteon (Haversian system)
Answer: E
Page Ref: 137
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

9) The bone cells that respond to parathyroid hormone (PTH) to destroy bone matrix and release
calcium into the blood are called .
A) osteocytes
B) chondrocytes
C) erythrocytes
D) osteoclasts
E) osteoblasts
Answer: D
Page Ref: 142
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

10) Which of the following is ONLY found associated with a child's bone?
A) diaphysis
B) marrow cavity
C) epiphyseal plate
D) periosteum
E) articular cartilage
Answer: C
Page Ref: 137
Bloom's: 3) Application

11) Which of these bone markings is a projection that serves as a site for muscle or ligament
attachment?
A) meatus
B) fossa
C) foramen
D) fissure
E) tubercle
Answer: E
Page Ref: 140
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
12) Which of the following bones is considered part of the axial skeleton?
A) femur
B) sternum
C) radius
D) metatarsals
E) scapula
Answer: B
Page Ref: 146
Bloom's: 3) Application

13) The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (Haversian system) contains .
A) cartilage and lamellae
B) osteoclasts and osteoblasts
C) yellow marrow and perforating, or Sharpey's, fibers
D) blood vessels and nerve fibers
E) red marrow
Answer: D
Page Ref: 137
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

14) The small cavities in bone tissue where osteocytes are found are called .
A) lacunae
B) perforating (Volkmann's) canals
C) central (Haversian) canals
D) trabeculae
E) lamellae
Answer: A
Page Ref: 137
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

15) What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?
A) elastic connective tissue
B) dense fibrous connective tissue
C) fibrocartilage
D) hyaline cartilage
E) loose fibrous connective tissue
Answer: D
Page Ref: 141
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
16) What type of bone cell is primarily active when bone growth occurs?
A) osteocyte
B) erythrocyte
C) chondrocyte
D) osteoblast
E) osteoclast
Answer: D
Page Ref: 141
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

17) The factor(s) that determine WHERE bone matrix is to be remodeled is (are) .
A) sex hormones
B) growth hormone
C) stress of gravity and pull of muscles on the skeleton
D) parathyroid hormone (PTH)
E) calcium level of the blood
Answer: C
Page Ref: 142
Bloom's: 3) Application

18) There are four stages in the healing of a bone fracture. Which of the following best illustrates
the sequence of these stages?
1. bony callus formation 3. fibrocartilage callus formation
2. bone remodeling 4. hematoma formation
A) 4, 3, 2, 1
B) 4, 3, 1, 2
C) 1, 2, 3, 4
D) 1, 3, 4, 2
E) 1, 3, 2, 4
Answer: B
Page Ref: 145
Bloom's: 4) Analysis

19) Bone growth that occurs due to weight lifting at age 40 is most likely .
A) endochondrial growth
B) none since bones do not grow after adolescence
C) appositional growth
D) occurring at the epiphyseal lines
E) occurring at the epiphyseal plates
Answer: C
Page Ref: 142
Bloom's: 3) Application
20) An open, or compound, fracture can be described as when .
A) the bone is crushed
B) the broken bone ends are forced into each other
C) the broken bone is exposed to the outside
D) the bone is broken into many fragments
E) adjacent bones fracture simultaneously
Answer: C
Page Ref: 145
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

21) A bone fracture where the bone is broken into many fragments is a .
A) compound fracture
B) simple fracture
C) comminuted fracture
D) compression fracture
E) greenstick fracture
Answer: C
Page Ref: 144
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

22) The physician knew her patient was most likely a child before she walked into the
examination room because the X-ray revealed a(n) .
A) impacted fracture
B) compression fracture
C) comminuted fracture
D) greenstick fracture
E) open fracture
Answer: D
Page Ref: 144
Bloom's: 3) Application

23) A fracture that is common in osteoporotic bones is a(n) .

A) impacted fracture
B) compression fracture
C) spiral fracture
D) depressed fracture
E) simple fracture
Answer: B
Page Ref: 144
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
24) The axial skeleton contains .
1. skull
2. scapula
3. true and false ribs
4. vertebrae
5. phalanges
A) 1, 3, 4, 5
B) 1, 3, 4
C) 2, 5
D) 2, 3, 4, 5
E) 1, 2, 3, 5
Answer: B
Page Ref: 146
Bloom's: 4) Analysis

25) The suture situated anteriorly between the parietal bones and occipital bone is the .
A) squamous suture
B) lambdoid suture
C) sagittal suture
D) coronal suture
E) both the squamous suture and the sagittal suture
Answer: B
Page Ref: 148
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

26) Identify the bones that do NOT house a paranasal sinus .

A) frontal bones
B) maxillary bones
C) ethmoid bones
D) sphenoid bones
E) zygomatic bones
Answer: E
Page Ref: 148-151
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

27) The fibrous connections between the bones of a fetal skull are .
A) alveolar margins
B) sinuses
C) palates
D) crista galli
E) fontanels
Answer: E
Page Ref: 152
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
28) Which of these bones is associated with the hand?
A) talus
B) calcaneus
C) metatarsals
D) tarsals
E) metacarpals
Answer: E
Page Ref: 161
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

29) The hyoid bone is unique because it .

A) is the only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with any other bone
B) is an irregular bone
C) belongs to both the axial and appendicular skeletons
D) has no specific function
E) largely consists of cartilage
Answer: A
Page Ref: 151
Bloom's: 3) Application

30) What feature is uniquely associated with cervical vertebrae?

A) spinous processes
B) transverse processes
C) vertebral foramina
D) transverse foramina
E) pedicles
Answer: D
Page Ref: 156
Bloom's: 4) Analysis

31) How many true ribs do humans have?

A) three
B) five
C) seven
D) twelve
E) fifteen
Answer: C
Page Ref: 157, 158
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
32) The dens is a process projecting from the .
A) sacrum
B) coccyx
C) intervertebral discs
D) atlas
E) axis
Answer: E
Page Ref: 154
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

33) The atlas is the .

A) last lumbar vertebra
B) first thoracic vertebra
C) part of the sacrum
D) second cervical vertebra
E) first cervical vertebra
Answer: E
Page Ref: 154
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

34) Which is the correct order of ribs, from superior to inferior?

A) floating ribs, true ribs, false ribs
B) floating ribs, false ribs, true ribs
C) true ribs, false ribs, floating ribs
D) true ribs, floating ribs, false ribs
E) false ribs, floating ribs, true ribs
Answer: C
Page Ref: 157, 158
Bloom's: 4) Analysis

35) The sternum is the result of fusion of three bones called the .
A) ischium, ilium, coccyx
B) pubis, ischium, ilium
C) manubrium, body, xiphoid process
D) jugular notch, sternal angle, xiphisternal joint
E) true ribs, manubrium, xiphoid process
Answer: C
Page Ref: 157
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
36) Which two bones constitute the forearm?
A) radius and humerus
B) humerus and scapula
C) fibula and tibia
D) ulna and radius
E) femur and fibula
Answer: D
Page Ref: 161
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

37) The tailbone is the .

A) ischium
B) sacrum
C) pubis
D) coccyx
E) patella
Answer: D
Page Ref: 156
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

38) You examine an articulated skeleton in the laboratory and determine the skeleton to be a
female since .
A) the angle of the female pubic arch is smaller than in a male
B) the distance between the female ischial spines is greater than in a male
C) the distance between the female ischial tuberosities is less than in a male
D) the female iliac bones are less flared than in a male
E) the female pelvis as a whole is deeper, and the bones are heavier and thicker than in a male
Answer: B
Page Ref: 162
Bloom's: 3) Application
39)39)

The type of joint shown in Figure 5.4 is .

A) a suture
B) a fibrous joint
C) an amphiarthrotic joint
D) a cartilaginous joint
E) a synovial joint
Answer: E
Page Ref: 170
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

40) A structure found on the femur is the .

A) anterior crest
B) trochlea
C) lateral malleolus
D) intercondylar fossa
E) medial malleolus
Answer: D
Page Ref: 164-165
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
41) Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are , whereas
articulations permitting no movement are called .
A) amphiarthroses; synarthroses
B) synarthroses; amphiarthroses
C) diarthroses; amphiarthroses
D) amphiarthroses; diarthroses
E) diarthroses; synarthroses
Answer: A
Page Ref: 166
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

42) The wrist bones are actually .

A) tarsals
B) metacarpals
C) phalanges
D) metatarsals
E) carpals
Answer: E
Page Ref: 161
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

43) Which of these bones articulates with the acetabulum of the coxal bone?
A) femur
B) patella
C) fibula
D) sacrum
E) tibia
Answer: A
Page Ref: 164
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

44) Four of the five answers listed below are parts of the same anatomical area. Select the
exception.
A) humerus
B) radius
C) scapula
D) fibula
E) clavicle
Answer: D
Page Ref: 158-160
Bloom's: 3) Application
45) The elbow is classified as a(n) .
A) plane joint
B) hinge joint
C) pivot joint
D) saddle joint
E) condylar joint
Answer: B
Page Ref: 170
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

5.3 True/False Questions

1) Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain
bones.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 135
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

2) Articular cartilage covers the diaphysis of long bones.

Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 137
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

3) The arrangement of lamellae around central (Haversian) canals forms osteons (Haversian
systems).
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 137
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

4) Hypercalcemia promotes the deposition of calcium to bones.

Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 142
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

5) A closed, or simple, fracture is one that penetrates through the skin's surface.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 145
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

6) The last two pairs of ribs are called true ribs because they have no anterior attachments.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 158
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension
7) Teeth are anchored in the maxillary bones and the mandible.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 149, 151
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

8) The spinal cord passes through the body of each vertebra.

Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 154
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

9) The intervertebral discs that cushion the spine and absorb shock are composed of
fibrocartilage.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 169
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

10) In anatomical position, the lateral lower leg bone is the fibula.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 165
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

11) There are seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five lumbar vertebrae.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 152-153
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

12) A newborn baby has an S-shaped spinal curvature known as a primary curvature.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 153
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

13) Diarthroses have a greater degree of mobility and flexibility than synarthroses.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 166-167
Bloom's: 4) Analysis

14) Joint inflammation is known as ankylosis.

Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 172
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
5.4 Matching Questions

Match the following:

A) greenstick fracture
B) depression fracture
C) impacted fracture
D) comminuted fracture
E) spiral fracture

1) Incomplete bone break

Page Ref: 144
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

2) Broken bone portion is pushed inward

Page Ref: 144
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

3) Ragged bone break resulting from twisting forces

Page Ref: 144
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

4) Bone breaks into many fragments

Page Ref: 144
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

5) Broken bone ends are forced into each other

Page Ref: 144
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

Answers: 1) A 2) B 3) E 4) D 5) C
Match the following:

A) osteoclasts
B) epiphyseal plate
C) lamellae
D) osteoblasts
E) canaliculi

6) Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix

Page Ref: 142
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

7) Layers or rings of calcification that are found in compact bone

Page Ref: 137
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

8) Small channels that radiate through the matrix of compact bone

Page Ref: 137
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

9) Cells that can build bony matrix

Page Ref: 141
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

10) Area where bone growth takes place in a long bone

Page Ref: 137
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

Answers: 6) A 7) C 8) E 9) D 10) B
Match the following:

A) ball-and-socket joint
B) pivot joint
C) plane joint
D) hinge joint
E) condylar joint

11) Wrist joint

Page Ref: 170
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

12) Shoulder joint

Page Ref: 172
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

13) Ankle joint

Page Ref: 170
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

14) Knuckle joints

Page Ref: 172
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

15) Joint between atlas and axis

Page Ref: 170
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

Answers: 11) C 12) A 13) D 14) E 15) B

Match the following:

A) appendicular skeleton
B) axial skeleton

16) Tarsals
Page Ref: 146
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

17) Femur
Page Ref: 146
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

18) Phalanges
Page Ref: 146
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

19) Ulna
Page Ref: 146
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

20) Atlas
Page Ref: 146
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

21) Sternum
Page Ref: 146
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

22) Fibula
Page Ref: 146
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

23) Coxal bone

Page Ref: 146
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

24) True ribs

Page Ref: 146
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

25) Parietal bones

Page Ref: 146
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

Answers: 16) A 17) A 18) A 19) A 20) B 21) B 22) A 23) A 24) B 25) B
5.5 Essay Questions

1) Explain the five functions of the skeletal system.

Answer:
1. Support—the skeletal system forms the body's internal structural framework. The bones of the
legs act as pillars to support the body trunk when we stand, and the rib cage supports the thoracic
wall.
2. Movement—the skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons, use the bones as levers to
move the body and its parts.
3. Protection—bones, such as the skull, thorax, and pelvis, protect the enclosed soft body organs.
4. Storage—fat is stored in the internal cavities of bones. Bones also serve as a storehouse for
minerals, the most important being calcium and phosphorus.
5. Hematopoiesis—blood cell formation occurs within the red marrow of certain bones.
Page Ref: 135
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

2) Differentiate between the functions of yellow marrow and red marrow.

Answer: Yellow or red marrow may be found in the medullary (marrow) cavity of a long bone,
depending on the age of the individual. Yellow marrow is adipose tissue that stores energy. Red
marrow functions in blood cell production, a process known as hematopoiesis.
Page Ref: 137
Bloom's: 4) Analysis

3) List and explain the steps in the repair process of a simple fracture.
Answer:
Step 1 is hematoma formation. A hematoma, or blood-filled swelling, forms when bone breaks
and blood vessels rupture. Bone cells are deprived of nutrition and die.
Step 2 is fibrocartilage callus formation. The site of damage experiences growth of new
capillaries into the clotted blood and disposal of dead tissue by phagocytes. Connective tissue
cells of various types form a mass of repair tissue called fibrocartilage callus. This fibrocartilage
callus contains several elements: some cartilage matrix, some bony matrix, and collagen fibers.
This fibrocartilage callus acts to splint the broken bone, closing the gap.
Step 3 is bony callus formation. As more osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate into the area and
multiply, fibrocartilage is gradually replaced by a callus of spongy bone (the bony callus).
Step 4 is bone remodeling. Over the next few months, bony callus is remodeled in response to
the mechanical stresses placed on it, so that it forms a strong, permanent patch at the fracture
site.
Page Ref: 145
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge
4) Explain how the anatomy of compact bone differs from that of spongy bone.
Answer: Compact bone is composed of osteons (Haversian systems). Concentric rings of matrix,
called lamellae, are situated around a central (Haversian) canal. The rings and central canal
constitute an osteon, or Haversian system. Other canals, called canaliculi, spread outward from
central canals to connect to lacunae which house osteocytes.
Spongy bone is open, airy, spiky and is composed of small, needlelike pieces of bone. Spongy
bone lacks osteons and a network of canals.
Page Ref: 135, 137-138
Bloom's: 4) Analysis

5) Explain how bones are remodeled in response to parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Answer: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) activates bone-destroying cells called osteoclasts to break
down the bone's matrix and release the stored calcium into the blood. PTH determines when
bone will be broken down in response to the level of calcium ions in the blood.
Page Ref: 142
Bloom's: 2) Comprehension

6) List some of the features of a female pelvis that make it different from a male pelvis.
Answer: The female pelvis:
a. has a larger and more circular inlet.
b. is shallower than the male pelvis.
c. has lighter and thinner bones.
d. has a shorter and less curved sacrum.
e. has a more rounded pubic arch.
f. has shorter ischial spines that are also farther apart.
Page Ref: 162
Bloom's: 1) Knowledge

7) If 6-year-old Sarah fell and broke her femur, damaging the proximal epiphyseal plate, what
might she expect as she grows older? What is an epiphyseal plate and why is it significant to this
situation?
Answer: The epiphyseal plate is a flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young growing bone.
Epiphyseal plates cause the lengthwise growth of long bone. Since this child is still growing and
has not completed puberty, she may expect impaired growth in that one epiphyseal plate. Lucky
for Sarah, there is an epiphyseal plate located at both the distal and proximal ends of the femur.
The healthy distal plate can continue to grow.
Page Ref: 137, 141-142
Bloom's: 3) Application
8) Maria observes a patient in her clinic with a spinal curvature abnormality. She notices the
patient's spine curves laterally from the midline. Determine the abnormality she observed and
explain how she differentiated it from the other two types of spinal abnormalities.
Answer: Maria observed a patient with scoliosis in which the spinal strays laterally from the
midline. Lordosis, or sway back, results in lumbar curvature exaggerated in the ventral (anterior)
direction. Kyphosis produces a humped back due to a thoracic curvature exaggerated in the
dorsal (posterior) direction.
Page Ref: 153-154
Bloom's: 3) Application

9) Explain how atlas and axis are different from other vertebrae. Discuss the roles they play in
the body.
Answer:
1. Unlike all other vertebra, atlas (C1) has no body. Axis (C2) has a large process called the dens.
2. The structural differences of these two vertebrae allow you to rotate your head from side to
side to indicate "no." The joint between these two vertebrae is a pivot joint.
Page Ref: 154, 156
Bloom's: 4) Analysis

10) Differentiate among the three types of joints based on structural and functional classification.
Provide examples of each type of joint.
Answer:
1. Synarthroses are immovable joints. These joints are structurally classified as fibrous joints
since the bones are united by fibrous tissue. Skull sutures are one example of a fibrous joint.
2. Amphiarthroses are slightly movable joints. These joints are structurally classified as
cartilaginous joints since the bone ends are connected by cartilage. The pubic symphysis and
intervertebral joints are two examples.
3. Diathroses are freely movable joints. These joints are structurally classified as synovial joints
since the articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid. There
are many examples of synovial joints, including the elbow, knee, and shoulder.
Page Ref: 166-167
Bloom's: 4) Analysis