International Contractual and Statutory Adjudication

IN T E R N AT IO N A L C ONTRACTUAL
A N D S TAT U TO RY A DJUDI CATI ON

CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE SERIES
Construction Insurance and UK Construction Chern on Dispute Boards: Practice

Contracts and Procedure
Roger ter Haar QC, Marshall Levine Third Edition
and Anna Laney Cyril Chern
(2016) (2015)
The Law of Construction Disputes Construction Contract Variations
Cyril Chern Michael Sergeant and Max Wieliczko
(2016) Holman Fenwick Willan LLP
(2014)
Delay and Disruption in Construction
Contracts Remedies in Construction Law
Fifth Edition Roger ter Haar QC and Camilla ter Haar
Andrew Burr (2010)
(2016)
FIDIC Contracts: Law and Practice
Adjudication in Construction Law Ellis Baker, Ben Mellors, Scott Chalmers
Darryl Royce and Anthony Lavers
(2016) (2010)
INTER NAT I ONAL C O N T RA CT U A L
A ND S TAT UTORY A D J U D ICAT IO N
ANDREW BURR
(MA) (Law) (Cantab), ACIArb, FFAVE (Master)
Adjudicator, Arbitrator and Barrister
with editorial assistance from Anne Eckenroth and Ruta Kersyte
Per Kesarin Jaitham (and Alice, of course!)

First edition published 2017
by Informa Law from Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Informa Law from Routledge

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Informa Law from Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
© 2017 Andrew Burr
The right of Andrew Burr to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance
with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by
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Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Burr, Andrew, author.
Title: International contractual and statutory adjudication / by Andrew Burr.
Description: New York, NY : Informa Law from Routledge, 2017. |
Series: Construction practice series
Identifiers: LCCN 2016047240 | ISBN 9781138239623 (hbk) |
ISBN 9781315294537 (ebk)
Subjects: LCSH: Construction contracts. | Dispute resolution (Law) |
Arbitration and award.
Classification: LCC K891.B8 B87 2017 | DDC 343.07/8624—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016047240
ISBN: 978-1-138-23962-3 (hbk)

eISBN: 978-1-315-29453-7 (ebk)
Typeset in Times New Roman

by Apex CoVantage, LLC
C O N T E NT S
Foreword xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Editorial team biographies xxi
Table of acronyms xxvii
Table of case report references xxxi
Table of cases xxxv
Table of legislation li
Table of contract clauses and rules lxvii
List of primary appendices lxxiii
Online resources lxxiv
List of secondary appendices lxxv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND ORGANISATION 1

Introduction 1
The United Kingdom 1
Australia: The East Coast and West Coast models 15
Other Commonwealth jurisdictions 15
Civil law and mixed jurisdictions 16
Contractual régimes and published rules 16
CHAPTER 2 ENGLAND AND WALES 17

Introduction 17
Reform of the HGCRA 21
When can parties adjudicate a dispute? 22
Conduct of an adjudication 23
Common tactics 24
Large, or complex, disputes 24
Resisting enforcement of an adjudicator’s decision 25
Jurisdiction 25
Natural justice 27
Methods of enforcement 27
Other wrinkles 27
The general policy approach 28
Adjudication costs 30
v
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 3 AUSTRALIA: THE EAST COAST MODEL

(WITH NEW SOUTH WALES AS THE PRINCIPAL
LEGISLATION) 34
An overview of statutory adjudication in Australia 35
Features of the East Coast model 36
Features of the West Coast model 39
Harmonisation and national legislation 40
The approach adopted in the Australian chapters 41
New South Wales (the principal legislation) 42
Introduction 42
Legislation overhaul over the years 42
The object of the SOP Act 45
The ambit of the legislation 46
Statutory mechanism for payment claims 47
Statutory adjudication process 48
ANA’s Code of Conduct 50
Adjudicator’s powers and functions 52
Adjudicator’s determination 53
Issue estoppel and abuse of process 54
Adjudicator’s fees and immunity 55
Contracting out of the SOP Act 56
Effect upon civil proceedings 56
Judicial intervention 57
The rôle and position of adjudicators 58
Adjudicating complex payment disputes 58
The ambit of judicial review 60
The position before 2010 60
The position in 2010 63
The position after 2010 (post Chase) 64
The position in 2015 66
Injunctions 67
Remittal of invalid adjudication determinations 69
Severing invalid part of adjudication determinations 69
Effectiveness of the SOP Act 70
The future of the SOP Act 70
CHAPTER 4 AUSTRALIA: THE EAST COAST MODEL (VICTORIA,

TASMANIA, THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY
AND SOUTH AUSTRALIA) 72
Introduction 73
A. Victoria (Vic) 73
Reference dates 74
Excluded amounts 75
Claimable variations 76
New reasons 76
Adjudication review 77
vi
CONTENTS
Other key differences 79

Regulation of ANAs and adjudicators 80
Legal principles 82
Remittal of invalid determinations 83
Severance of invalid parts of determinations 84
Effectiveness of the Vic Act 84
B. Tasmania (Tas) 85
Key differences 85
Regulation of adjudicators and ANAs 86
Legal principles 88
Reform is underway 88
C. The Australian Capital Territory (ACT) 90
Key differences 91
Express right to appeal 93
Referring questions of law 94
Legal principles 94
Effectiveness of the ACT Act 95
D. South Australia (SA) 95
Key differences 95
Legal principles 98
Effectiveness of the SA Act 98
The future of the SA Act 98
CHAPTER 5 AUSTRALIA: THE EAST COAST MODEL

(QUEENSLAND) 100
Introduction 100
2014 reform 101
The object of the BCIPA 102
Business days 103
Application of the BCIPA 103
Dual adjudication scheme 104
Appointment and regulation of adjudicators 106
Administration of adjudicators’ registration 108
Adjudicators’ fees 110
Immunity of adjudicators 110
Adjudicator’s jurisdiction 111
Ambit of judicial review 112
Legal principles 114
Natural justice 114
Good faith 115
vii
CONTENTS
Remittal of invalid adjudication decisions 115

Severing invalid parts of the adjudication decision 116
Injunctions 116
Effectiveness of the BCIPA 116
The future of the BCIPA 117
CHAPTER 6 AUSTRALIA: THE WEST COAST MODEL 118

Introduction 118
A. Western Australia (WA) 120
The purpose of the WA Act 120
Application of the WA Act 121
Statutory mechanism 121
Adjudication process 121
Adjudicator’s powers 122
Adjudicator’s duty to dismiss 122
Adjudicator’s determination 122
Regulation of adjudicators and prescribed appointers 123
Immunity of adjudicators and appointers 124
Limited rights of review 125
Ambit of judicial review 127
Procedural fairness 128
Effectiveness of the WA Act 128
The future of the WA Act 129
B. The Northern Territory (NT) 129
Key differences 130
Limited right of review 131
Effectiveness of the NT CC Act 134
CHAPTER 7 CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF ARBITRATORS’

DISPUTE BOARD RULES 136
Introduction 136
Dispute boards in context 137
Types of dispute boards 138
Dispute resolution boards (DRBs) 138
Dispute adjudication boards (DABs) 138
Combined dispute boards (CDBs) 138
The major forms of DB rules compared and contrasted 138
Fédération Internationale Des Ingénieurs-Conseils (FIDIC) (The International
Federation of Consulting Engineers) 139
The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) 139
The Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) 140
The American Arbitration Association (AAA) 140
The Chartered Institute of Arbitrators’ Dispute Board Rules 141
viii
CONTENTS
Practical considerations 142

Cost considerations for dispute boards 143
Selecting DB members 143
Conclusion 143
CHAPTER 8 FÉDÉRATION INTERNATIONAL DES INGÉNIEURS-

CONSEILS (FIDIC) DISPUTE BOARD RULES 145
Introduction 145
FIDIC adjudication provisions 147
Claims 147
Appointment of the DAB 147
Dispute avoidance 148
Referral of the dispute 149
Procedure and conduct of the adjudication 150
Procedures after the decision has been issued 151
Rules 152
Enforcement 155
Amendments to the FIDIC adjudication procedure 157
FIDIC and statutory adjudication 158
Is it possible to arbitrate without a DAB being in place? 158
Costs 160
Failure properly to constitute a DAB under FIDIC 160
CHAPTER 9 GERMANY 169

Introduction 170
Adjudication: Recent developments in Germany 170
DIS Rules on Adjudication and Expert Determination 171
DIS Rules on Adjudication 171
DAB as a standing board during the project 172
Basic elements of the DAB disputes procedure under the DIS Rules 172
Effect of the DAB decision 173
Declaration of non-recognition 173
Enforcement of a DAB decision 173
Preliminary rulings 174
DIS Rules on Expert Determination 174
SL Bau by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Baurecht and DBV 175
Acceptance of the rules 177
Initiatives for the implementation of statutory dispute resolution mechanisms
for the construction industry 178
Recommendations made by the Working Group Construction Contract Law
(June 2013) 178
Proposed relationship between construction order and contractual adjudication 179
Current status of proposals 180
Recommendations by the Deutscher Baugerichtstag 180
Recommendations for the implementation of statutory adjudication by the second
and third Deutsche Baugerichtstag in 2008 and 2010 180
ix
CONTENTS
The fourth Deutsche Baugerichtstag welcomes the Working Group’s proposal

on the introduction of a Construction Order 180
Legal opinion by Professor Papier on the constitutional admissibility of
statutory adjudication 181
Fifth Deutsche Baugerichtstag 2014 fully embraces the concept of the
construction order and makes a recommendation for the introduction of
statutory adjudication proceedings 183
2015 Report by the Reformkommission Bau von Großprojekten 183
Commentary 184
Contracting with public authorities: Dispute resolution under the VOB/B 185
CHAPTER 10 HONG KONG 187

Introduction 187
Scope 188
Requirements concerning payment clauses 189
Statutory payment claim procedure 190
Implied payment provisions 191
Statutory adjudication 192
Enforcement 195
Review of adjudication decisions 196
Taking account of payments made under an adjudication 196
Right to suspend 196
Use of statutory adjudication 197
CHAPTER 11 INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

DISPUTE BOARD RULES 198
Dispute resolution “road map” 198
Fédération Internationale des Ingénieurs-Conseils (FIDIC) 199
Key dates 199
International Chamber of Commerce, International Court of Arbitration 200
ICC Dispute Board Rules (DB Rules) 200
Model documents 200
Appointment of DB 200
How DBs operate 201
Powers of the DB 201
Obligation to co-operate 201
Services provided 201
Procedural timeline in formal referrals, or disputes 201
Types 201
Dispute review boards (DRBs) 201
Dispute adjudication boards (DABs) 202
Combined dispute boards (CDB) 202
Recommendations 202
Background to the revision of the ICC DB Rules 202
Revised standard ICC DB provisions 203
ICC DAB, followed by ICC arbitration if required 203
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CONTENTS
Major changes to the ICC DB Rules 203

The Persero decision 204
Conclusions 204
CHAPTER 12 IRELAND 205

The Irish legal system 205
The Constitution of Ireland 206
Dispute resolution in Ireland 206
Conciliation in Ireland 206
Adjudication in Ireland 207
Construction Contracts Act 2013: Some problems anticipated in practice 208
Opportunities to frustrate payment 208
Employer can raise any defence 209
Suspension of work 210
Adjudication in the United Kingdom involves rough justice 210
Implications of the Constitution of Ireland 211
Jurisdiction of the adjudicator 214
Powers of the adjudicator 215
Adjudicator resigning 216
Adjudicator withholding their decision pending payment of their fees 216
Enforcement of the adjudicator’s decision 217
CHAPTER 13 MALAYSIA 219

Construction Industry Payment and Adjudication Act 2012 (the CIPAA) 219
Construction adjudication process 221
Commencement of statutory adjudication 225
The conduct of construction adjudication 228
The rôle of the adjudicator 229
Powers of the adjudicator and conduct of the adjudication proceedings 231
The adjudication determination process 233
The adjudication decision 237
Enforcement of adjudication decisions 238
The rôle of the courts in construction adjudication under the CIPAA 239
The courts’ rôle to decide disputes under construction contracts concurrently
with adjudication 240
The courts’ rôle in enforcing adjudication decisions 242
The courts’ rôle in considering applications for the stay of adjudication decisions,
pending “final determination by arbitration, or the court” 242
The court’s rôle in considering applications to set aside adjudication
decisions 244
Conclusion 246
CHAPTER 14 MAURITIUS 247

Introduction 247
Disputes 247
xi
CONTENTS
Dispute avoidance 248

Mauritian statutory adjudication in the construction industry 248
CHAPTER 15 NEW ZEALAND 250

Introduction 250
The “leaky building” epidemic: New Zealand Weathertight Homes Resolution
Services Acts 2002 and 2006 251
Adjudication under the Construction Contracts Act 2002 251
Statutory revisions 254
Adjudication under the Weathertight Homes Resolution Services Act 2006 256
CHAPTER 16 NORTHERN IRELAND 259

Introduction 259
Enforcement 262
Writ of summons 262
Application for summary judgment 263
Hearing 264
Costs 264
Taxation 265
Enforcement 265
Declaratory relief 266
Court decisions 267
No construction contract 267
No dispute 268
Setting off against adjudicators’ decisions 268
Financial difficulty of paying party 269
Insufficient time in which to respond 270
Abuse of process 270
CHAPTER 17 SCOTLAND 272

Introduction 272
A brief history 273
Statutory adjudication 274
“Smash and grab” adjudications 274
Immunity for adjudicators 275
Enforcement of adjudication decisions in the Scottish courts 275
Lack of jurisdiction (ultra vires) 276
Confusing decisions 276
Legal advice 276
Adjudicator’s knowledge 276
Abuse of process 277
Importing the Scheme 277
The statutory Scheme for Scotland (as well as for England and Wales) 277
Some interesting statistics 278
Conclusions 279
xii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 18 SINGAPORE 280

Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 2004 280
Commencement of statutory adjudication and adjudication procedures 298
The rôle of the adjudicator 299
The duties of the adjudicator 301
The powers of the adjudicator and the conduct of the adjudication proceedings 304
The adjudication determination process 306
The adjudication determination 308
Adjudication review process and determination 309
Enforcement of adjudicated amount 314
The rôle of the courts in construction adjudication under the SOPA 317
Recourse to the courts to “submit a dispute relating to, or arising from,
the contract” before an adjudication determination 318
The parties’ right to challenge the adjudication determination at the final
determination before the court, or in arbitration 319
The claimant’s entitlement to apply to the court to enforce an adjudication
determination as a judgment of the court 321
The court’s rôle in setting aside an adjudication determination 322
Conclusion 325
CHAPTER 19 SOUTH AFRICA 326

Introduction 326
Contractual provisions prescribing adjudication 327
The Principal Building Agreement 330
Enforcement of adjudicators’ decisions 332
The institutional and legislative framework for adjudication 337
Towards statutory adjudication: The Prompt Payment and Adjudication
Regulation 342
Conclusion 350
CHAPTER 20 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 352

Introduction 352
The American Institute of Architects (AIA) 354
A201–2007: Provisions, weaknesses and possible improvement 355
The Initial decision maker (IDM) 355
The procedure relating to claims 356
The scope of the IDM’s jurisdiction 357
The initial decision 358
Enforcement 360
Additional remarks 361
Mediation 361
Arbitration 362
Consolidation 363
The involvement of the American Arbitration Association (AAA) 364
Selection 364
xiii
CONTENTS
Impartiality and disclosure 364

Exclusion of liability 365
Costs 365
Lessons from practice 365
APPENDIX A THE UK HOUSING GRANTS, CONSTRUCTION

AND REGENERATION ACT 1996 (AS AMENDED)
AND ITS AUSTRALIAN EQUIVALENTS 369
APPENDIX B THE UK HOUSING GRANTS, CONSTRUCTION

AND REGENERATION ACT 1996 (AS AMENDED) AND
ITS OTHER INTERNATIONAL EQUIVALENTS 371
APPENDIX C THE SCHEME FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS

(ENGLAND AND WALES) REGULATIONS 1998 (AS
AMENDED) AND ITS AUSTRALIAN EQUIVALENTS 373
APPENDIX D THE SCHEME FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS

(ENGLAND AND WALES) REGULATIONS 1998
(AS AMENDED) AND ITS OTHER INTERNATIONAL
EQUIVALENTS 375
Index 381
xiv
F O R E WORD
Adjudication has been growing in popularity over the last 30 years as an initial form
of dispute resolution, particularly in construction and engineering projects. Usually,
adjudication involves the temporary resolution of disputes by one, or more, adjudica-
tors, such that it is binding upon the relevant contract parties, until it is finally resolved
by the parties’ chosen method of final dispute resolution, mostly arbitration, or litigation.
There are basically two types of adjudication: namely the statutorily-imposed and the
contractually-agreed versions. These two types raise, in general, the same types of
issues of enforceability and the courts of the relevant country will seek to determine
the extent to which adjudicators’ decisions are to be enforced. There is legislation in
force in about a dozen countries, or states, with draft legislation, or statutes, not yet in
force in others in relation to adjudication for construction contract disputes. Many
international contracts provide for adjudication, in particular those incorporating the
FIDIC Conditions of Contract.1 Other international institutions, such as the Beijing
Arbitration Commission2 and the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators,3 provide for optional
adjudication.
A relatively common policy thread throughout the world is the facilitation of timely
payment between contracting parties within the construction and building industries by
improving cash flow down the contractual chain.
Although there are many similarities between the different systems of adjudication and
the approaches adopted by the domestic courts on issues of enforceability, there are some
significant differences. One prime example is the restriction in certain jurisdictions of
adjudication to payment disputes and the differences as to what this encompasses. There
is in at least one jurisdiction a proposal that adjudication should only apply to disputes
above a certain financial limit.
Whilst legislatures will have regard to their own national interests (often including the
importance to their economies of the construction and engineering industries and the need
to provide cash flow and at least temporarily binding certainty upon disputes), this book
1 See chapter 11 below and [Appendix 1.1].

2 The Beijing Arbitration Commission (BAC) is currently consulting with a sub-committee with regard to the
revision of its Construction Dispute Board Rules (effective as from 1 March 2005), that sub-committee being co-
chaired by the present author. It is anticipated that the existing Rules [Appendix 1.1] will be revised and updated
during the course of 2017.
3 See [Appendix 10].
xv
FOREWORD
provides the first compendious comparative analysis of the approaches of every country
in the world that has legislated, or is seriously considering legislation, for adjudication.
The differences between the jurisdictions are extremely interesting. By way of example,
in some countries (such as Ireland), there could well be a constitutional challenge to
adjudication as not complying with the fair trial requirement in the European Convention
on Human Rights. That is not a problem in the United Kingdom, or, apparently, in other
jurisdictions that have a written constitution. There is, however, considerable criticism
of adjudication in various jurisdictions, in particular with regard to a statistical bias in
favour of claimants in adjudication and the difficulty of achieving fairness in an adju-
dication, which (from start to finish) can run to 28 days, albeit relating to disputes that
would take a court, or arbitrator, 10 to 20 times longer to resolve. The different courts’
approach may be more, or less, supportive of adjudication, with challenges in the United
Kingdom succeeding relatively infrequently and on the East Coast of Australia in some
80% of adjudication cases.
It is clear that professionals and people in the construction and engineering industries
can learn from what is practised in other jurisdictions. Indeed, legislatures (and the judi-
ciary) can and should learn from adjudication models other than their own.
This should be considered as an immensely useful book for all those involved in
the adjudication business, from construction clients (whether employers, contractors, or
sub-contractors) and construction industry professionals (whether architects, surveyors,
engineers, or project managers), to academics, legislators and lawyers who practise in
the field. It should give them ideas as to how to seek to support, or challenge, adjudica-
tions, as well as providing fertile grounds for seeking to change legislation, in order to
incorporate the better aspects of adjudication in other countries. This book provides the
first serious analysis of adjudication worldwide and should be most welcome to all those
involved, or seeking to become involved, in adjudication, or in promoting it elsewhere.
Sir Robert Akenhead (formerly QC and High Court Judge

in charge of the Technology and Construction Court, London, and
now arbitrator, adjudicator and mediator, Atkin Chambers, London)
xvi
P R E FA CE
My perception of the “gap in the (legal publishing) marketplace”, which fuelled my

enthusiasm for this project, was originally brought home to me when I was proofreading
the twelfth edition of Hudson’s Building and Engineering Contracts (Hudson),1 for my
good friends and long-standing colleagues at my then chambers, Nicholas Dennys QC,
Mark Raeside QC (as he then was, prior to his elevation to the TCC judiciary in Leeds)
and Robert Clay. That perception was markedly reinforced when I performed a similar
rôle for the First and Second Supplements2 to that highly-esteemed publication and when
I was later writing the fifth edition of Delay and Disruption in Construction Contracts,3
during my extended editorial sabbatical from Atkin Chambers.
What struck me most was not what had been included,4 but by how much had (no
doubt because of page constraints) been necessarily missed out. In addition to adjudication
in the United Kingdom, the Hudson main work addresses (in a mere 22 pages) statutory
adjudication in certain Commonwealth jurisdictions, with the Second Supplement increas-
ing that page count by 10 pages.
To a certain extent, this lacuna has subsequently been filled by James Pickavance’s
excellent A Practical Guide to Construction Adjudication,5 in which specialist editors
contribute separate chapters on Scotland (Tony Jones), Northern Ireland (Michael Hum-
phreys QC), Australia (Peter Wood and Phillip Greenham), Ireland (Dermot McEvoy),
Malaysia (Philip Koh), New Zealand (Tómas Kennedy-Grant QC) and Singapore (Steven
Cannon). Appendix 7 thereto contains a helpful comparison of United Kingdom and
international statutory régimes.
In appendices A to D inclusive to this publication, the indefatigable Anne Eckenroth (who
has moved on to pursue a career as an English solicitor) and I have set out to compare
both the United Kingdom statute (the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration
Act 1996 (the HGCRA), as amended by the Local Democracy, Economic Development
and Construction Act 2009 (the LDEDCA)) and the Schemes published thereunder with,
first, their Australian, and secondly, their international equivalents.
1 Sweet and Maxwell/Thomson Reuters (2010): see the Acknowledgments page.

2 Sweet and Maxwell/Thomson Reuters (2012): again, see the Acknowledgments page.
3 Informa law from Routledge (2016).
4 See the main work of Hudson, at paras 11–014 to 11–020 inclusive and 11–053 to 11066 inclusive and the
corresponding paragraphs in the Second Supplement thereto.
5 Wiley Blackwall (2016).
xvii
PREFACE
This book could not have been completed without my expert team of specialist contribut-
ing editors. Anne Eckenroth and Ruta Kersyte (now returned to work in her native Vilnius,
in Lithuania) performed immaculate project management in London and the Foreword
was kindly contributed by Sir Robert Akenhead, who has now returned to international
arbitral practice in my former chambers in Gray’s Inn. First-rate word-processing services
were provided by Nancy Menyere and Sara Meli.
Two friends and colleagues from my new chambers, ArbDB Chambers, on Fleet Street,
London, namely Michael Cover and Murray Armes (now practising solely from Sense
Studio, London), prepared the first drafts of the chapters on the Chartered Institute of
Arbitrators’ and the FIDIC Dispute Board Rules, whilst my long-standing friends and
colleagues, Ragnar Harbst (of Baker & McKenzie, Frankfurt) and John Lyden (of Cork,
Ireland), covered Germany and Ireland respectively. Tony Canham (of ArbDB Chambers,
London) provided a helpful note regarding Mauritius, which will be developed in the first
Supplement, which will also deal with Kenya, whose proposed legislation was learned
about as this book went to press.
My now friends and colleagues, Samer Skaik (of Deakin University, Australia), Philip
Davenport (of New South Wales, Australia), Vincent Liu (of Holman Fenwick Willan,
Hong Kong), S Magintharan (of Essex LLC, Singapore), Rebecca Saunders (of Lane
Neave, Christchurch, New Zealand), David Carrick and Tim Pettigrew-Smith (both of
Hill International, Edinburgh, Scotland) and Vaughan Hattingh (of MDA Consulting (Pty)
Limited, South Africa) each provided erudite contributions (or peer reviews thereof) on
their local jurisdictions, and managed (without exception) to comply with the extremely
strict deadlines set for them by Anne and Ruta.
Ruta assisted greatly with the first drafts of the chapters on the ICC’s revised Dispute
Board Rules and Northern Ireland and Anne researched the position in the United States
of America with her customary care and enormous attention to detail.
Whilst the end result could not have been achieved without each of the above individu-
als (and the personal support and encouragement of my partner, Kesarin Jaitham), any
and all remaining editorial infelicities are mine alone.
Andrew Burr
31 August 2016
xviii
A C K N O W L E D G ME NT S
Enormous thanks are due to all the members of the expert team of specialist contributing
editors for their magnificent efforts.
In addition, the publishers wish to express their grateful thanks to the following bod-
ies and organisations for their permission to include excerpts from their publications in
this book:
1. Joint Contracts Tribunal (various excerpts in chapter 1);
2. NEC (for the excerpt in chapter 1);
3. Chartered Instituted of Arbitrators (the Dispute Board Rules);
4. FIDIC (Dispute Board Rules);
5. DIS (Rules on Adjudication);
6. ICC (Dispute Board Rules);
7. JBCC (Principal Building Agreement 2000);
8. AIA A201-2007 (General Conditions of the Contract for Construction and
Standard Form of Agreement between Owner and Contractor).
xix
B IOGR A P H I E S O F T H E E XP E RT T E AM OF
SPECI A L I S T C O N T R I BUT I NG E DI TORS
Chapter Contributor Biography
Foreword Sir Robert Sir Robert Akenhead was, until 1 December 2015, one
Akenhead of Her Majesty’s High Court Judges, sitting primarily
in the Technology and Construction Court of England
and Wales (the TCC), was called to the Bar in 1972 and
practised from Atkin Chambers from 1973 until 2007,
almost exclusively in construction and engineering.
His work as a barrister took him all over the world, to
places such as Hong Kong, Singapore, many parts of
Europe, Fiji, Australia, South Africa, Indonesia and the
West Indies. He was made QC in 1989. In 2007, he
was made a High Court Judge, sitting in the Queen’s
Bench Division and, in particular, in the TCC. From
September 2010, for three years, he was the judge-
in-charge of the TCC. He is the co-author of several
books, Site Investigation and the Law and Technology
and Construction Court Practice and Procedure, as
well as being, since 1999, a joint editor of the Building
Law Reports. He practises now as arbitrator, mediator
and adjudicator, at Atkin Chambers, Gray’s Inn.
Chs 1 Introduction Andrew Burr Andrew Burr is an adjudicator, arbitrator and barrister,
and 2 and the United having been a member of Atkin Chambers since 1983;
Kingdom he now practises from ArbDB Chambers, on Fleet
Street and as Legal Counsel at Silver Shemmings LLP.
He specialises primarily in construction and technology
matters and is also an affiliated foreign lawyer with
PR1MUS (Vilnius, Lithuania). Andrew is a past chair
of the European Branch of the Chartered Institute of
Arbitrators and has worked throughout Europe and
internationally on a wide range of construction and
infrastructure matters. He is general and articles editor
of Construction Law Journal and recently sat on
the advisory committee for the revision of the ICC’s
Dispute Board Rules. Andrew is a listed arbitrator at the
Beijing Arbitration Commission (whose Construction
Dispute Board Rules he is helping to revise) and the
Vilnius Court of International Arbitration and is a
member of the Independent Standards Board of the
International Mediation Institute.
(Continued )
xxi
(Continued)
Ch. 3 Australia: the Samer Skaik Samer Skaik, BEng, MSc, CPM, PMP, MIEAust,
East Coast ACIArb, is an accredited adjudicator (NSW), a
model with project management and claims consultant and
New South a lecturer in construction management. Samer
Wales as the is the Founder and Director of Construction
principal Management Guide (cmguide.org), which has
legislation been providing claim and project management
Ch. 4 Australia: the consultancy services internationally since 2008.
East Coast Samer has extensive experience in managing large
model: Victoria, construction projects, alongside lecturing, advising
Tasmania, The and writing on construction management and law.
Australian In 2017, he completed his PhD thesis on “Statutory
Capital Adjudication” with a “Scholarship Grant” from
Territory and Deakin University. Skaik has published various peer-
South Australia reviewed research articles, with a particular focus on
statutory adjudication worldwide. In 2016, Samer
Ch. 5 Australia: received a High Commendation in the Australian
The East Brooking Prize in Construction Law for his paper
Coast model: “Taking Statutory Adjudication to the Next Level:
Queensland Legislative Review Mechanisms of Erroneous
Ch. 6 Australia: The Determinations”. He usually appears as a regular
West Coast speaker and panellist in international conferences
model and seminars and as a peer reviewer for academic
conferences, such as RICS Cobra and AUBEA.
Samer’s work was very kindly peer-reviewed by
Philip Davenport, a solicitor and previous Head of
the Legal Branch of the NSW Department of Public
Works and Services; he assisted in drafting the local
statute and its amending legislation.
Ch.7 CIArb DB Michael Cover Michael Cover is an arbitrator, mediator and
Rules adjudicator. He is on the panel of many United
Kingdom and international administering institutions
and is a Member of ArbDB, the Arbitration,
Mediation and Dispute Board Chambers (www.
arbdb.com).
Ch. 8 FIDIC DB Murray Armes Murray Armes is a chartered arbitrator, mediator
Rules and adjudicator and is on the FIDIC President’s
List of International Adjudicators. He trained
as an architect, but now devotes all his time to
the avoidance and resolution of international
construction disputes. He has a long-standing
interest in dispute avoidance and is currently
on the panel of dispute adjudicators for the F4E
ITER prototype nuclear fusion project, one of the
largest energy projects in the world. As arbitrator
and adjudicator, he has given decisions in a wide
variety of construction and engineering disputes and
regularly gives seminars and runs workshops across
the world on dispute resolution under FIDIC and
other international contracts and dispute procedures.
Ch. 9 Germany Ragnar Harbst Ragnar Harbst is a partner with Baker &
McKenzie in Frankfurt, Germany. He is qualified
as Rechtsanwält (Germany) and Solicitor (England
and Wales). His practice, both as counsel and
arbitrator, is devoted to international infrastructure
disputes.
Ch. 10 Hong Kong Vincent Liu Vincent Liu is a construction lawyer, admitted
as a solicitor in Hong Kong, Western Australia,
New South Wales and the Australian Capital
Territory. His principal areas of practice have
included construction and engineering (front and
back end). He has advised and acted for clients
in construction disputes, involving mediation,
arbitration, litigation and adjudication, under the
security for payment legislation, and has acted in
more than 40 statutory adjudications, involving
some of the largest infrastructure and mining and
resources projects in Australia (including the Perth
to Mandurah Railway, North West Shelf Expansion
Project, Gorgon Project and the Sino Iron Ore
Project in Cape Preston). Vincent holds a Certificate
in Adjudication from the Institute of Arbitrators and
Mediators Australia, is a Fellow of the Chartered
Institute of Arbitrators and was also a New South
Wales Law Society Accredited Construction
Litigation Specialist.
Ch.11 ICC DB Rules Ruta Kersyte See above.
and Andrew
Burr
Ch. 12 Ireland John Lyden John Lyden is a construction contract consultant,
chartered quantity surveyor, arbitrator,
conciliator and mediator based in Cork, Ireland.
For over 25 years, he has specialised in delay
and disruption claims and dispute resolution.
He has written and lectured extensively on
construction law from an Irish perspective. John
has been appointed by the Minister under section
8 of the Irish Act as a member of the Panel of
Adjudications.
Ch. 13 Malaysia S Magintharan S Magintharan LLB (Hons) Essex, Dip ICArb,
Barrister of the Inner Temple, Advocate of
the Supreme Court of Singapore, has been in
active legal practice over 20 years, specialising
in construction law, international commercial
arbitration and construction adjudication. He is
the Managing Director of Essex LLC, Singapore,
and holds Fellowships at the Chartered Institute of
Arbitrators, Singapore Institute of Arbitrators and
the Malaysian Society of Adjudicators. He is a
practising Barrister, Arbitrator and Adjudicator.
(Continued )
(Continued)
Ch. 14 Mauritius Tony Canham Tony Canham has been a practising arbitrator since
1977. He has a wealth of expertise in the field, having
been appointed as arbitrator in more than 250 cases
throughout his career. By profession a Chartered
Engineer, he is a Past President of the Society of
Construction Arbitrators; he is also a Chartered
Arbitrator and a Past President of the Chartered Institute
of Arbitrators (CIArb), a Fellow of the Institution
of Civil Engineers and a Fellow of The Academy of
Experts. He is listed on the panels of arbitrators of
various bodies, including the CIArb, the Hong Kong
International Arbitration Centre, the Kuala Lumpur
Regional Centre for Arbitration, the Dubai International
Arbitration Centre, the JAMS Global Engineering and
Construction Panel of Arbitrators and Mediators and, of
course, the MARC Panel of Arbitrators.
Ch. 15 New Zealand Rebecca Rebecca Saunders LLB, BSc, Barrister and Solicitor
Saunders of the High Court of New Zealand, Solicitor
(England and Wales, non-practising), is a partner at
Lane Neave, in Christchurch, New Zealand. Rebecca
is a construction law specialist, with extensive
experience in construction adjudication, arbitration,
mediation and litigation in New Zealand and the
United Kingdom.
Ch 16 Northern Ruta Kersyte See above.
Ireland and Andrew
Burr
Ch. 17 Scotland David Carrick David Carrick is a senior vice president at Hill
International (UK) Limited’s Edinburgh office.
He has more than 35 years’ experience in claims
analysis and resolution, as an arbitrator, mediator,
conciliator, expert witness and advisor. He is a
Chartered Arbitrator, Chartered Surveyor and
Accredited Adjudicator.
Trevor Trevor Pettigrew-Smith is an arbitrator and
Pettigrew- Chartered Surveyor, FRICS, FCIArb and FCICES.
Smith He is a Director at Hill International, based in
Edinburgh, Scotland, and has over 35 years’
quantity surveying experience in the construction
sector, working at a senior level on building and
civil engineering projects. Mr Pettigrew-Smith is a
quantum expert and adjudicator, skilled in preparing
claims and expert reports and is on the panels of
adjudicators for the RICS, CIArb and CIC. He
has varied project experience, both throughout the
United Kingdom and internationally, in a number of
sectors, including marine, on and off-shore oil and
gas, infrastructure, civil engineering and building.
Ch. 18 Singapore S. Magintharan See above.
Ch. 19 South Africa Vaughan Vaughan Hattingh BA, LLB (Wits), PG Cert
Hattingh Construction Adjudication (Kings College,
London), MSc in Construction Law and Dispute
Resolution (Kings College, London), is a qualified
attorney and director of MDA Consulting (Pty)
Limited. In providing commercial and legal
advisory services to both the South African and
international construction industries for the past 15
years, Vaughan has been involved across all levels
of the implementation of the adjudication process.
Vaughan has, together with Professor M J Martiz
(Head of Department of Construction Economics,
University of Pretoria), developed and facilitated the
Certificate Programme in Construction Adjudication
presented by the Centre for Continuing Education at
the University of Pretoria.
Ch. 20 The United Anne Anne Eckenroth LLM (Hons, Maastricht University)
States of Eckenroth and in European Law is a trainee solicitor based in
America Andrew Burr London.
TA B L E O F A C RONYMS
A201/07 AIA Standard Form of Building Contract, 2007.

A201/97 AIA Standard Form of Building Contract, 1997.
A201SC/07.07 AIA Federal Supplementary Conditions of Contract, 2007
AACE Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineers International.
ACA Association of Consultant Architects.
ACA82 ACA Building Contract 1982 Edition, 1992 Revision.
ACA98 ACA Building Contract, 1998 Edition, 1999 Revision.
ADM Arrow Diagramming Method.
ADR Alternative Dispute Resolution.
AIA American Institute of Architects.
AS2124 Australian Standard Conditions of Contract 4th Edition, 1992 Edition, 2000 Revision.
AS4000 Australian Standard Conditions of Contract 1997 Edition, 2000 Revision.
ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers.
BOO Build, Own and Operate, a form of arrangement for securing private finance for
public projects.
BOOT Build, Own, and Operate and Transfer, a form of arrangement for securing
private finance for public projects.
BOT Build, Operate and Transfer, a form of arrangement for securing private finance
for public projects.
C Contractor (and, where the context requires it, the claimant).
C21/09 New South Wales Government GC21 (Edition1) General Conditions of Contract
July 2003 including revisions to 6 October 2009.
CA Contract Administrator.
CDM Construction, Design and Management Regulations, 2007.
CE06 JCT Constructing Excellence Contract, 2006 Edition, 2009 Revision.
CIOB Chartered Institute of Building.
CM08 JCT Construction Manager Appointment, 2008.
CMS PFE Change Management Supplements, for use with the 1998 Edition of JCT
contracts, 2003, Pickavance Consulting and Fenwick-Elliot.
CPM Critical Path Method.
CPR Civil Procedure Rules.
CTS “Count the Squares”, The Central Unit on Purchasing Guidance No 7, Project
Sponsorship: Planning, HM Treasury).
DAB Dispute Adjudication Board.
DB05 JCT Standard Form of Design and Build Contract, 2005 Edition, 2009 Revision.
DBFO Design, Build, Finance and Operate, a form of arrangement for securing private
finance for public projects.
xxvii
TABLE OF ACRONYMS
DCMF Design, Construct, Manage and Finance, a form of arrangement for securing
private finance for public projects.
DOM/1 JCT Standard Form of Sub-Contract for Domestic Subcontractors for use with
JCT98.
DRB Dispute Review Board.
ECC2 NEC Engineering and Construction Contract, 2nd Edition 1995, 1998 Revision.
ECC3 NEC Engineering and Construction Contract, 3rd edition, 2005.
Eng Engineer.
EVA Earned Value Analysis.
EVM Earned Value Management.
FIDIC Fédération Internationale des Ingénieurs-Cornseils.
FIDIC/ FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Building and Engineering Works Designed by
Build98 the Employer, Test Edition 1998 (the “Red Book”).
FIDIC/ FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Building and Engineering Works Designed by
Build99 the Employer, 1st Edition 1999 (the “Red Book”).
FIDICI/DB95 FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Design-Build and Turnkey, First Edition, 1995
(the “Orange Book”).
FIDIC/DB99 FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Design-Build and Turnkey, First Edition, 1999
(the “Silver Book”).
FIDIC/ FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Electrical and Mechanical Works, 3rd Edition,
M&E87 1987, 1988 Revision (the “Yellow Book”).
FIDIC/ FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design-Build for electrical and
PD+B99 mechanical plant and for building and engineering works (the “Yellow Book”).
FIDIC/SF98 FIDIC Short Form of Contract for projects of relatively small value (the “Green
Book”).
FIDIC4 FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Works of Civil Engineering Construction,
4th Edition 1987, 1992 Revision, (the “Red Book”).
GC/Works/I General Conditions of Contract for Building & Civil Engineering - Lump Sum
with Quantities, 3rd Edition.
GC/Works/ General Conditions of Contract for Building & Civil Engineering - Major Works
I/98 with Quantities, 1998. Property Advisors to the Civil Estate, Central Advice
Unit.
GC/Works/ General Conditions of Contract for Building & Civil Engineering - Design &
IDB Build Version, 1993. Department of Environment.
GC/Works/ Contract for Building & Civil Engineering - Design and Build Version, 1998.
IDB98 Property Advisors to the Civil Estate, Central Advise Unit.
GC/Works/2 General Conditions for Contract for Building & Civil Engineering - Minor
Works, Second Edition, 1980 (revised 1989). Department of the Environment.
GC/Works/ General Conditions of Contract for Building and Civil Engineering - Minor
2/98 Works, 1998. Property Advisors to the Civil Estate, Central Advice Unit.
GMP Guaranteed Maximum Price.
HGCRA Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996.
HK05 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China,
General Conditions of Contract for Building Works, 2005.
HK86 Standard Form of Building Contract with Quantities, 1986, 1999 Revision, RICS
Hong Kong.
HKGC99 Honk Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China,
Genera Conditions of Contract for Civil Engineering Works, 1999.
HMSO Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
xxviii
TABLE OF ACRONYMS
ICE Institute of Civil Engineers.

ICE/DC ICE Design and Construct Conditions of Contract, 6th Edition, 1993, 1998 Revision.
ICE/DC01 IDC Design and Construct Conditions of Contract, Measurement 2nd Edition, 2001.
ICE/MW95 ICE Conditions of Contract - Minor Works, 2nd Edition, 1995, 1998 Revision.
ICE6 ICE Conditions of Contract, 6th Edition, 1991, 1998 Revision.
ICE7 ICE Conditions of Contract, Measurement Version, 7th Edition, 1999.
IChemE Institute of Chemical Engineers lump sum contract, 4th Editiion, 2001 (the “Red
Book”).
ID Identity Data.
IFC05 JCT Intermediate Building Contract, 2005 Edition, 2009 Revision.
IFC98 JCT Intermediate Contract, With Contractor’s Design, 2005 Edition, 2009 Revision.
IGBW/09 Irish Government Public Works Contract for Building Works Designed by the
Employer, 2009.
IGCE/09 Irish Government Public Works Contract for Civil Engineering Works Designed
by the Employer, 2009.
IGCEDB/09 Irish Government Public Works Contract for Civil Engineering Works Designed
by the Contractor, 2009.
IGDB/09 Irish Government Public Works Contract for Building Works Designed by the
Contractor, 2009.
IGMW/09 Irish Government Public Works Contract for Minor Works, 2009.
IRS Information Release Schedule (issued by D), or Information Required Schedule
(issued by C), as the sense requires.
JCT Joint Contracts Tribunal.
JCT05 JCT Standard Form of Building Contract - Private with Quantities, 2005 Edition,
2009 Revision.
JCT63 JCT Standard Form of Contract, Private Edition with Quantities, 1963, 1976
Revision.
Revision.
Revision.
JCTSub/05 JCT Standard form of subcontract, 2005 Edition, 2009 Revision.
LNG Liquefied Natural Gas.
M&E Mechanical and Electrical.
MC Management Contractor.
MC08 JCT Management Building Contract 2008.
MC87 JCT Standard Form of Management Contract, 1987.
MC98 JCT Standard Form of Management Contract, 1998.
MF/1 Institution of Engineering and Technology, Model Form 1, lump sum contract,
4th Edition, 2000.
MP05 JCT Major Projects Construction 2005 Edition, 2009 Revision.
MTC08 JCT Standard Form of Measured Term Contract 2008.
MTC89 JCT Standard of Measured term Contract, 1989 Edition, 1994 Revision.
MWA05 JCT Agreement for Minor Building Works, 2005 Edition, 2009 Revision.
MWA80 JCT Agreement for Minor Building Works, 1980 Edition, 1994 Revision.
MWA98 JCT Agreement for Minor Building Works, 1998.
NEC An ICE form of contract written in the present tense, in which the parties agree
to work in a spirit of mutual trust and good faith.
xxix
TABLE OF ACRONYMS
NEC/SF99 NEC Short Form 1999.

NEDO The National Economic Development Office.
NPO Non-Productive Overtime.
NRM RICS, New Rules of Measurement: Order of Cost Estimating and Elemental
Cost Planning, 2009.
NS Nominated Subcontractor.
NZ03 New Zealand Standard Form of Contract for Building and Civil Engineering
Work, NZS 3910:2003.
OGC Office of Government Commerce.
PCC06 JCT Prime Cost Building Contract, 2006, Revision 2, 2009.
PCC92 JCT Standard Form of Prime Cost Building Contract, 1992 Edition, 1995
Revision.
PCC98 JCT Standard Form of Prime Cost Contract, 1998.
PDM Precedence Diagramming Method.
PERT Programme Evaluation and Review Technique.
PFI Private Finance Initiative.
PM Project Manager.
PMI Project Management Institute.
PMICoS Project Management Institute, College of Scheduling.
PPC2000 ACA Standard Form of Contract for Project Partnering, 2000, 2008 Edition.
PQS Private Quantity Surveyor (the QS employed by D used to distinguish from the
QS employed by C).
QS Quantity Surveyor.
RFI Request For Information.
RIBA Royal Institute of British Architects.
RICS Royal Institution of Charted Surveyors.
RP/FSA AACE, Forensic Schedule Analysis, International Recommended Practice
No 29R-03 (2009).
SC Subcontractor.
SCL Society of Construction Law.
SGC95 Singapore Public Sector Standard Conditions of Contract for Construction
Works, 1995, March 2000 Edition.
SIA80 Singapore Institute of Architects Lump Sum Contract (1980) 1999 Revision.
SMM7 RICS, Standard Method of Measurement 7th Edition 1998.
SPV Special Purpose Vehicle.
TC08 JCT Construction Management Trade Contract 2008 Edition.
TQ Technical Query.
VAT Value Added Tax.
VO Variation Order.
WBS Work Breakdown Structure.
WC Works Contractor.
WC/08 JCT Management Works Contract, 2008.
WC/87 JCT Works Contract Conditions (Works Contract/2) 1987.
WC/98 JCT Standard Form of Building Contract With Contractor’s Design, 1981
Edition, 1995 Revision.
WCD98 JCT Standard Form of Building Contract With Contractor’s Design, 1998.
xxx
TAB L E O F C A S E R E P O RT RE F E RE NCE S
A2d Atlantic Reporter, 2nd Series US

AC Appeal Court Official Law Reports UK
ACTSC Supreme Court Australian Capital Territory Australia
Adj LR Adjudication Law Reports UK
ALJR Australian Law Journal Reports Australia
All ER All England Law Reports UK
All ER (Comm) All England Law Reports (Commercial) UK
All SA All South Africa Law Reports South Africa
ALR Australian Law Reports Australia
BLR Building Law Reports UK
CA Court of Appeal England and Wales UK
CA Court of Appeal New Zealand New Zealand
Ch Chancery Division Official Law Reports UK
Ch D Chancery Division Official Law Reports UK
CILL Construction Industry Law Letter UK
Civ Civil Division UK
CLJ Current Law Journal Malaysia
CLL Construction Law Letter UK
CLR Commonwealth Law Reports Commonwealth
Com LR Commercial Law Reports UK
Con LR Construction Law Reports UK
Const LJ Construction Law Journal UK
CSIH Inner House of the Court Session (the Scottish appellate Scotland
Court)
CSOH Outer House of the Court Session (Scotland) Scotland
EDVA Eastern District of Virginia US
EWCA Court of Appeal of England and Wales UK
EWCA Civ Court of Appeal Civil Division UK
EWCA Crim Court of Appeal Criminal Division UK
EWHC High Court of England and Wales UK
EWHC (Admin) High Court (Administrative Court) UK
xxxi
TABLE OF CASE REPORT REFERENCES
EWHC (Ch) High Court (Chancery Division) UK

EWHC (Comm) High Court (Commercial Division) UK
EWHC (QB) High Court ( Queen’s Bench Division) UK
EWHC (TCC) High Court (Technology & Construction Court) UK
F Supp Federal Supplement US
FCA Federal Court of Australia Australia
Fed Cir US Federal Circuit Court US
Hare Hare’s Chancery Reports UK
HBC Hudson’s Building Contracts UK
HC AK CIV High Court Aukland New Zealand
HC Aukland High Court Aukland New Zealand
HC EN CIV High Court “EN” (New Zealand) New Zealand
HC Tauranga High Court Tauranga New Zealand
HC WN CIV High Court Wellington New Zealand
HCA High Court of Australia Australia
HL House of Lords UK
Idaho Idaho Supreme Court US
IEHC High Court of Ireland Ireland
IIIApp3d Illinois Appeal Court US
IR Irish Reports Ireland
Kan App Kansas Appeal Court US
KB King’s Bench Division Official Law Reports UK
LCCSA London Criminal Courts Solicitors’ Association UK
LGR Local Government Reports UK
Mass App Ct Massachusetts Appeal Court US
Md Maryland US
Miss Mississippi Supreme Court US
NE2d Northeastern Reporter, 2nd Series US
NI Northern Ireland Law Reports Northern
Ireland
NICA Northern Ireland Court of Appeal Northern
Ireland
NIQB High Court of Justice Northern Ireland: Queen’s Bench Northern
Division Ireland
NS Malaysia
NSWCA New South Wales Court of Appeal Australia
NSWLR New South Wales Law Reports Australia
NSWSC New South Wales Supreme Court Australia
NTCA Northern Territory Court of Appeal Australia
NTSC Northern Territory Supreme Court Australia
NY2d New York Reporter, 2nd Series US
NYS.2d New York Supplement, 2nd Series US
xxxii
TABLE OF CASE REPORT REFERENCES
NZAR New Zealand Administrative Reports New Zealand

NZCA New Zealand Court of Appeal New Zealand
NZHC New Zealand High Court New Zealand
NZIR New Zealand Industrial Reports New Zealand
NZLR New Zealand Law Reports New Zealand
P3d Pacific Reporter, 3rd series US
PRNZ Procedure Reports New Zealand New Zealand
QB Queen’s Bench Division Official Law Reports UK
QBD Queen’s Bench Division Official Law Reports UK
QCAT Queensland Civil Administrative Tribunal Australia
Qd R Queensland Law Reports Australia
QSC Queensland Supreme Court Australia
SASC South Australia Supreme Court Australia
SASCFC South Australia Supreme Court Australia
SC Session Cases Scotland
SC Supreme Court US
SCA Supreme Court of Appeal (South Africa) South Africa
SCLR Scottish Civil Law Reports Scotland
SE2d Southeastern Reporter, 2nd Series US
SGCA Singapore Court of Appeal Singapore
SGHC Singapore High Court Singapore
SJ Solicitors’ Journal UK
SLR Singapore Law Reports Singapore
So 2d Southern Reporter, 2nd Series US
TasR Tasmania Law Reports Australia
TASSC Tasmania Supreme Court Australia
TCC Technology and Construction Court UK
TeCSA Technology and Construction Solicitors’ Association UK
UK used for courts covering the whole of the United Kingdom UK
UKHL House of Lords UK
UKPC Privy Council UK
VR Victoria Law Reports Australia
VSC Victoria Supreme Court Australia
WADC Western Australia District court Australia
WAR Western Australia Reports Australia
WASAT Western Australia State Adminstrative Tribunal Australia
WASC Western Australia Supreme Court Australia
WASCA Western Australia Court of Appeal Australia
WLR Weekly Law Reports UK
xxxiii
TA B L E O F C AS E S
Contents
Cases ..............................................................................................................................................xxxv
Australia .....................................................................................................................................xxxv
Australian Capital Territory ...................................................................................................xxxv
New South Wales ................................................................................................................. xxxvi
Northern Territory .............................................................................................................. xxxviii
Queensland......................................................................................................................... xxxviii
South Australia ........................................................................................................................... xl
Tasmania .................................................................................................................................... xl
Victoria ....................................................................................................................................... xl
Western Australia ...................................................................................................................... xli
Tribunal cases, Western Australia ............................................................................................. xli
Ireland ........................................................................................................................................... xli
Malaysia ....................................................................................................................................... xlii
New Zealand ................................................................................................................................ xlii
Northern Ireland .......................................................................................................................... xliii
Scotland....................................................................................................................................... xliii
Singapore .................................................................................................................................... xliv
South Africa ................................................................................................................................ xlvi
Switzerland ................................................................................................................................. xlvi
UK ............................................................................................................................................... xlvi
USA............................................................................................................................................. xlix
Australia
Baker, Re; Ex parte Johnston (1981) 55 ALJR 191 .....................................................................3.93
Craig v South Australia (1995) 184 CLR 163 ..............................................................................4.45
Craig v South Australia [1995] HCA 58 ......................................................................3.9, 3.13, 6.30
Finkelstein J in Protectavale Pty Limited v K2k Pty Limited [2008] FCA 1248 .......................13.6
Hickman v R [1945] HCA 53; (1945) 70 CLR 598.....................................................................3.70
Kirk v Industrial Relations Commission of New South Wales [2010] HCA 1 ................ 3.74, 4.30,
5.34, 6.27
Protectavale Pty Limited v K2K Pty Limited [2008] FCA 1248.................................................18.8
Sugar Australia Pty Limited v Southern Ocean Pty Limited [2010] HCA 1 ..............................4.30
The Queen v Cook; Ex parte Twigg (1980) 147 CLR 15; [1980] HCA 36................................3.93
Australian Capital Territory

Andara Homes Pty Limited v Matish Pty Limited/Andara Homes Pty Limited v
Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory and Matish Pty Limited
[2013] ACTSC 265.................................................................................................................4.73
xxxv
TABLE OF CASES
Denham Constructions Project Company 810 Pty Limited v Risgalla [2014]

ACTSC 169 ............................................................................................................................4.73
Fulton Hogan Construction Pty Limited v Brady Marine and Civil Pty Limited
[2015] ACTSC 384..............................................................................................4.66, 4.70, 4.73
Pines Living Pty Limited v O’Brien and Walton Construction Pty Limited
[2013] ACTSC 156..............................................................................................4.60, 4.65, 4.73
Steel Contracts Pty Limited v Simons t/as Little Lifter, Poiner and Adjudicate
Today Pty Limited [2014] ACTSC 146....................................................................... 4.64, 4.65
Walton Construction Pty Limited v Pines Living Pty Limited [2013] ACTSC 114 ......... 4.69, 4.73
New South Wales

Abacus Funds Management v Davenport [2003] NSWSC 1027 ....................................... 3.69, 3.63
Anderson Street Banksmeadow Pty Limited v Helcon Contracting Australia Pty
Limited 1 [2013] NSWSC 657 .................................................................................... 3.48, 3.88
Anderson Street Banksmeadow Pty Limited v Helcon Contracting Australia Pty
Limited [2013] NSWSC 491 .................................................................................................3.48
Australian Remediation Services Pty Limited v Earth Tech Engineering Pty Limited
[2005] NSWSC 362 ............................................................................................3.82, 3.84, 3.85
Austruc Construction Limited v ACA Developments Pty Limited [2004] NSWSC 131 ...........3.71
Bauen Constructions v Westwood Interiors [2010] NSWSC 1359 ..............................................3.77
Britannia Pty Limited v Parkline Constructions Pty Limited [2006] NSWCA 238 .......... 3.38, 3.71
Broad Construction Services (NSW) Pty Limited v Michael Vadasz [2008] NSWSC 1057......... 3.79
Broadview Windows Pty Limited v Architectural Project Specialists [2015] NSWSC 955 ........3.35
Brodyn Pty Limited t/a Time Cost and Quality v Davenport (2004) 61 NSWLR 421........3.71, 4.30,
4.47, 6.54
Brodyn Pty Limited t/a Time Cost and Quality v Davenport [2004] NSWCA 394 ........ 3.62, 3.64,
3.70, 5.33, 10.19, 18.7, 18.8,
18.18, 18.19, 18.58
Brodyn Pty Limited v Davenport [2003] NSWSC 1019 ..............................................................3.69
Brookhollow Pty Limited v R and R Consultants Pty Limited [2006] NSWSC 1 ........... 3.37, 4.46
Bucklands Convalescent Hospital v Taylor Projects Group [2007] NSWSC 1514.....................3.85
Cardinal Project Services Pty Limited v Hanave Pty Limited [2011] NSWCA 399 ........ 3.86, 3.87
Ceerose Pty Limited v Building Products Australia Pty Limited [2015] NSWSC 1886 ............3.60
Chase Oyster Bar Pty Limited v Hamo Industries Pty Limited (2010) 78 NSWLR 393 ........ 4.45, 4.30
Chase Oyster Bar Pty Limited v Hamo Industries Pty Limited [2010] NSWCA 190;
(2010) 78 NSWLR 393 ..........................................................................................................4.83
Chase Oyster Bar v Hamo Industries [2010] NSWCA 190 .........3.31, 3.58, 3.64, 3.67, 3.70, 3.75,
5.15, 10.19, 13.6, 13.8, 13.13, 13.21,
13.27, 18.7, 18.8, 18.10, 18.26, 18.29
Clarence Street Pty Limited v Isis Projects Pty Limited (2005) 64 NSWLR 448 ......................3.71
Clyde Bergemann v Varley Power [2011] NSWSC 1039 .................................................. 3.50, 3.81
Coordinated Construction Co Pty Limited v J M Hargreaves Pty Limited [2004]
NSWSC 1206 ............................................................................................................... 3.82, 3.82
Coordinated Construction Co Pty Limited v Climatech (Canberra) Pty Limited [2005]
NSWCA 229 ...........................................................................................................................3.71
Coordinated Construction Co Pty Limited v J M Hargreaves (NSW) Pty Limited (2005)
NSWCA 394 ................................................................................................................. 13.6, 18.7
Coordinated Construction Co Pty Limited v J M Hargreaves (NSW) Pty Limited [2005]
NSWCA 228 ...........................................................................................................................18.7
Cranbrook School v JA Bradshaw Civil Contracting [2013] NSWSC 430.................................3.77
xxxvi
TABLE OF CASES
Downer Construction (Australia) Pty Limited v Energy Australia [2007] NSWCA 49 ............3.47,
3.71, 3.71
Dualcorp Pty Limited v Remo Constructions Pty Limited [2009] NSWCA 69 ............... 3.52, 13.5
Emergency Services Superannuation Board v Sundercombe [2004] NSWSC 405 .....................3.87
Energetech Australia v Sides Engineering [2005] NSWSC 1143 ................................................3.85
Grindley Construction Pty Limited v Painting Masters Pty Limited [2012] NSWSC 234 ........3.83
H M Australia Holdings Pty Limited v Edelbrand Pty Limited t/a Domus Homes
[2011] NSWSC 604................................................................................................................3.76
Hill as Trustee for the Ashmore Superannuation Benefit Fund v Halo Architectural
Design Services Pty Limited [2013] NSWSC 865 ...............................................................18.7
Holdmark Developers Pty Limited v GJ Formwork Pty Limited [2004] NSWSC 905 .............3.35
Jantom Construction Pty Limited v S&V Quality Interiors (NSW) Pty Limited [2011]
NSWSC 670 ...........................................................................................................................3.77
Jemzone v Trytan [2002] NSWSC 395 ............................................................................. 3.21, 10.19
John Goss Projects v Leighton Contractors [2006] NSWSC 798 ...................................... 3.52, 3.57
John Holland Pty Limited v Roads and Traffic Authority of New South Wales [2006]
NSWSC 874 ...........................................................................................................................3.58
John Holland Pty Limited v Roads and Traffic Authority of New South Wales [2007]
NSWCA 19 ................................................................................................................... 3.71, 3.88
Kitchen Xchange v Formacon Building Services [2014] NSWSC 1602..................3.27, 18.7, 18.7
Ku-Ring-Gai Council v Ichor Constructions Pty Limited [2014] NSWSC 1534........................3.53
Laing O’Rourke Australia Construction v H&M Engineering and Construction [2010]
NSWSC 818 ...........................................................................................................................3.68
Lanskey Constructions Pty Limited v Noxequin Pty Limited (in liquidation)
[2005] NSWSC 963 ..........................................................................................3.71, 3.88, 18.18
Leighton Contractors Pty Limited v Campbelltown Catholic Club Limited
[2003] NSWSC 1103 ............................................................................ 3.36, 3.36, 13.7, 18.7, 18.8
Leighton v Arogen [2012] NSWSC 1323 .....................................................................................3.39
Lewence Construction Pty Limited v Southern Han Breakfast Point Pty Limited
[2015] NSWCA 288 ...............................................................................................................3.80
Lifestyle Retirement Projects (No 2) Pty Limited v Parisi Homes Pty Limited [2005]
NSWSC 411.................................................................................................................. 3.82, 3.85
Lucas Stuart v Hemmes Hermitage [2009] NSWSC 477 ............................................................3.36
Machkevitch v Andrew Building Construction [2012] NSWSC 546 ..........................................3.34
MPM Construction Pty Limited v Trepcha Construction Pty Limited [2004]
NSWSC 103 ............................................................................................................... 3.55, 18.26
Multiplex Construction Pty Limited v Jan Lukines and Lahey
Detailed Joinery Pty Limited [2003] NSWSC 1140 .....................3.9, 3.49, 3.69, 3.71, 13.7, 18.8
Multiplex Constructions Pty Limited v Luikens [2003] NSWSC 2003 ......................................3.88
Musico v Davenport [2003] NSWSC 977 .....................................3.32, 3.48, 3.63, 3.64, 3.69, 3.75
New South Wales Land and Housing v Clarendon Homes [2012] NSWSC 333 ............. 3.49, 3.81
Olympia Group (NSW) Pty Limited v Hansen Yuncken Pty Limited [2011] NSWSC 165.......... 3.54
Omega House Pty Limited v Khouzame [2014] NSWSC 1837 ..................................................3.80
Owners Strata Plan 61172 v Stratabuild Limited [2011] NSWSC 1000 .....................................3.78
Pacific General Securities Limited v Soliman and Sons Pty Limited [2006] NSWSC 13 .......... 18.16
Parist Holdings Pty Limited v WT Partnership Australia Pty Limited [2003] NSWSC 365........13.7, 18.8
Parkview Construction Pty Limited v Sydney Civil Excavations Pty Limited (2009)
NSWSC 61 ..........................................................................................................3.48, 13.6, 18.7
Patrick Stevedores Operations No 2 Pty Limited v McConnell Dowell
Constructors (Aust) Pty Limited [2014] NSWSC 1413 ............................................. 3.35, 3.80
xxxvii
TABLE OF CASES
Pittwater Council v Keystone Projects Group Pty Limited [2014] NSWSC 1791 .....................3.50
Prime City Investments Pty Limited v Paul Jones and Associates Pty Limited [2013]
NSWSC 2 .................................................................................................................................3.9
Procorp Civil Pty Limited v Napoli Excavations and Contracting Pty Limited [2006]
NSWSC 205 ...........................................................................................................................3.49
Rail Corporation of NSW v Nebax Constructions [2012] NSWSC 6 ............................... 3.77, 18.7
Reiby Street Apartments Pty Limited v Winterton Construction Pty Limited
[2006] NSWSC 375 ..........................................................................................3.71, 4.46, 18.18
Roseville Bridge Marina Pty Limited v Bellingham Marine Australia Pty Limited [2009]
NSWSC 320 ...........................................................................................................................3.57
Shell Refining (Australia) Pty Limited v A J Mayr Engineering Pty Limited [2006]
NSWSC 94 ................................................................................................................... 3.51, 3.67
Southern Han Breakfast Point Pty Limited v Lewence Construction Pty Limited
[2015] NSWSC 502 .............................................................................................................18.7
State Water Corporation v Civil Team Engineering Pty Limited [2013] NSWSC 1879 ............3.67
Steel v Beks [2010] NSWSC 1404 ...............................................................................................3.77
Taylor Projects Group Pty Limited v Brick Department Pty Limited [2005] NSWSC 571 ........4.86
Temwin Construction Pty Limited v Façade Innovations Pty Limited [2005] NSWSC 548......... 3.71
The Minister for Commerce (formerly Public Works and Services) v Contrax Plumbing
(NSW) Pty Limited [2005] NSWCA 142 .............................................................................3.57
Timwin Construction Pty Limited v Façade Innovations Pty Limited (2005) 21 BCL 383;
[2005] NSWSC 548 ...............................................................................................................4.46
Timwin Construction Pty Limited v Façade Innovations Pty Limited [2005] NSWSC 548......... 18.18
Transgrid v Seimens Limited (2004) 61 NSWLR 521 .................................................................3.71
TransGrid v Siemens and anor [2004] NSWSC 87 .......................................................... 13.33, 18.6
Transgrid v Walter Construction Group [2004] NSWSC 21 ........................................................3.69
Trysams Pty Limited v Club Construction (NSW) Pty Limited [2007] NSWSC 941...........3.16, 3.71,
3.72, 18.18
Trysams Pty Limited v Club Constructions (NSW) Pty Limited [2007] NSWSC 1298 ............3.88
Trysams Pty Limited v Club Constructions (NSW) Pty Limited [2008] NSWSC 399 ..............3.57
Walter Construction Group Limited v CPL (Surrey Hills) Pty Limited [2003]
NSWCA 266.............................................................................................................4.32, 13.7, 13.30,
13.42, 18.7, 18.8, 18.40
Northern Territory
A J Lucas Operations Pty Limited v Mac-Attack Equipment Hire Pty Limited [2009]
NTCA 4...................................................................................................................................6.51
Brierty Limited v Gwelo Developments Pty Limited [2014] NTCA 7 .......................................6.58
Department of Construction and Infrastructure v Urban and Rural Contracting
Pty Limited [2012] NTSC 22 .................................................................................... 6.55, 6.56, 6.60
Hall Contracting Pty Limited v Macmahon Contractors Pty Limited [2014] NTSC 20 .......... 3.13, 6.57
Independent Fire Sprinklers (NT) Pty Limited v Sunbuild Pty Limited [2008] NTSC 46 ............ 6.54
K & J Burns Electrical Pty Limited v GRD Group (NT) Pty Limited
[2011] NTCA 1 .................................................................................................... 3.6, 3.13, 6.1, 6.44,
6.45, 6.52, 6.53
Queensland
Abel Point Marina (Whitsundays) P/L v Uher [2006] QSC 295 ...................................................5.7
Abel Point Marina (Whitsundays) Pty Limited v O’Brien [2007] QSC 91 ..................................5.4
Agripower Australia Limited v J and D Rigging Pty Limited [2013] QSC 164 (Wilson J) ......5.10
xxxviii
TABLE OF CASES
Agripower Australia Limited v Queensland Engineering and Electrical Pty Limited

[2015] QSC 268 .....................................................................................................................5.39
Alucity v Australian Solutions Centre ...........................................................................................5.28
Alucity v Hick ................................................................................................................................5.28
Bezzina Developers Pty Limited v Deemah Stone (Qld) Pty Limited [2008] QCA 213........5.7, 5.33
Bloomer Constructions (Qld) Pty Limited v O’Sullivan [2009] QSC 220..................................5.33
BM Alliance Coal Operations Pty Limited v BGC Contracting Pty Limited (no 2)
[2013] QSC 67 .......................................................................................................................3.88
BM Alliance Coal Operations Pty Limited v BGC Contracting Pty Limited [2012] QSC 346 ........ 5.35
BM Alliance Coal Operations Pty Limited v BGC Contracting Pty Limited [2013] QCA 394 ....... 5.38
BRB Modular Pty Limited v AWX Constructions Pty Limited (No 2) [2015] QSC 228 ..........5.42
BRB Modular Pty Limited v AWX Constructions Pty Limited [2015] QSC 218 ......................5.42
BRB Modular Pty Limited v AWX Constructions Pty Limited [2015] QSC 222 ......................5.41
Camporeale Holdings Pty Limited v Mortimer Construction Pty Limited [2015] QSC 211 ...........5.30
Davenport v Adjudication Registrar [2015] QCAT 360 ...............................................................5.25
Doolan v Rubikcon (Qld) Pty Limited [2008] 2 Qd R 117 .........................................................13.5
Durham v Adjudication Registrar [2015] QCAT 302 ...................................................................5.25
F.K. Gardner and Sons Pty Limited v Dimin Pty Limited [2007] 1 Qd. R 10 ...........................4.32
Heavy Plant Leasing Pty Limited v McConnell Dowell Constructors (Aust) Pty Limited
[2013] QCA 386 .....................................................................................................................5.38
In Vis Constructions Limited v Cockburn [2006] QSC 416 ........................................................5.36
Intero Hospitality Projects Pty Limited v Empire Interior (Australia) Pty Limited
[2008] QCA 83 ............................................................................................................... 5.7, 5.33
J Hutchinson Pty Limited v Cada Formwork Pty Limited [2014] QSC 63 ..................................5.7
JJB Builders Pty Limited v Civil Contractors (Aust) Pty Limited,
adjudication application no. 00005417, 27/07/2015 ............................................5.9, 5.27, 5.29
John Holland Pty Limited v Walz Marine Services Pty Limited [2011] QSC 39 ....... 5.12, 5.34, 5.36
Lean Field Developments Pty Limited v E and I Global Solutions (Aust) Pty Limited
[2014] QSC 293 .....................................................................................................................3.80
McConnell Dowell Constructors (Aust) Pty Limited v Heavy Plant Leasing Pty
Limited (Administrators appointed) (Receivers and Managers appointed)
[2013] QSC 223 ....................................................................................................5.2, 5.35, 5.35
McNab Developments (Qld) Pty Limited v MAK Construction Services Pty Limited
[2014] QCA 232 .....................................................................................................................5.37
Minimax Fire Fighting Systems Pty Limited v Bremore Engineering (WA Pty Limited)
[2007] QSC 333 ............................................................................................................. 5.7, 5.15
Northbuild Construction P/L v Central Interior Linings P/L [2011] QCA 22 ...............5.3, 5.6, 5.7,
5.15, 5.34, 5.35
QCLNG Pipeline v McConnell Dowell Constructors [2011] QSC 292 ......................................3.68
Queensland Bulk Water Supply Authority v McDonald Keen Group Pty Limited
(In liquidation) [2010] QCA 7 ..................................................................................... 5.33, 5.37
R J Neller Building P/L v Ainsworth [2008] QCA 397................................................................5.7
RJ Neller Building Pty Limited v Ainsworth [2009] I Qd R 390 .................................................5.1
Steve Taylor Builder Pty Limited v Innovation Design and Construct Pty Limited,
application no. 00005515, 23/07/2015 ......................................................................... 5.9, 5.29
Sunshine Coast Regional Council v Earthpro Pty Limited [2015] QSC 168 ..............................5.40
Thiess Pty Limited v Warren Brothers Earthmoving Pty Limited [2011] QSC 345
(Fryberg J) ..............................................................................................................................5.10
Unifor Australia Pty Limited v Katrd Pty Limited atf Morshan Unit Trust t/a
Beyond Completion Projects [2012] QSC 252 .....................................................................5.34
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TABLE OF CASES
Uniting Church in Australia Property Trust (Qld) v Davenport [2009] QSC 134 ......................5.33
Waratah Coal Pty Limited v Coordinator-General, Department of State Development,
Infrastructure and Planning [2014] QSC 036........................................................................5.34
Wiggins Island Coal Export Terminal Pty Limited v Monadelphous Engineering Pty
Limited [2015] QSC 307 .......................................................................................................5.11
South Australia
Built Environs Pty Limited v Tali Engineering Pty Limited [2013] SASC 84 ................. 4.83, 4.84
Kennett Pty Limited v Janssen SASC 20 July 2013 (unreported) ...............................................4.82
Linke Developments Pty Limited v 21st Century Developments Pty Limited [2014]
SASC 203 ...............................................................................................................................4.87
Romaldi Constructions Pty Limited v Adelaide Interior Linings Pty Limited (No 2)
[2013] SASCFC 124 .................................................................................................... 4.83, 4.86
Tagara Builders P/L v AP and L Services P/L [2015] SASC 30 .................................................4.85
Tasmania
R v Macdessi; ex parte Walton [2014] TASSC 64 .......................................................................4.48
Skilltech Consulting Services Pty Limited v Bold Vision Pty Limited [2013]
TASSC 3 ..................................................................................................................... 4.38, 4.44, 4.45,
4.46, 4.47
Tasman Quest Pty Limited v Evans (2003) 13 Tas R 16 .............................................................4.44
Victoria
470 St Kilda Road Pty Limited v Reed Constructions Australia Pty Limited [2012]
VSC 235 ..........................................................................................................................................4.32
Asian Pacific Building Corporation Pty Limited v Aircon Duct Fabrication Pty Limited
[2010] VSC 300 .....................................................................................................................3.88
Branlin Pty Limited v Totaro [2014] VSC 492 .................................................................. 4.13, 4.14
Commercial and Industrial Construction Group Pty Limited v King Construction
Group Pty Limited [2015] VSC 426 .......................................................................................4.6
Gantley Pty Limited v Phenix International Group Pty Limited [2010] VSC 106 3.88, 4.32, 4.35, 4.47
Gas and Fuel Corporation of Victoria v Wood Hall Limited and Lenard Pipeline
Contractors [1978] VR 385 ..................................................................................................18.18
Grocon Constructors Pty Limited v Planit Cocciardi Joint Venture (No 2) (2009) 26 VR 172 ..........4.31
Grocon Constructors v Planit Cocciardi Joint Venture (No 2) [2009] VSC 426 .......... 3.9, 4.18, 4.20, 4.30
Hallmarc Construction v Saville [2014] VSC 491 ................................................................. 4.6, 4.7
Hickory Developments Pty Limited v Schiavello (Vic) Pty Limited (2009) 26 VR 112 ...........4.31
Hickory Developments Pty Limited v Schiavello (Vic) Pty Limited [2009]
VSC 156 ..................................................................................................................3.9, 3.66, 4.4, 4.5,
4.28, 4.29, 4.32
Jotham Property Holdings Pty Limited v Cooperative Builders Pty Limited and Ors
[2013] VSC 552 .......................................................................................................................4.6
Mackie Pty Limited v Neil Counahan [2013] VSC 694 ................................................................4.6
Maxstra Constructions Pty Limited v Gilbert t/as AJ Gilbert Concrete [2013]
VSC 243 ..................................................................................3.88, 4.21, 4.31, 4.32, 4.33, 4.34
Metacorp Pty Limited v Andeco Construction Group Pty Limited (No 2) [2010] VSC 255 ........ 4.33
Metacorp Pty Limited v Andeco Construction Group Pty Limited [2010] VSC 199..........4.15, 4.32, 4.32
Plenty Road v Construction Engineering (Aust) (No 2) [2015] VSC 680 ..................................4.33
Seabay Properties Pty Limited v Galvin Construction Pty Limited [2011] VSC 183 ....... 4.9, 4.10,
4.21, 4.32
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TABLE OF CASES
SSC Plenty Road v Construction Engineering (Aust) [2015] VSC 631 .............................. 4.6, 4.55
Sugar Australia Pty Limited v Southern Ocean Pty Limited [2013] VSC 535 ........4.20, 4.30, 4.32
Western Australia
Anstee-Brook, Re; Ex Parte Mount Gibson Mining Limited and O’Donnell Griffin Pty
Limited v John Holland Pty Limited (O’Donnell (2))............................................................6.1
Cape Range Electrical Contractors Pty Limited v Austral Construction Pty Limited
[2012] WASC 304 ........................................................................................................ 6.31, 6.34
Carey, Re; Ex parte Exclude Holdings Pty Limited [2006] WASCA 219; (2006) 32 WAR 501...... 3.93
Delmere Holdings Pty Limited v Green [2015] WASC 148 ........................................................6.31
Diploma Construction Pty Limited v Esslemont Nominees Pty Limited [2006] WASAT 350 ........6.28
Field Deployment Solutions Pty v Jones [2015] WASC 136 .......................................................4.22
Graham Anstee-Brook, Re; Ex Parte Mount Gibson Mining Limited [2011]
WASC 172 ...........................................................................................................3.93, 4.22, 6.32
Marine and Civil Bauer Joint Venture v Leighton Kumagai Joint Venture [2005]
WASAT 269 .................................................................................................................. 6.25, 6.26
Michael Ebbot t/a South Coast Scaffolding and Rigging Services v Hire Access Pty
Limited [2012] WADC 66 .....................................................................................................6.33
O’Donnell Griffin Pty Limited v John Holland Pty Limited [2009] WASC 19.......3.13, 6.28, 6.32
Perrinepod Pty Limited v Georgiou Building Pty Limited.............................................................6.1
Perrinepod Pty Limited v Georgiou Group Building Pty Limited [2011]
WASCA 217 ...................................................................................................... 3.13, 6.29, 6.30, 6.32
Red Ink Homes Pty Limited v Court [2014] WASC 52 ..............................................................6.27
Riley v the State of Western Australia [2005] WASCA 190 ........................................................6.23
Silent Vector Pty Limited t/a Sizer Builders v Squarcini [2008] WASAT 39 ..........6.14, 6.23, 6.24
Thiess Pty Limited v MCC Mining (Western Australia) Pty Limited ...........................................6.1
Thiess Pty Limited v MCC Mining (Western Australia) Pty Limited [2011] WASC 80........6.27, 6.32
Witham v Raminea Pty Limited [2012] WADC 1 ........................................................................6.32
Wqube Port of Dampier v Philip Loots of Kahlia Nominees Limited [2014] WASC 331 ........6.31
Zurich Bay Holdings Pty Limited v Brookfield Multiplex Engineering
and Infrastructure Pty Limited [2014] WASC 39 ....................................................... 6.14, 6.35
Tribunal cases, Western Australia

Blackadder Scaffolding Services (Aust) Pty Limited and Mirvac Homes (WA)
Pty Limited [2009] WASAT 133 .........................................................................................10.33
Laing O’Rourke Australia Constructions Pty Limited v Samsung CandT Corporation
[2015] WASC 237 ................................................................................................................10.33
Merym Pty Limited v Methodist Ladies College [2008] WASAT 164 .....................................10.34
Modular Forms Pty Limited and Cecich [2015] WASAT 76 ......................................... 10.33, 10.34
Moroney and Murray River North Pty Limited [2008] WASAT 111 ........................................10.18
Silent Vector Pty Limited and Squarcini [2008] WASAT 39 .....................................................10.33
Ireland
Bula Limited v Tara Mines Limited (No 6) [2000] 4 IR 412....................................................12.34
Carty-Doyle v Financial Services Ombudsman [2014] IEHC 352, High Court,
unreported 15 July 2014.......................................................................................................12.39
Carty-Doyle v Financial Services Ombudsman [2014] IEHC 352, High Court,
unreported 15 July 2014.......................................................................................................12.41
Clancy and Kehoe v Nevin [2008] IEHC 121 ............................................................................12.54
East Donegal Co-Operative v Attorney General [1970] IR 317 ................................................12.34
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TABLE OF CASES
Gallagher v Revenue Commissioners [1995] 1 IR 55. ...............................................................12.38

Kelcar Developments Limited v MF Irish Golf Design Limited [2007] IEHC 468 .................12.54
Lyons v Financial Services Ombudsman [2011] IEHC 454, High Court,
unreported 14 December 2011. ............................................................................................12.37
Malaysia
ACFM Engineering and Construction Sdn Bhd v Esstar Vision Sdn Bhd
[2015] 24C- 13-05/2015 (delivered on 21 July 2015 - unreported) .................. 13.1, 13.20, 13.21,
13.24, 13.27, 13.51, 13.52
Bina Puri Construction Sdn Bhd v Hing Nyit Enterprise Sdn Bhd [2015]
BK-24-6/1-2015 (delivered on 8 June 2015 - hereinafter referred to
as Bina Puri Construction No 2) ........................................ 13.5, 13.6, 13.7, 13.18, 13.19, 13.21,
13.25, 13.31, 13.49, 13.51, 13.52, 18.6
Bina Puri Construction Sdn Bhd v Hing Nyit Enterprise Sdn Bhd [2015] Civil
Case No BKI:24-2/1-2015 (delivered on 23 February 2015)
(Bina Puri Construction No 1) ............................................................ 13.1, 13.29, 13.31, 13.46
Foster Wheeler E and C (Malaysian) Sdn Bhd v Arkema Thiochemicals Sdn Bhd
[2015] 24C-12-05/2015 ............................................................................................ 13.46, 13.47
Mudajaya Corporation Bhd v Leighton Contractors (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd [2015]
24C-5-02/2015 .......................................................................... 13.3, 13.29, 13.31, 13.40, 13.41
Ranhill v Tioxide (Originating Summons No 24C-15-04/2015; Originating
Summons No 24C-11-04/2015) ...........................................................................................13.19
Subang Skypark Sdn Bhd v Arcradius Sdn Bhd [2015] unreported in
OS No 24C(ARB)-17-03/2015............................................................ 13.1, 13.29, 13.31, 13.47
UDA Holdings Bhd v Bisraya Construction Sdn Bhd and Capitol Avenue
Development Sdn Bhd v Bauer (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd [2014] 1 NS 1584
(UDA Holdings Case), [2015] 5 CLJ 527.......................................................13.1, 13.4, 13.29,
13.31, 13.39, 13.40
View Esteem Sdn Bhd v Bin Puri Holdings Sdn Bhd [2015] 24C-19-06/2015 consolidated
with two other matters (delivered on 11 September 2015) (unreported) .................. 13.3, 13.7,
13.8, 13.19, 13.32, 13.47, 13.52
WRP Asia Pacific Sdn Bhd v NS Bluescope Lysaght Malaysia Sdn Bhd
[2015] 24-C-17-05/2015 ................................................................................. 13.7, 13.11, 13.19,
13.21, 13.49, 13.52
New Zealand
Auckland City Council v AG and Garlick HC Auckland CIV 2009-404-1761,
19 November 2009 ...............................................................................................................15.25
Body Corp 169791 v Auckland City Council HC Auckland CIV 2004-404-005225,
19 May 2009 (“Farnham Terraces”) ....................................................................................15.28
Bussell Construction Limited v Manchester Industrial Holdings Limited [2015]
NZHC 858 ............................................................................................................................15.14
Canam Construction (1955) Limited v Lahatte HC AK CIV 2009-404-461 [2009]
NZHC 1476 ..........................................................................................................................15.11
Canam Construction Limited v Ormiston Hospital Investment Limited HC Auckland,
CIV-2010-404-291, 10 August 2010....................................................................................15.14
Cole v Pinnock HC Auckland, 9 Dec 2011 ................................................................................15.28
Concrete Structures (NZ) Limited v Palmer [2006] NZAR 513.................................... 15.14, 15.15
George Developments Limited v Canam Construction Limited
(CA 244/04, 12 April 2005) .....................................................................15.6, 15.7, 15.6, 15.11
xlii
TABLE OF CASES
George Developments Limited v Canam Construction Limited [2006] 1 NZLR 177 ..............18.10
Gill Construction Co Limited v Butler [2010] 2 NZLR 229 (HC) ...........................................15.14
Horizon Investments Limited v Parker Construction Management (NZ) Limited
(HC WN CIV 2007-485-332, 4 April 2007) .......................................................................15.11
Invercargill City Council v Hamlin [1996] 1 NZLR 513 .............................................. 15.24, 15.28
Johnson v Auckland City Council [2013] NZHC 165................................................................15.24
Kariiti Limited v Donovan Drainage and Earthmoving Limited CIV-2010-488-000613.
15 November 2010 ...............................................................................................................15.13
Laywood v Holmes Construction Wellington Limited [2009] 2 NZLR 243 ...............................15.5
Loveridge Limited v Watts and Hughes Construction Limited HC Tauranga
CIV-2011-470-275, 15 August 2011 ......................................................................................15.8
Osborne v Auckland City Council [2012] NZCA 609 ...............................................................15.25
Salem Limited v Top End Homes Limited ...................................................................................15.6
SOL Trustees Limited v Giles Civil Limited [2015] 2 NZLR 482 .............................................15.7
Sol Trustees Limited v Giles Civil Limited HC Auckland, [2014] 1813 ....................................15.8
Sol Trustees Limited v Giles Civil Limited HC Auckland, [2014] NZCA 539 ..........................15.9
Spark It Up Limited v Dimac Contractors Limited (2009) PRNZ 631 .......................................15.9
Spark It Up Limited v Dimac Contractors Limited HC EN CIV-2008-485-1706
[2009] NZHC 704 ................................................................................................................15.11
Tayler v Lahatte HC AK CIV 2007-404-6843 [2008] NZHC 980 ............................................15.11
Willis Trust Co Limited v Green HC AK CIV- 2006-404-809 [2006] NZHC 571 ....................15.1
Yun Corporation Limited v YOT Limited HC Auckland, CIV-2009-440-7656,
26 February 2010 .................................................................................................................15.14
Northern Ireland
Beaufort Developments v Gilbert Ash (1997) NI 142................................................................16.34
Charles Brand v Donegal Quay (2010) NIQB 67 ......................................................................16.39
Coleraine Skip Hire Limited v Ecomesh Limited, [2008] NIQB 141 .......................................16.35
D G Williamson v Northern Ireland Prison Service (2009) NIQB 8 .............................. 16.8, 16.21
Gibson (Banbridge) Limited v Fermanagh District Council [2013] NIQB 16 .............. 16.37, 16.45
Henry Brothers (Magherafelt) v Brunswick (8 Lanyon Place) (2011) NIQB 102 ....................16.39
Mel Davidson Construction v Northern Ireland Housing Executive (2014) NIQB 110 ...........16.47
Northern Ireland Housing Executive v Healthy Buildings (Ireland) Limited (2014)
NICA 27................................................................................................................................16.33
Rogers Contracts v Merex Construction (2012) NIQB 94 .........................................................16.42
Sutton Services v Vaughan Engineering Services (2013) NIQB 63 ..........................................16.41
Scotland
Charles Hanshaw and Sons Limited v Stewart and Shield Limited [2014] CSIH 55 ..............17.17
Highlands and Islands Airports Limited v Shetland Island Council [2012] CSOH 12.............17.19
Miller Construction (UK) Limited v Building Design Partnership Limited [2014]
CSOH 80...............................................................................................................................17.18
Profile Projects Limited v Elmwood (Glasgow) Limited [2011] CSOH 64 ..............................17.23
Ritchie Brothers (PWC) Limited v David Philip (Commercials) Limited [2005]
Adj L R 03/24. .....................................................................................................................17.26
SGL Carbon Fibres Limited v RGB Limited [2011] CSOH 64 ................................................17.20
T Clarke (Scotland) Limited v Mmaxx Underflooring Heating Limited [2014]
CSIH 83 CA76/14 ................................................................................................................17.21
Whyte and Mackay Limited v Blyth And Blyth Consulting Engineers Limited [2013]
CSOH 54...............................................................................................................................17.16
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TABLE OF CASES
Singapore
Admin Construction Pte Limited v Vivaldi (S) Pte Limited [2013] 3 SLR 609..............13.4, 13.6, 18.2,
18.4, 18.5, 18.7, 18.12, 18.21, 18.46, 18.58
Aik Hing Contracts and Services Pte Limited v Deshin Engineering
and Construction Pte Limited [2015] SGHC 293 ..................................18.8, 18.10, 18.16, 18.18
AM Associates (Singapore) Pte Limited v Laguna National Golf
and Country Club Limited [2009] SGHC 260 ...............................................13.19, 18.18, 18.19,
18.20, 18.31, 18.58
Australian Timber Projects Pte Limited v A Pacific Construction
and Development Pte Limited [2013] 2 SLR 776 .................13.6, 13.8, 13.21, 18.7, 18.8, 18.10
Chip Hup Hup Kee Construction Pte Limited v Ssangyong Engineering
and Construction Pte Limited [2010] 1 SLR 658 ............................................13.19, 18.7, 18.19,
18.31, 18.39, 18.58
Choi Peng Kum v Tan Poh Eng Construction Pte Limited [2014] 1 SLR 1210 ............13.33, 18.6, 18.57
Chua Say Eng v Lee We Lick Terrence [2010] SGHC 333 ............................................................18.7
Citiwall Safety Glass No 1 see Citiwall Safety Glass Pte Limited v Mansource
Interior Pte Limited [2015] 1 SLR 797
Citiwall Safety Glass No 2 see Citiwall Safety Glass Pte Limited v Mansource
Interior Pte Limited [2015] SGCA 42
Citiwall Safety Glass Pte Limited v Mansource Interior Pte Limited [2015]
1 SLR 797 .............................................................................................13.19, 18.4, 18.18, 18.54,
18.55, 18.58, 18.58
Citiwall Safety Glass Pte Limited v Mansource Interior Pte Limited
[2015] SGCA 42 .................................................................................13.11, 18.10, 18.13, 18.39,
18.41, 18.47, 18.48, 18.58
Civil Appeal No 63 of 2013 (unreported) .......................................................................................18.5
CRW Joint Operation v PT Perusahaan Gas Legara (Persero) TBK [2011]
SGCA 33 ...............................................................................................7.20, 8.44, 8.46, 8.71, 11.21
Doo Ree Engineering and Trading Pte Limited v Taisei Corp [2009] SGHC 218 .........................18.7
Elgindata Limited, Re (No 2) (1992) 1 WLR 1207 ......................................................................18.27
Eng Seng Precast Pte Limited v SLF Construction Pte Limited [2015]
SGHC 252 ..............................................................................................................18.4, 18.10, 18.58
JFC Builder Pte Limited v Lion City Construction Co Pte Limited [2013] 1 SLR 1157 .............18.12
JFC Builders Pte Limited v Lion City Construction Pte Limited [2013]
1 SLR 1157 .................................................................................................................18.7, 18.10, 18.21,
18.54, 18.58
Jia Min Building v Ann Pte Limited [2004] 3 SLR 288 ....................................................13.30, 18.40
JRP and Associates Pte Limited v Kindly Construction
and Services Pte Limited [2015] 3 SLR 575 ................13.19, 13.21, 18.10, 18.11, 18.14, 18.18,
18.19, 18.20, 18.22, 18.26, 18.31, 18.58
Lau Fook Hoon Adam v GTH Engineering and Construction Pte Limited
[2010] SGHC 220 (Lau Fook Hoon Adam (No 2) ..............................................................18.46
Lau Fook Hoong Adam v GTH Engineering and Construction Pte Limited
[2015] SGHC 141 (“Lau Foo Hong Adam No 1”) ....................................................18.32, 18.46
Lee Wee Lick Terrence v Chua Say Eng [2013] 1 SLR 401
(Chua Say Eng) .....................................................................13.5, 13.6, 13.8, 13.13, 13.21, 18.4,
18.7, 18.8, 18.10, 18.12, 18.15, 18.16, 18.19, 18.20,
18.21, 18.25, 18.29, 18.36, 18.45, 18.46, 18.47, 18.58
LH Aluminium Industries Pte Limited v Newcon Builders Pte Limited [2015]
1 SLR 648 .....................................................................................18.4, 18.7, 18.12, 18.19, 18.21
xliv
TABLE OF CASES
Libra Building Construction Pte Limited v Emergent Engineering Pte Limited

[2015] SGHC 279 .............................................................................................18.7, 18.10, 18.58
Longyan-Ark (Macao) Pte Limited v How and Tell Production Pte Limited [2013]
SGHC 160 ..................................................................................................................13.30, 18.40
Mansource Interior Pte Limited v Citiwall Safety Glass Pte Limited
[2014] 3 SLR 264.................................................................................13.11, 13.19, 18.10, 18.18
Newcon Builder Pte Limited v Sino New Steel Pte Limited [2015] SGHC 168 .........................18.10
Newcon Builders Pte Limited v Sino New Steel Pte Limited [2015]
SGHC 226 ......................................................................................13.8, 13.13, 13.21, 18.6, 18.7,
18.8, 18.9, 18.10, 18.58
Oriental Insurance Co Limited v Reliance National Asia Re Pte Limited [2009]
2 SLR [R] 385 .......................................................................................................................18.16
Persero I see CRW Joint Operation v PT Perusahaan Gas Negara (Persero) TBK
[2011] SGCA 33.............................................................................................................................
Persero II see PT Perusahaan Gas Negara (Persero) TBK v CRW Joint Operation
[2014] SGHC 146 ..........................................................................................................................
Progressive Builders Pte Limited v Long Rise Pte Limited [2015] 5 SLR 689 ...........................18.10
Progressive Builders Pte Limited v Long Rise Pte Limited [2015]
SGHC 223 .......................................................................................13.6, 18.7, 18.8, 18.21, 18.58
PT Perusahaan Gas Negara (Persero) TBK v CRW Joint Operation [2014]
SGHC 146 (Persero II)..........................................................................................................11.21
PT Perusahaan Gas Negara (Persero) TBK v CRW Joint Operation [2014]
SGHC 146, [2015] BLR 119, [2015] 155 Con LR 169 ..........................................................8.71
PT Perusahaan Gas Negara (Persero) TBK v CRW Joint Operation [2015] SGCA 30 ..................8.47
Quanta Industries Pte Limited v Strategic Construction Pte Limited [2015] 1 SLR 733 .............18.31
Quanta Industries Pte Limited v Strategic Construction Pte Limited [2015]
2 SLR 70 .........................................................................................................18.27, 18.37, 18.58
RDC Concrete Pte Limited v Sato Kogyo (S) Pte Limited [2007] 4 SLR 413 ..............................18.7
Ritchie Brothers (PWC) Limited v David Philip (Comm) Limited [2005] BLR 384 ..................18.26
SEF Construction Pte Limited v Skoy Connected Pte Limited
[2010]1 SLR 733......................................................13.19, 18.2, 18.7, 18.8, 18.18, 18.19, 18.20,
18.30, 18.31, 18.39, 18.41, 18.47, 18.48, 18.58
Seng Precast Pte Limited v SLF Construction Pte Limited [2015] SGHC 252..............................18.3
Shankar Alan, Re s/o Anant Kulkarni [2007] 1 SLR 85 ....................................................13.19, 18.18
Shinsung Construction Pte Limited v Dian Fatt Construction Pte Limited
(unreported Singapore High Court Case in OS No 370 of 2013) ...........................................18.6
Singapore High Court decision of OS No 370 of 2013 Shinsung Construction
Pte Limited v Dian Fatt Construction Pte Limited (unreported) ...............................18.31, 18.36
Singapore High Court decision of OS No 988/2013 AT Tech Engineering v
AI DE Design Engineering Pte Limited (unreported) ............................................................18.7
Sports Connection Pte Limited v Deuter Sports GmbH [2009] 3 SLR 883 ...................................18.7
Sungdo Engineering and Construction (S) Pte Limited v Italcor Pte Limited
[2010] 3 SLR 459 (the Sungdo principles) .................................................18.2, 18.4, 18.7, 18.8,
18.19, 18.32, 18.39, 18.41,
18.47, 18.48, 18.58
Tienru Design and Construction Pte Limited v G and Y Trading
and Manufacturing Pte Limited [2015] SGHC 243 ..............................13.8, 13.13, 13.21, 13.33,
18.2, 18.6, 18.7, 18.8, 18.9, 18.10
Tiong Seng Contractors (Pte) Limited v Chuan Lim Construction Pte Limited
[2007] 4 SLR 364....................................................................................................................18.7
xlv
TABLE OF CASES
Tullio v Maoro [1994] 2 SLR 501 CA ..........................................................................................18.27

UES Holdings Pte Limited v Grouteam Pte Limited [2015] SGHC 275 .................18.7, 18.10, 18.58
W Y Steel Construction Pte Limited v Osko Pte Limited [2013]
3 SLR 380 ..................................................................13.7, 18.2, 18.7, 18.8, 18.10, 18.11, 18.13,
18.16, 18.19, 18.25, 18.31, 18.32, 18.39,
18.41, 18.44, 18.47, 18.48, 18.58
Wing Joo Loong Ginseng Hong (Singapore) Co Pte Limited [2009] 2 SLR 814], CA. ..............18.27
YTL Construction (S) Pte Limited v Balanced Engineering
and Construction Pte Limited [2014] SGHC 142 ......................13.13, 13.19, 18.7, 18.10, 18.15,
18.18, 18.19, 18.20, 18.26,
18.31, 18.34, 18.58
South Africa
Basil Read (Pty) Limited v Regent Devco (Pty) Limited, unreported decision of the South Gauteng
High Court handed down on 9 March 2010.........................................19.32, 19.33, 19.35, 19.36
Esor Africa (Pty) Limited / Franki Africa (Pty) Limited JV v Bombela Civils JV,
unreported judgment of the South Gauteng High Court dated
12 February 2013 ......................................................................19.37, 19.40, 19.41, 19.42, 19.43
Freeman, August Wilhelm N O, Mathebula, Trihani Sitos de Sitos NO vs Eskom
Holdings Limited, unreported judgment of the South Gauteng
High Court case number 43346/09 dated 23 April 2010. ....................19.28, 19.32, 19.35, 19.84
Kathmer Investments (Pty) Limited v Woolworths (Pty) Limited 1970 (2) SA 498 (A) .............19.21
Nordot Engineering Services Limited, Siemans Plc SF009011 TCC 16/00;
CILL, September 2011 ..........................................................................................................19.27
Radon Projects v N V Properties and Gary Stephen Myburgh [2013]
3 All SA 615 (SCA) ...................................................................................................19.47, 19.48
Sasol Chemical Industries v Odell, an unreported judgement of the Free
State High Court, Bloemfontein dated 20 February 2014. ............................19.37, 19.40, 19.41,
19.42, 19.45, 19.46
Stefanutti Stocks (Pty) Limited v S 8 Property (Pty) Limited [2013]
ZAGPJHC 249 (23 October 2013) ......................................................19.37, 19.39, 19.43, 19.44
Tubular Holdings (Pty) Limited v DBT Technologies (Pty) Limited,
unreported judgment of the South Gauteng High Court dated
3 May 2013 .....................................................................................................19.37, 19.38, 19.39
Withinshaw Properties (Pty) Limited v Dura Construction Co (SA) (Pty)
Limited 1989 (4) 1073 (A) ....................................................................................................19.22
Switzerland
Swiss Supreme Court Decision Case 4A_124/2014 (Swiss Federal Tribunal) .....................8.60, 8.71
UK
Alstom Signalling Limited v Jarvis Facilities Limited (No 2) [2004] EWHC 1285 ..................2.45
AMEC Civil Engineering Limited v The Secretary of State for Transport [2005] BLR 227 ....2.39
Ashville Investments v Elmer Limited [1989] 1 QB 488 ..........................................................12.45
Aspect Contract (Asbestos) Limited v Higgins Constructions plc
[2015] 1 WLR 2961 ......................................................................... 13.35, 13.37, 13.49, 18.37,
18.42, 18.50, 18.52, 18.57
Aspects Contracts (Asbestos) Limited v Higgins Construction plc [2013]
EWHC 1322(TCC) .................................................................................................................2.48
xlvi
TABLE OF CASES
Associated Provincial Picture Houses, Limited v Wednesbury Corporation [1948]

1 KB 223 ..............................................................................................................................18.10
Balfour Beatty Construction Limited v Mayor and Burgesses London Borough of
Lambeth Balfour [2002] Adj LR 04/12 ...............................................................................13.52
Balfour Beatty Construction Limited v the Mayor and Burgess of the London
Borough of Lambeth [2002] EWHC 597 ............................................................................19.31
Balfour Beatty Construction Limited v The Mayor and Burgesses of
the London Borough of Lambeth [2002] BLR 288 ...........................................2.29, 2.31, 2.41
Balfour Beatty Engineering Services (HY) Limited v Sheppard Construction Limited
[2009] 127 Con LR 110 .......................................................................................................13.19
Balfour Beatty v Serco (2004) EWHC 3336 ..............................................................................16.39
Ballast Wiltshier plc v Thomas Barnes and Sons [1998] EWHC 306 (TCC) .............................18.7
Beatty Construction Limited v Lambeth London Borough Council (2002) 84 ConLR 1 ..........18.7
Bouygues (UK) Limited v Dahl-Jensen (UK) Limited [2000] BLR 522 ...................... 12.30, 13.18
Bouygues United Kingdom Limited v Dahl-Jensen United Kingdom Limited [2001]
1 All ER (Comm) 1041..........................................................................................................2.40
Bovis Lend Lease Limited v Cofely Engineering Services [2013] EWCH 3142 (TCC) ............2.3
Buxton Building Contractors Limited v Governors of Durand Primary School [2004]
BLR 374 .................................................................................................................................2.41
C & B Scene Concept Design Limited v Isobars Limited [2002] EWCA Civ 46 ....... 12.30, 12.31
C and B Scene Concept Design Limited v Isobars Limited [2002] BLR 93 ............................13.18
Caledonian Modular Limited v MarCity Development Limited [2015] EWHC
1855 (TCC) .............................................................................................................................18.7
Cantillion Limited v Urvasco Limited [2008] EWHC 282 (TCC), [2008] BLR 250,
para 55. .................................................................................................................................12.24
Carillion Construction Limited v Devonport Royal Dockyard Limited
[2005] EWCA Civ 1358 ..................................................................... 13.18, 13.19, 13.52, 16.8
Carillion Construction Limited v Devonport Royal Dockyard Limited [2006] BLR 15 ............2.46
Carillion Construction Limited v Smith [2011] EWHC 2910 (TCC), 141 Con LR 117 ............2.47
Carillion Construction v Devonport Royal Dockyard [2005] EWCA Civ 1358,
[2006] BLR 15 .....................................................................................................................12.48
Channel Tunnel Group v Balfour Beatty [1992] QB 656 .............................................. 13.30, 18.40
CIB Properties Limited v Birse Construction Limited [2005] 1 WLR 2252 ..............................2.32
Cleveland Bridge UK Limited v Multiplex Construction Pte Limited [2010]
EWCA Div 139 ......................................................................................................................18.7
Cleveland Bridge UK Limited v Multiplex Constructions (UK) Limited [2010]
EWCA Civ 139.......................................................................................................................18.7
Colonial Bank v European Grain and Shipping Limited [1989] AC 1056..................................18.7
Connex South Eastern Limited v MJ Building Services Group plc [2005] BLR 201 ................2.24
Contra Mott MacDonald Limited v London and Regional Properties Limited [2007]
113 Con LR 33 .....................................................................................................................13.24
Costain Limited v Strathclyde Builders Limited [2003] 100 Con LR 41 .................................13.21
Cubitt Building and Interiors Limited v Fleetglade Limited [2006]
EWHC 3413 (TCC), (2006) 110 BLR 36 ............................................................... 12.52, 12.55
Dalkia Energy and Technical Services Limited v Bell Group UK Limited (2009)
122 ConLR 66 ........................................................................................................................13.8
David McLean Housing Contractors Limited v Swansea Housing Associates Limited
[2002] BLR 125 .....................................................................................................................13.8
Dawnays Limited v FG Minter Limited and Trollope and Colls Limited [1971] 1 WLR 1205....... 18.2
xlvii
TABLE OF CASES
Discain Project Services Limited v Opecprime Developments Limited (No 2) [2001]

BLR 285 .................................................................................................................................2.41
Enterprise Managed Services Limited v Tony McFadden Utilities Limited [2009]
EWHC 3222(TCC), [2010] BLR 89 ...................................................................................12.50
Enterprise Managed Services Limited v Tony McFadden Utilities Limited [2010]
26 Const LJ 205, (2010) EWHC 1509 (TCC) ......................................................................2.48
Fastrack Contactors v Morrison Construction Limited [2009] BLR 168, [2000]
A11 ER (D) ............................................................................................................................2.48
Fastrack Contractors Limited v Morrison Construction Limited [2000] BLR 168 .....................13.8
Fillite (Runcorn) Limited v Aqua-Lift (1989) 26 Con LR 66....................................................12.44
Fiona Trust and Holding Corporation v Privalov [2007] UKHL 40, (2007) 114
Con LR 69 ............................................................................................................................12.42
Galliford Try Building v Estura Limited [2015] EWHC 412 (TCC) ........................................17.10
Gary Kitt and EC Harris LLP v The Laundry Building Limited and Etcetera
Construction Services Limited [2014] EWHC 4250 (TCC), [2015] BLR 170 .................12.26
Geris Handelsgesellshaft GmbH v Les Constructions Industrielles de la Meditérrannee
SA [2005] EWHC 499 ...........................................................................................................2.45
Gipping Construction Limited v Eaves Limited [2008] EWHC 3134 (TCC) ...........................12.29
Glencot Development and Design Company Limited v Ben Barrett and Son (Contractors)
Limited [2001] EWHC (TCC) ...............................................................................................8.15
Glendalough Associated SA v Harris Calman Construction Co Limited [2009]
EWHC 3142 (TCC)..................................................................................................................2.3
Glendalough Associated SA v Harris Calman Construction Co Limited [2014]
1 WLR 1751 ................................................................................................................. 13.4, 18.5
GPS Marine Contractors Limited v Ringway Infrastructure Services Limited [2010]
BLR 377 .................................................................................................................................13.8
Hart Investments Limited v Fidler [2006] EWHC 2857 ............................................................18.26
Hart v Smith [2009] EWHC 2223 (TCC), HT - 09-298 ..............................................................2.47
Henderson v Henderson (1843) Hare 100 ...................................................................................16.47
Henia Investments v Beck Interiors Limited [2015] EWHC 2433 (TCC) ................................17.12
Herschel Engineering Limited v Breen Properties Limited [2000] BLR 272 .............................2.46
Hortimax Limited v Hedon Salads Limited (2008) 24 Const LJ 47 ...........................................2.25
ISG Construction Limited v Seevic College [2014] EWHC 4007 (TCC).................................17.10
Jerram Falkus Construction Limited v Fenice Investments Incorporated [2011]
EWHC 1935 (TCC)................................................................................................................2.47
Kier Regional Limited (trading as Wallis) v City and General (Holborn) Limited (2009)
25 Const LJ 36, [2008] EWHC 2454 (TCC) ........................................................................2.48
Lazarus Estates Limited v Beasley [1956] 1 QB 702 ................................................................13.19
Leeds City Council v Waco UK Limited [2015] EWHC 1400 (TCC) ......................................17.12
London and Amsterdam Properties v Waterman Partnership [2004] 1 BLR 179 .......................2.31
Lubenham v South Pembrokeshire DC (1986) 33 BLR 39 ........................................... 13.30, 18.40
Macob Civil Engineering Limited v Morrison Construction Limited [1999] All ER 143 .........2.13
Macob Civil Engineering Limited v Morrison Construction Limited [1999]
BLR 93 ................................................................................................ 13.30, 13.42, 16.8, 18.40
Macob Civil Engineering Limited v Morrison Construction Limited [1999] CLC 739 .............18.8
Macob Civil Engineering Limited v Morrison Construction Limited [1999]
EWHC TCC 254 ..................................................................................................................18.39
Modern Engineering (Bristol) Limited v Gilbert-Ash (Northern) Limited (1973)
71 LGR 162 ............................................................................................................................18.2
Northern Developments (Cumbria) Limited v I and J Nichol [2000] BLR 158 .......................13.19
xlviii
TABLE OF CASES
Parkwood Leisure Limited v Laing O’Rourke Wales and West Limited [2013]
EWHC 2665 (TCC)................................................................................................................2.47
PC Harrington Contractors v Systech International [2012] EWCA Civ 1371 ............................3.56
Pegram Shopfitters Limited v Tally Weiji (UK) Limited [2004]
1 WLR 2082 ......................................................................13.4, 13.49, 18.5, 18.7, 18.48, 18.57
Peterborough City Council v Enterprise Managed Services Limited [2014]
EWHC 3193 (TCC)...................................................................................................... 8.63, 8.71
Peterborough City Council v Enterprise Managed Services Limited [2014]
EWHC 3193 (TCC), [2014] 2 All ER (Comm) 423; [2014] BLR 735 ...............................8.71
Rainford House Limited v Cadogan Limited [2001] BLR 416 ...................................................2.46
RJ Knapman Limited v Richards [2006] EWHC 2518 ................................................................2.47
RJT Consulting Engineering Limited v DM Engineering (Northern Ireland)
Limited [2002] 1 WLR 2344 .................................................................. 13.4, 18.5, 18.7, 18.48
RJT Consulting Engineers v DM Engineering Limited [2002] BLR 217 ...................................2.39
Roberts v Hopwood [1925] AC 578............................................................................................18.18
RSL (South West) Limited v Stansell Limited [2003] EWHC 1390 (TCC) .............................13.21
Rupert Morgan Building Services LLC v Jervis [2001] EWCA Civ 1563, [2004]
BLR. 18 ........................................................................................................................ 13.7, 18.8
Sheppard Construction Limited v Mecright Limited [2000] BLR 489....... 13.4, 18.5, 18.45, 18.46
Simons Construction Limited v Aardvark Developments Limited [2004] BLR 117 ................13.24
SL Timber Systems Limited v Carillion Construction Limited [2001] BLR 516, para 22. .....12.22
Stubbs Rich Architects v WH Tolley and Sons (8 August 2001, Gloucester County Court ....13.24
Stylo Shoes Limited v Prices Tailors Limited [1960] Ch 396 .....................................................18.7
Systech International Limited v PC Harrington Contractors [2011] EWHC 2846 (TCC)........13.24
Thomas-Fredric’s (Construction) Limited v Wilson [2004] BLR 23 ............................. 13.49, 18.57
Try Construction Limited v Eton Town House Group Limited (2003) 87 ConLR 1 .................18.7
Vent Engineering Limited v Jacobs E and C Limited [2014] EWHC 1058 (TCC) ..................17.25
VHE Construction plc v RBSTB Trust Co Limited [2000] BLR 187....................13.7, 18.8, 13.19
Wates Construction (London) Limited v Franthom Property Limited [1991] 53 BLR 23 18.7, 18.7
Westfield Construction v Lewis [2013] 1 WLR 337 .......................................................... 13.3, 18.4
Whiteways Contractors (Sussex) Limited v Impresa Castelli Construction UK Limited
[2000] 75 Com LR 92.................................................................................................. 13.7, 18.8
Wimbledon Construction Company 2000 Limited v Derek Vago [2005]
EWHC 1086 ............................................................................................................... 2.46, 16.40
Witney Town Council v Beam Construction (Cheltenham) Limited (2011)
27 Const LJ TL55, [2011] EWHC 2332 (TCC), [2011] 1 BLR 707...................................2.48
YMCS v Grabiner [2009] EWHC 127 (TCC), [2009] BLR 211, para 45. ...............................12.24
Yuanda (UK) Co Limited v WW Gear Construction Limited [2010] EWHC 1058 (TCC) .........17.22
USA
Arc Elec Constr Co v George A Fuller Co, 24 NY2d 99, 247 NE2d 111, 113,
n 2, 299 NYS.2d 129, 133 n 2 (1969) ................................................................................20.60
City of Mound Bayou v Roy Collins Constr Co, 499 So 2d 1354 (Miss 1986) ...........................20.63
Hines v Farr, 235 SC 436, 112 SE2d 33 (1960)............................................................................20.64
John W Johnson, Inc v J A Jones Constr Co, 369 F Supp.484 (EDVA 1973) ..............................20.61
Laurel Race Course, Inc. v Regal Constr. Co., 274 Md 142, 333 A.2d 319(1975) ......................20.63
Martel v Bulotti, 65 P.3d 192 (Idaho 2003) ..................................................................................20.62
Neighbors Construction Co, Inc v Woodland Park at Soldier Creek LLC,
284 P3d 1057 (Kan App 2012)................................................................................20.64, 20.65
Perini Corp. v Massachusetts Port Auth, 2 Mass App Ct 34, 308 NE 2d 562 (1974)...................20.63
Roosevelt Univ. v Mayfair Constr Co, 28 IIIApp3d 1045, 331 NE 2d 835 (1975) ......................20.62
xlix
TA B L E O F L E G IS L AT I ON
Contents
Legislation........................................................................................................................................... li
Australia .......................................................................................................................................... li
Australian Capital Territory ........................................................................................................ li
New South Wales ....................................................................................................................... lii
Northern Territories................................................................................................................... liii
Queensland................................................................................................................................ liii
South Australia .......................................................................................................................... liv
Tasmania ................................................................................................................................... liv
Victoria ....................................................................................................................................... lv
Western Australia ....................................................................................................................... lv
EU ................................................................................................................................................. lvi
Germany........................................................................................................................................ lvi
Hong Kong ................................................................................................................................... lvii
Ireland .......................................................................................................................................... lvii
Malaysia ....................................................................................................................................... lvii
Mauritius ....................................................................................................................................... lix
New Zealand ................................................................................................................................. lix
Northern Ireland ............................................................................................................................. lx
Scotland.......................................................................................................................................... lx
Singapore ...................................................................................................................................... lxi
South Africa ................................................................................................................................ lxiv
UK ............................................................................................................................................... lxiv
UN ................................................................................................................................................ lxv
USA.............................................................................................................................................. lxv
Australia s 22(1) ..................................................4.61

s 23(3) ..................................................4.61
Building Code of Australia ..........................4.49
s 24 .......................................................4.61
s 43(1) ..................................................4.64
Australian Capital Territory s 43(2) .........................................4.61, 4.67
Legislation s 43(3) .........................................4.61, 4.67
Building and Construction Industry s 43(4) ..................................................4.68
(Security of Payment) Act s 43(6) ..................................................4.70
2009 (ACT) .................3.2, 4.60, 4.61, 19.73 s 43(7) ..................................................4.70
s 20(1)(c) ..............................................4.63 s 44 ..............................................4.61, 4.72
s 20(2) ..................................................4.63 Commercial Arbitration Act 1986 (ACT)
s 21(2) ..................................................4.61 s 39 .......................................................4.72
li
TABLE OF LEGISLATION
Regulations s 18 ..............................................3.70, 3.71

Authorised Nominating Authority Code s 18(1) ..................................................3.45
of Practice (the Code) ..............................4.62 s 19 ..............................................3.70, 3.71
Court Procedures Rules 2006 (ACT) s 19(1) ..................................................3.42
Part 5.2 .................................................4.67 s 19(2) ..................................................3.70
rules 5072 .............................................4.67 s 20(1) ..................................................3.41
s 20(2) ..................................................3.41
New South Wales s 20(2B)..............................3.71, 3.78, 13.7
s 21 .......................................................3.71
Legislation s 21(1) ..................................................3.41
Building and Construction Industry s 21(3) .........................................3.43, 3.77
Security of Payment Act s 21(4) ..................................................3.47
1999 (NSW) ...................3.2, 3.16, 3.19, 3.21, s 21(4)(a) ..............................................3.71
3.22, 3.23, 3.25, 3.33, s 21(4)(c) ..............................................3.71
3.34, 3.37, 3.38, 3.45, 3.47, s 21(4A) ...............................................3.47
10.4, 10.10, 13.5, 19.72 s 21(5) ..................................................3.70
s 3(1) ....................................................3.31 s 22 .......................................................3.71
s 3(2) ....................................................3.31 s 22(1) .........................................3.48, 3.70
s 3(3) ....................................................3.32 s 22(2) ................................3.48, 3.51, 3.71
s 7(1) ....................................................3.33 s 22(2)(c) ..............................................3.71
s 7(2) ....................................................3.33 s 22(2)(d).....................................3.71, 3.71
s 7(3) ....................................................3.33 s 22(2)(d)..............................................3.71
s 7(10) ................................................10.10 s 22(2A) ...............................................3.41
s 8(1) ....................................................3.35 s 22(2B)................................................3.41
s 8(2)(a) ................................................3.35 s 22(3) ..................................................3.50
s 8(2)(b)................................................3.35 s 22(3)(a) ..............................................3.70
s 11(1A)................................................3.26 s 22(4) ..................................................3.52
s 11(1B) ................................................3.26 s 22(5) ..................................................3.49
s 12 ..................................................... 10.11 s 23 .......................................................3.44
s 13 ..........................3.36, 3.70, 3.71, 10.14 s 24 ............................................3.44, 10.47
s 13(1) ..................................................3.26 s 24(1)(a) ..............................................3.82
s 13(2)(c) ............................................18.19 s 25 ..........................3.44, 3.60, 3.82, 10.47
s 13(4) .......................................3.36, 10.33 s 25(1) ..................................................3.44
s 13(5) ..................................................3.26 s 25(2) ..................................................3.44
s 13(7) ..................................................3.27 s 25(3) ..................................................3.86
s 13(9) ..................................................3.27 s 25(4)(a) ..............................................3.62
s 14 .......................................................3.36 s 25(4)(b)..............................................3.62
s 14(2) ..................................................3.71 s 26(1) ..................................................3.42
s 14(3) .........................................3.36, 3.71 s 26A-26F.............................................3.24
s 14(4) ..................................................3.36 s 28 .......................................................3.42
s 15(1) .......................................3.37, 10.23 s 29(1) ..................................................3.55
s 15(2) ..................................................3.37 s 29(2) ..................................................3.55
s 15(4) ..................................................3.38 s 29(3) ..................................................3.55
s 17 ..............................................3.70, 3.71 s 29(4) ..................................................3.55
s 17(2)(a) ............................3.74, 3.75, 3.77 s 30 .......................................................3.56
s 17(2)(b).....................................3.40, 3.77 s 32(1) ..................................................3.58
s 17(3)(a)-(b) ........................................3.39 s 32(2) ..................................................3.58
s 17(3)(c)-(d) ........................................3.40 s 32(3)(a) ..............................................3.59
s 17(3)(e) ..............................................3.40 s 32(3)(b)..............................................3.59
s 17(3)(g)..............................................3.39 s 32(3)(b)..............................................3.60
lii
s 34 ..............................................3.57, 13.5 Queensland

s 36 .......................................................3.28
Legislation
Building and Construction Industry
Building and Construction Commission
Security of Payment Act 1999
Act 1991 .....................................................5.9
(NSW), as amended in 2002
(the NSW Act)...........................4.1, 4.8, 4.38,
Payment Act 2004 (Qld) ..........3.2, 3.88, 5.1,
4.76, 5.3, 6.8
10.4, 19.73
part 3 ...........................................5.40, 5.40
Security of Payment Act 2002
part 3 division 2 ...................................5.32
(as amended in 2006) ...............................18.4
part 4 division 4 ...................................5.22
part 4 division 6 ...................................5.22
Security of Payment Amendment
s 3(2b) ....................................................5.9
Act 2002 (NSW) ...............................3.2, 3.21
s 3(4) .................................................... 5.11
s 10 .........................................................5.9
s 10(3) ....................................................5.9
Act 2010 (NSW) ...............................3.2, 3.23
s 11 .........................................................5.9
s 17A(2) ...............................................5.13
s 18A(2) ...............................................5.13
Act 2013 (NSW) ...............................3.2, 3.24
s 22(1) ..................................................5.17
Contractors’ Debts Act 1997 ........................3.19
s 22(2) ..................................................5.17
s 7(1A) .................................................3.44
s 24(5) ..................................................5.16
SOP Act see Building and Construction Industry
s 24A(2a)..............................................5.16
Security of Payment Act 1999 (NSW)
s 24A(4) ...............................................5.16
Supreme Court Act 1970 (NSW) .................3.63
s 24A(5) ...............................................5.16
s 69(3) ..................................................3.63
s 24B(2)................................................5.16
s 24B(3)................................................5.16
Northern Territories
s 25(3a)...............................5.29, 5.30, 5.31
Legislation s 25A(4)-(6) .........................................5.16
Community Justice Centre Act 2005 ...........6.42 s 26(2) .........................................5.36, 5.37
part 4 ....................................................6.42 s 30 .......................................................5.16
Construction Contracts (Security of s 31(4) ..................................................5.16
Payments) Act 2004 (NT) ...........3.2, 6.1, 6.3, s 35(2) ..................................................5.26
6.41, 10.4, 19.73 s 35(3) ..................................................5.26
s 26 .........................................................6.3 s 35(6) ..................................................5.28
s 28 ............................................6.52, 10.35 s 35A ....................................................5.26
s 28(1) ..................................................6.64 s 35B ....................................................5.27
s 28(1)(a) ..............................................6.45 s 36 .......................................................5.21
s 28(1)(b)..............................................6.45 s 37 .......................................................5.21
s 31 .......................................................6.49 s 37(2) ..................................................5.17
s 31(3) ..................................................6.48 s 38 .......................................................5.21
s 31(4)-(8) ............................................6.48 s 38(1) ..................................................5.17
s 32 .......................................................6.49 s 56 .......................................................5.22
s 33(1) ..................................................6.52 s 57 .......................................................5.22
s 33(1)(a) ............................6.48, 6.51, 6.54 s 59(2) ..................................................5.23
s 33(1)(a)(i)-(ii) ....................................6.56 s 59(3) ..................................................5.23
s 33(1)(a)(i)-(iv) ...................................6.53 s 64 .......................................................5.22
s 48 ..............................................6.48, 6.51 s 66 .......................................................5.22
s 48(3) ..................................................6.48 s 67 .......................................................5.22
s 63 .......................................................6.59 s 90 .......................................................5.22
liii
s 93 .......................................................5.23 Regulations
s 94 .......................................................5.23 Administrative Arrangements (Administration
s 95(1) ..................................................5.23 of Building and Construction Industry
s 100(4) .......................................3.88, 5.40 Security of Payment Act) Proclamation
s 107 .....................................................5.28 2013 (SA). ................................................4.77
s 114 .....................................................5.17 Building and Construction Industry
Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Regulations
Payment Amendment Act 2011 (SA) .................................................4.78
2014 (Qld) ..................................................3.2 s 5 .........................................................4.78
Civil and Administrative Tribunal Act s 6 .........................................................4.82
(Queensland) ............................................5.23 s 18(2) ..................................................4.78
s 95(4) ..................................................5.24 s 27 .......................................................4.78
s 96(1) ..................................................5.24
s 96(2) ..................................................5.24 Tasmania
s 97 .......................................................5.25
s 126 .....................................................5.25 Legislation
s 157(2) ................................................5.23 Building Act 2000 ........................................4.39
Judicial Review Act .....................................5.32 Building and Construction Industry
part 3 s 20 .............................................5.32 Security of Payment Amendment
part 5 ....................................................5.33 Bill 2015 (Tas) ..................................3.2, 4.54
s 18(2) ..................................................5.34 s 38A ....................................................4.54
Schedule 1, part 2 .................................5.32 Building and Construction Industry
Justice and Other Legislation Amendment Security of Payment Act
Act 2007 (Act No 37 of 2007) .................5.32 2009 (Tas) ..............................3.2, 4.39, 19.73
s 90-91..................................................5.32 s 3 .........................................................4.39
s 91 .......................................................5.32 s 7(3) ....................................................4.39
Subcontractors’ Charges Act 1974 .................5.1 s 15(2)(b).....................................4.39, 4.39
s 19(3)(a) .....................................4.39, 4.39
s 19(3)(b)..............................................4.39
Regulations
s 21(8) ..................................................4.39
Supreme Court Rules 2000 ..........................4.43
s 22 .......................................................4.43
rule 627(2)(a) .......................................4.43
s 23(2) ..................................................4.39
s 25(7) ..................................................4.39
South Australia
s 30 .......................................................4.41
Legislation s 31(4) ..................................................4.43
Acts Interpretation Act 1915 (SA) ...............4.77 s 31(7) ..................................................4.43
Building and Construction Industry s 35 .......................................................4.41
Security of Payment Act s 36 .......................................................4.42
2009 (SA) ..................................3.2, 3.2, 3.16, s 38 .......................................................4.53
4.76, 5.27, 19.73 s 40(iv)-(v) ...........................................4.39
s 13(4) ..................................................4.78 s 45 .......................................................4.44
s 14(4)(b)(ii) .........................................4.78 Building and Construction Industry
s 17(3)(e) ..............................................4.78 Security of Payment Amendment
s 21(3) ..................................................4.78 Act (2015) (Tas) .......................................3.93
s 26 .......................................................4.79 Contractors’ Debts Act 1939 (Tas) ...............4.38
s 27 .......................................................5.27 Judicial Review Act 2000 (Tas) ...................4.44
Building Work Contractors Act
1995..........................................................4.82 Regulations
s 6 .........................................................4.85 Supreme Court Rules 2000 ..........................4.43
Worker’s Liens Act 1893 (SA).....................4.77 rule 627(2)(a) .......................................4.43
liv
Victoria Western Australia

Legislation Legislation
Building and Construction Industry Construction Contracts Act
Security of Payment Act 2002 2004 (WA)........................3.2, 3.14, 3.93, 6.1,
(Vic) .....................................3.2, 4.4, 4.6, 4.9, 6.3, 6.5, 6.41, 10.4,
10.4, 19.73 10.10, 19.73
s 9(2) ......................................................4.6 part 3 ......................................................6.6
s 9(2)(d)...........................................4.6, 4.7 s 3 .......................................................10.14
s 10(2)(c) ..............................................4.32 s 7(2)(a) ..............................................10.10
s 10(3) ....................................................4.9 s 9 ....................................................... 10.11
s 10A(4) ...............................................4.12 s 10 .....................................................10.13
s 10B ......................................................4.9 s 16-18................................................10.26
s 11(1)(b)(iv) ........................................4.32 s 26 .......................................................6.10
s 14(3)(b)................................................4.9 s 27 .......................................................6.19
s 14(4)-(5) ............................................4.23 s 28 ....................................................... 6.11
s 14(5) ....................................................4.7 s 29(1) .................................................. 6.11
s 17(2)(b)..............................................4.23 s 29(2) .................................................. 6.11
s 18(2)(a) ..............................................4.23 s 30 .........................................................6.3
s 18(3)(c)-(d) ........................................4.23 s 31(2) .......................................6.14, 10.33
s 18(3)(e) ..............................................4.23 s 31(2)(a) .....................................6.24, 6.27
s 18(4) ..................................................4.23 s 31(2)(b)..............................................6.16
s 21(2B)................................................4.15 s 32(1) ..................................................6.12
s 22(2B)................................................4.15 s 32(2) ..................................................6.12
s 22(4) ..................................................4.23 s 34(1) ..................................................6.12
s 22(5A) ...............................................4.23 s 36 .......................................................6.16
s 23(2A)(a) .............................................4.9 s 37 .......................................................6.14
s 28A ....................................................4.16 s 38 .......................................................6.15
s 28B ...........................................4.16, 4.17 s 39(1) ..................................................6.15
s 28B(3)..................................................4.9 s 41(2) ..................................................6.15
s 28C ...........................................4.16, 4.17 s 42 .......................................................6.21
s 28D(1) ...............................................4.16 s 43 ............................6.1, 6.32, 6.33, 10.48
s 28G ....................................................4.16 s 43(2) ..................................................6.21
s 28G(1) ...............................................4.16 s 44(5) ..................................................6.12
s 28H ....................................................4.18 s 45(3) ................................................10.52
s 28I......................................................4.18 s 45(4) ................................................10.52
s 28I(10) ...............................................4.19 s 46 ..............................................3.93, 6.23
s 28L.....................................................4.19 s 46(2) ..................................................6.25
s 28R ....................................................4.19 s 46(3) ..................................................6.27
s 28R 5(b).............................................4.21 s 48(1) ..................................................6.17
s 31-33..................................................4.23 s 52 .......................................................6.36
Building and Construction Industry s 54(3) ..................................................6.22
Security of Payment Amendment s 56 .......................................................6.40
Act 2006 (Vic).....................................3.2, 4.8 sched 1 s 6 ..........................................10.15
Construction Contracts (Security of
Regulations Payments) Act 2004 ...................................6.1
Authorised Nominating Authorities s 28(1) ....................................................6.1
Conditions of Authorisation .....................4.24 s 33(1)(b)................................................6.1
lv
State Administrative Tribunal Act §9..........................................................9.10

2004 (WA)................................................6.25 §10........................................................9.10
s 29(1) ..................................................6.26 §14.1..................................................... 9.11
s 29(3) .........................................6.25, 6.26 §15.1..................................................... 9.11
s 31(2) ..................................................6.26 §17.6.....................................................9.12
§20.1.....................................................9.19
Regulations §20.6.....................................................9.19
Code of Conduct and Practice Guidelines §20.8.....................................................9.19
for Adjudicators (the Code) .....................6.20 §22.1.....................................................9.13
Construction Contracts Regulations §22.3.....................................................9.13
2004 (WA) (the Regulations) ..................6.17 §23.1.....................................................9.14
s 9 ................................................6.17, 6.18 §23.5.....................................................9.17
State Administrative Tribunal Rules §26.2.....................................................9.12
2004 (WA)................................................6.23 §28........................................................9.18
DIS Rules on Expert Determination
EU (Schiedsgutachtenordnung)......9.6, 9.16, 9.17
ECHR §2.1.......................................................9.21
art 6(1).........................................9.55, 9.57 §4.2.......................................................9.22
§4-§8 ....................................................9.21
Germany §6.2.......................................................9.24
§7..........................................................9.24
Legislation §17.6.....................................................9.25
Basic Law (Grundgesetz, “GG”) ........9.54, 9.57 DIS Supplementary Rules for Expedited
Article 2(1) ...........................................9.54 Proceedings ..............................................9.17
Article 92 .............................................9.54 §23.5.....................................................9.17
GG IX. Article 10.................................9.57 Schlichtungsordnung Bau (SL Bau)
GG IX. Article 92.................................9.57 [conciliation rules] ...................................9.27
GG IX. Article 97.................................9.57 §22........................................................9.29
Code of Civil Procedure (ZPO) ...................9.63 §22(3) ...................................................9.30
§485 et seq ...........................................9.31 §23......................................9.32, 9.34, 9.35
§592......................................................9.16 §24........................................................9.33
§935 et seq ...........................................9.45 §24(1) ...................................................9.33
§1032....................................................9.46 §24(2) ...................................................9.33
Constitution ..................................................9.54 §24(4) ...................................................9.35
German Civil Code (BGB) ..........................9.20 §25........................................................9.35
§317-319 ..............................................9.20 §25(2) ...................................................9.36
§633 et seq ...........................................9.42 §26(1) ...................................................9.37
Grundgesetz (GG) see Basic Law (Germany) §26(2) ...................................................9.37
ZPO see Code of Civil Procedure (Germany) §26(3) ...................................................9.38
§26(4) ...................................................9.38
Regulations §28(1) ...................................................9.38
DIS Rules on Adjudication ....................9.6, 9.7, §28(2) ...................................................9.39
9.30, 11.21 part IV ..................................................9.27
§3.1.........................................................9.8 SL Bau see Schlichtungsordnung Bau (SL Bau)
§3.3.........................................................9.8 [conciliation rules]
§5.2.......................................................9.22 Vergabe- und Vertragsordnung Bau (VOB)
§6.1.........................................................9.9 [Construction Tendering and Contract
§6.3.........................................................9.9 Regulations]
§6.7.........................................................9.9 VOB/A .........................................................9.70
§7..........................................................9.10 VOB/B ........................................9.5, 9.43, 9.70
lvi
§1(3) .....................................................9.43 reg 7 ...................................................13.25

§1(4) .....................................................9.43 s 1(2) ....................................................13.1
§18(2) ...................................................9.71 s 2 ................................................13.1, 13.4
§18(3) ...................................................9.73 s 3 .........................................................13.3
VOB/C .........................................................9.70 s 4 .................13.3, 13.5, 13.8, 13.23, 13.30
VOB see Vergabe- und Vertragsordnung Bau s 5 .............13.7, 13.19, 13.21, 13.23, 13.25
(VOB) [Construction Tendering and Contract s 5(1) ...........................................13.5, 13.6
Regulations] s 5(2) ....................................................13.6
s 6 ...............13.1, 13.7, 13.19, 13.21, 13.23
Hong Kong s 6(1) ....................................................13.7
Buildings Ordinance (Cap 123) ...................10.8 s 6(2) ....................................................13.7
s 6(3) ....................................................13.8
Ireland s 6(4) ....................................................13.7
Arbitration Act 2010 ....................................12.4 s 6-11 ..................................................13.16
s 18 .....................................................12.48 s 7(1) ....................................................13.8
Constitution of Ireland (Bunreacht s 7(2) ....................................................13.8
na h’Éireann) ........................12.2, 12.3, 12.33 s 7(3) ....................................................13.8
Article 40.3 .............................12.34, 12.35 s 8 .........................................................13.8
Construction Contracts Act 2013 ....12.12, 12.18 s 8(1) ....................................................13.8
s 2 .......................................................12.13 s 8(3) ..................................................13.12
s 3 .......................................................12.13 s 9(1) .......................................13.12, 13.13
s 4 ............................................12.13, 12.19 s 9(2) ..................................................13.13
s 5 ............................................12.13, 12.27 s 10 ...................................13.1, 13.5, 13.14
s 5(3) ..................................................12.27 s 10(3) ................................................13.14
s 6 ............................................12.14, 12.15 s 11 .......................................................13.1
s 6(1) ............................12.14, 12.42, 12.46 s 11(1) .....................................13.14, 13.15
s 6(11) ................................................12.58 s 11(2) ................................................13.15
s 6(15) ................................................12.16 s 12 ..........................................13.18, 13.27
s 6(16) ................................................12.16 s 12(1) ................................................13.22
s 6(17) ................................................12.49 s 12(2) ..........................13.22, 13.24, 13.27
s 6(2) ..................................................12.14 s 12(2)(a) ............................................13.16
s 6(4) ..................................................12.14 s 12(2)(a) ...........13.22, 13.23, 13.24, 13.27
s 6(6) ............................12.14, 12.55, 12.56 s 12(2)(a)-(c) ................13.17, 13.22, 13.24
s 7 ............................................12.13, 12.28 s 12(2)(b).....................13.16, 13.22, 13.23,
s 7(3) ..................................................12.28 13.24, 13.27
s 8 ............................................12.14, 12.16 s 12(2)(c) .....................13.16, 13.17, 13.22,
s 9 ............................................12.15, 12.16 13.23, 13.24
Schedule .............................................12.13 s 12(3) ..........................13.17, 13.24, 13.27
s 12(4) ................................................13.27
Malaysia s 12(5) ................................................13.25
s 12(6) ................................................13.17
Legislation s 12(7) ................................................13.27
Construction Industry Payment s 12(8) ................................................13.25
and Adjudication Act (CIPAA) s 12(8) ................................................13.27
2012...............................................13.1, 19.73 s 12(9) ............................13.6, 13.21, 13.27
reg 2 ................................................... 13.11 s 13 ....................13.18, 13.20, 13.25, 13.28
reg 4 ................................................... 13.11 s 13(a).................................................13.28
reg 5(5)-(7) .........................................13.19 s 13(a)-(c) ................................13.20, 13.42
reg 5-8 ..................................................13.9 s 13(b) ................................................13.28
reg 6 .....................................................13.9 s 13(c)...........................13.28, 13.35, 13.37
lvii
s 14 .....................................................13.21 s 25(n) ................................................13.21

s 15 ....................13.22, 13.32, 13.49, 13.51 s 25(o) .....................................13.21, 13.25
s 15(1) ................................................13.51 s 25(p) .....................................13.13, 13.21
s 15(a).................................................13.19 s 26 .....................................................13.13
s 15(a)-(d)...........................................13.32 s 26(1) ................................................13.21
s 15(b) ...............13.19, 13.32, 13.49, 13.52 s 26(2) ................................................13.21
s 15(c).................................................13.19 s 26(2)(a)-(c) ......................................13.13
s 15(d) .....................................13.32, 13.49 s 27(1) ............................13.7, 13.19, 13.21
s 16 ..........................................13.29, 13.32 s 27(2) ..........................13.19, 13.21, 13.23
s 16(1) .....................................13.22, 13.29 s 27(3) ................................................13.19
s 16(1)-(3) ..........................................13.32 s 28 .......................8.41, 8.57, 13.19, 13.29,
s 16(1)(a) ............................................13.44 13.32, 13.51
s 16(1)(b)............................................13.44 s 28(1) ................................................13.25
s 16(2) ................................................13.44 s 28(1)-(3) ...............................13.30, 13.42
s 17 .....................................................13.14 s 28(1)-(c)...........................................13.32
s 17(2) ................................................13.14 s 28-31................................................13.30
s 17(3) ................................................13.14 s 29 ..........................................13.29, 13.30
s 17(4)(a) .................................13.21, 13.24 s 29(1)-(4) ..........................................13.30
s 18(1) ................................................13.25 s 29(2) ................................................13.30
s 18(2) ................................................13.25 s 29(4)(a)-(c) ......................................13.30
s 19(1) ..................................................13.9 s 30 ..........................................13.29, 13.30
s 19(2) .......................................13.9, 13.24 s 30(1) ................................................13.30
s 19(5) ...............13.17, 13.22, 13.23, 13.24 s 30(1)-(5) ..........................................13.30
s 19(6) .....................................13.26, 13.27 s 30(3) ................................................13.30
s 20 .....................................................13.19 s 30(4) ................................................13.30
s 20(a)-(d)...........................................13.19 s 30(5) ................................................13.30
s 21(a)...................................................13.8 s 31 ...............................13.22, 13.29, 13.32
s 21(b) .......................................13.8, 13.12 s 32 ................................. 13.1, 13.11, 13.12
s 22(1) ..................................................13.9 s 32(a)-(d)........................................... 13.11
s 22(2) ..................................................13.9 s 32(d) ................................................13.12
s 24 .....................................................13.19 s 33(1) ................................................ 13.11
s 24(a).................................................13.19 s 34(1) .....................................13.24, 13.26
s 24(a)-(d)...........................................13.19 s 34(2) ................................................13.26
s 24(b) .....................................13.13, 13.19 s 35 .......................................................13.5
s 24(c).................................................13.19 s 36(1) ..................................................13.5
s 24(d) ................................................13.19 s 36(1)(1)..............................................13.5
s 25 .....................................................13.21 s 36(1)(2)..............................................13.5
s 25(a).................................................13.21 s 36(3)(a) ..............................................13.5
s 25(a)-(p)...........................................13.20 s 36(4) ................................................13.25
s 25(b) ................................................13.21 s 37 ...............................13.22, 13.25, 13.32
s 25(c).................................................13.21 s 37(1) .....................................13.30, 13.32
s 25(d) ................................................13.21 s 37(1)-(3) ..........................................13.37
s 25(e).................................................13.21 s 37(2) ................................................13.33
s 25(f) ......................................13.21, 13.22 s 37(3) ................................................13.33
s 25(g) ................................................13.22 s 38 .......................................................13.6
s 25(h) ................................................13.21 s 38(a)-(d).........................13.6, 13.7, 13.27
s 25(i) ...........................13.21, 13.49, 13.52 s 38(d) ..................................................13.6
s 25(k) ................................................13.21 s 39 .......................................................13.1
s 25(l) .................................................13.21 s 40 ............................................13.1, 13.16
s 25(m) ...............................................13.21 s 40(a)...................................................13.1
lviii
s 40(b) ..................................................13.1 KLRCA Standard Terms of

s 41 .......................................................13.3 Appointment ..........................................13.24
Schedule ...............................................13.9 Schedule II .........................................13.24
Evidence Act 1950 (Act 56) ..............13.6, 13.21 Rules of Court 2012 ...................................13.51
Limitation Act 1953 ..........................13.8, 13.37 s 7 .......................................................13.51
Sabah Limitation Ordinance ........................13.8 s 55A ..................................................13.51
Sarawak Limitation Ordinance ....................13.8
Mauritius
Regulations Adjudication Act ..........................................14.9
Construction Industry Payment and
Adjudication (Exemption) New Zealand
Order 2014 ........................13.1, 13.14, 13.15,
13.16, 13.41, 19.73 Legislation
First and Second Schedule ...................13.1 Building Act 2004 ......................................15.26
Order 2 ...............................................13.16 s 393 ...................................................15.26
Construction Industry Payment and Companies Act 1993 ..................................15.15
Adjudication Regulations 2014.....13.1, 19.73 Construction Contract Act 2001.................15.16
KLRCA Adjudication Rules Construction Contracts Act 2002 .......15.1, 15.5,
and Procedure.......................13.1, 13.6, 13.18 15.7, 19.2
Form 1 ..................................................13.6 s 19-24..................................................15.7
Form 2 ..................................................13.7 s 23 .....................................................15.14
Form 3 ..................................................13.8 s 24 .....................................................15.14
Form 4 ..................................................13.9 s 25 .......................................................15.9
Form 5 ................................................13.12 s 26(1) ................................................15.14
Form 6 ................................................13.19 s 36 .......................................................15.9
Form 7 ................................................13.13 s 37 .......................................................15.9
Form 8 ................................................13.14 s 37A ....................................................15.9
Form 9 ................................................13.15 s 45 .....................................................15.10
Form 10 ..............................................13.19 s 46 .....................................................15.10
Form 10 ..............................................13.23 s 5(1) ..................................................15.12
Form 11 ..............................................13.14 s 58 .....................................................15.13
Form 12 ..............................................13.19 s 59 ..........................................15.10, 15.14
Form 13 ..............................................13.23 s 59A ..................................................15.13
Form 14 ..............................................13.24 s 73 ..........................................15.10, 15.15
Form 15 ..............................................13.27 s 74 .....................................................15.15
Form 16 ..............................................13.27 s 77 .....................................................15.10
Procedure B..........................................13.1 s 79 .....................................................15.14
rule 2 ....................................................13.8 Construction Contracts Amendment
rule 3 ..................................................13.12 Act 2015 .........................................15.1, 15.9,
rule 3(2)(e) ......................................... 13.11 15.12, 15.13
rule 4 ..................................................13.13 Judicature Amendment Act 1972 ...............15.15
rule 5 ..................................................13.14 s 8 .......................................................15.15
rule 6 ..................................................13.15 Limitation Act 1950 ...................................15.26
Rule 7 .................................................13.18 Limitation Act 2010 ...................................15.26
rule 8 ..................................................13.19 Weathertight Homes Resolution
rule 8 ..................................................13.22 Services Acts 2002 ...................................15.3
rule 10 ................................................13.25 Weathertight Homes Resolution
rule 10 ................................................13.27 Services Acts 2006 ...................................15.3
rule 11 ................................................13.19 s 14 .....................................................15.25
Schedule 1 ............................................13.6 s 31-49................................................15.23
lix
s 37 .....................................................15.27 Insolvency (Northern Ireland)

s 57-76................................................15.23 Order 1989 .............................................16.30
s 89 .....................................................15.29 art 103(1)(a) .......................................16.30
s 89-108..............................................15.23 art 242(1)(a) .......................................16.30
s 90(1) ................................................15.29 Judgments Enforcement (Northern Ireland)
s 93(1) ................................................15.29 Order 1981 .............................................16.29
s 95(1) ................................................15.29 art 7(1)................................................16.37
s 97 .....................................................15.29 art 30 ..................................................16.29
s 98 .....................................................15.29 art 31 ..................................................16.29
Weathertight Homes Resolution Services art 46 ..................................................16.29
(Remedies) Amendment Act 2007 ...........15.3 art 67 ..................................................16.29
Workers’ Protection and Contractors’ art 69 ..................................................16.29
Lien Act 1939...........................................15.1 art 73 ..................................................16.29
art 106-115 .........................................16.29
Regulations Judgments Enforcement Rules
District Court Rules ...................................15.15 (NI) 1981................................................16.29
rule 15.8 .............................................15.15 Rules of the Court of Judicature
(Northern Ireland) 1980 ......................... 16.11
Northern Ireland
Appendix 3 part I ...............................16.25
Legislation Commercial List Practice Direction...16.13
Construction Contracts (Amendment) Order 6 rules 2A-2D ..........................16.12
Act (Northern Ireland) 2011 order 14 ........................ 16.11, 16.17, 16.25
(the 2011 Act)...........................................16.3 order 14 rule 2 ....................................16.18
Government of Ireland Act 1920 .................16.1 Order 14 rule 4(3)(b) ..........................16.22
Judicature (Northern Ireland) Order 45 .............................................16.28
Act 1978 ......................................16.12, 16.24 Order 62 Appendix 2.........................16.27
s 33A ..................................................16.12 Order 62 rule 17(3) ............................16.25
s 35(2)(c) ............................................16.23 Order 62 rule 3 ...................................16.24
s 35(3) ................................................16.23 Order 72 .............................................16.13
s 59 .....................................................16.24 Order 72 rule 1(2) ..............................16.13
Late Payment of Commercial Debts Order 72 rule 3(1) ..............................16.14
(Interest) Act 1998 ......................16.12, 16.47 Order 77 rule 5 ...................................16.21
Northern Ireland Act 1998 ...........................16.2 Practice Note ...........................16.13, 16.15
art 7 ......................................................16.4 Pre-Action Protocol for Commercial
art 13 ....................................................16.4 Actions ...............................................16.13
Northern Ireland (Temporary Provisions) Scheme for Construction Contracts in
Act 1972 ...................................................16.2 Northern Ireland Regulations (Northern
Ireland) 1999 SI 1999 No 32 ...................16.5
Regulations Paragraph 9(2)............................................16.47
Construction Contracts (Northern Ireland) Scheme for Construction Contracts in
Order 1997 SI 1997 No 274 (NI 1) .........16.3 Northern Ireland (Amendment)
Construction Contracts (1997 Order) Regulations (Northern Ireland)
(Commencement) Order (Northern Ireland) 2012 SI 2012 No. 365 ..............................16.5
1999 SI 1999 No. 34(C. 4) .............16.3, 16.4,
Scotland
16.8, 16.16
art 3-6 ...................................................16.4 Legislation
art 4 ....................................................16.35 Adjudication Act 1621 (The 1621 Act) ........17.2
Construction Contracts (2011 Act) Administration of Justice (Scotland)
(Commencement) Order (Northern Ireland) Act 1972 ...................................................17.3
2012 SI 2012 No. 367 (C. 34) ..................16.3 Arbitration (Scotland) Act 2010...................17.4
lx
Regulations s 11(4)(b) ..............................................18.8

Scheme for Construction Contracts s 12(1) ..................................................18.9
(Scotland) Amendment Regulations s 12(2) .....................................18.10, 18.58
2011 No 371 .....................17.19, 17.25, 17.26 s 12(2)(a) .....................................18.8, 18.9
para 19................................................17.26 s 12(2)(a)-(c) ......................................13.22
s 1 .......................................................17.19 s 12(2)(b).....................................18.8, 18.9
s 109(3) ..............................................17.22 s 12(3) .......................................13.22, 18.9
s 110(3) ..............................................17.22 s 12(3)(a) ..............................................18.9
s 113(6) ..............................................17.22 s 12(3)(a)-(5) ......................................18.10
s 12(3)(b)..............................................18.9
s 12(3)(b)-(5)......................................18.10
Singapore
s 12(4) ..............................18.8, 18.9, 18.10
Legislation s 12(4)(a) ..............................................18.9
Building and Construction Industry s 12(4)(b)..............................................18.9
Security of Payment Act 2004 .......3.93, 8.45, s 12(5) ..............................18.8, 18.9, 18.10
13.5, 18.1, s 13(1) ..............................18.8, 18.9, 18.10
19.2, 19.73 s 13(2) ................................................18.10
s 2 ........................... 18.3, 18.7, 18.8, 18.11, s 13(3) ..................................................18.9
18.25, 18.37 s 13(3)(a) ..............18.7, 18.8, 18.10, 18.15,
s 4(1) ....................................................18.4 18.32, 18.34, 18.58
s 4(2) ....................................................18.4 s 13(3)(a)-(c) ................18.10, 18.15, 18.17
s 4(2)(b)(ii) ...........................................18.4 s 13(3)(a)-(e) ......................................18.10
s 4(3) ....................................................18.4 s 13(3)(b)............................................18.15
s 4(4) ....................................................18.5 s 13(3)(c) .................................18.10, 18.15
s 5 ................................................18.6, 18.7 s 13(3)(d)............................................18.10
s 5(1) ....................................................13.6 s 13(3)(e) ............................................18.10
s 5(2) ....................................................13.6 s 13(4) ................................................ 18.11
s 6 ................................................13.7, 18.7 s 13(4)(a) ............................................ 18.11
s 6(a).....................................................18.7 s 13(4)(b)................................. 18.11, 18.33
s 6(b) ....................................................18.7 s 13(5) ................................................ 18.11
s 7 .........................................................18.7 s 13(b) ................................................18.10
s 7(1)(a) ................................................18.7 s 13(d) ................................................18.10
s 7(1)(b)................................................18.7 s 14(2) ................................................18.26
s 7(5) .......................................18.27, 18.37 s 15(1) ......................... 13.11, 18.10, 18.13,
s 8 .........................................................18.7 18.14, 18.17
s 8(a).....................................................18.6 s 15(2)(a)-(d) ......................................18.13
s 9(1) ....................................................18.7 s 15(3) .............................13.7, 18.8, 18.13,
s 10 ...................................18.7, 18.8, 18.19 18.25, 18.32
s 10(1) .........................................18.6, 18.7 s 15(4) ................................................18.13
s 10(2)(a) ...................................18.7, 18.58 s 15(4)(b)............................................18.24
s 10(2)(b)...................................18.7, 18.58 s 16 .....................................................18.15
s 10(3) ..................................................18.7 s 16(1) ................................................18.14
s 10(3)(a) ..............................................18.8 s 16(2) .....................................18.17, 18.18
s 10(4) .......................................18.7, 18.21 s 16(2)(a) ..............18.3, 18.8, 18.10, 18.13,
s 11 .......................................................18.7 18.17, 18.21, 18.34
s 11(1) ..............................18.8, 18.9, 18.16 s 16(2)(b)...........18.13, 18.17, 18.29, 18.39
s 11(1)(a) ..............................................18.9 s 16(2)(c) ............................................18.58
s 11(1)(b) .....................................18.8, 18.9 s 16(3) .....................................18.15, 18.17
s 11(3)(a)-(d) ........................................18.8 s 16(3)(a) ................................. 18.11, 18.18
s 11(4)(a) ..............................................18.8 s 16(3)(a)-(c) ...........................18.18, 18.58
lxi
s 16(3)(b)............................................18.18 s 19 .........................................18.26, 18.29,

s 16(3)(c) ...................................18.8, 18.18 18.37, 18.58
s 16(4)-(8) ..........................................18.36 s 19(1) ................................................18.34
s 16(4)(a)-(g) ..........................18.20, 18.22 s 19(2)(a) ............................................18.34
s 16(5) ...............................................18.23 s 19(2)(a)-(b) ......................................18.34
s 16(6) ...............................................18.20 s 19(2)(b)............................................18.34
s 16(8) .....................................18.29, 18.38 s 19(3) ................................................18.35
s 17 ..........................................18.15, 18.26 s 19(4)(a) .................................18.31, 18.36
s 17(1) ................................................18.29 s 19(4)(b)............................................18.36
s 17(1)(a) ................................18.14, 18.22, s 19(5) ................................................18.38
18.25, 18.26 s 19(5)(a) ............................................18.37
s 17(1)(a)-(b) ...........................18.29, 18.34 s 19(5)(b)............................................18.37
s 17(1)(a)(i) ........................................18.25 s 19(5)(c) ............................................18.37
s 17(1)(a)(ii) .......................................18.25 s 19(5)(d)............................................18.37
s 17(1)(b).....................18.10, 18.14, 18.22, s 19(6)(a)-(b) ......................................18.36
18.25, 18.26, 18.35 s 19(7) ................................................18.37
s 17(2) ................................................18.29 s 19(8) .....................................18.36, 18.38
s 17(2)(a) ............................................18.27 s 19(a)-(b)...........................................18.34
s 17(2)(a)-(c) ......................................18.29 s 20(1)(a)-(c) ......................................18.12
s 17(2)(a)-(d) ......................................18.27 s 21(1) ................................................18.47
s 17(2)(b)............................................18.27 s 21(1)(a)-(c) ......................................18.40
s 17(2)(c) ............................................18.27 s 21(3) ..........................18.42, 18.48, 18.56
s 17(2)(d)............................................18.27 s 22(1) .....................................18.27, 18.40
s 17(3) ................................................18.16 s 22(1)-(2) ..........................................18.40
s 17(3)(2)(d) .......................................18.10 s 22(1)(a) ............................................18.27
s 17(3)(a)-(h) ................18.19, 18.36, 18.58 s 22(1)(b)............................................18.27
s 17(3)(h)............................................18.19 s 23(1)-(2) ..........................................18.40
s 17(5)-(9) ..........................................18.36 s 23(1)(a) ............................................18.40
s 17(6) .....................................18.29, 18.38 s 23(1)(b)............................................18.40
s 17(6)-(7) ..........................................18.38 s 23(2) ....................................18.40, 18.42,
s 17(7) .....................................18.29, 18.38 18.47, 18.54
s 17(7)(b)............................................18.33 s 23(3) ................................................18.52
s 17(8) .....................................18.24, 18.29 s 24 .....................................................18.40
s 17(8)(a)-(b) ......................................18.34 s 24(1)-(5) ..........................................18.40
s 17(9) ................................................18.29 s 24(2)(a)-(c) ......................................18.40
s 18 ...............................18.29, 18.32, 18.58 s 24(3) ................................................18.40
s 18(1) ..........................18.30, 18.31, 18.32 s 24(4)-(5) ..........................................18.40
s 18(1)-(4) ..........................................18.32 s 24-27................................................18.40
s 18(2) ..........................18.30, 18.31, 18.32 s 25(2)(a)-(c) ......................................18.40
s 18(3) .....................................18.32, 18.37 s 25(2)(a)-(d) ......................................18.40
s 18(4)(a) ............................................18.34 s 26 .....................................................18.40
s 18(4)(a)-(b) ......................................18.36 s 26(1)-(8) ..........................................18.40
s 18(4)(a)-(c) ......................................18.32 s 26(1)(a)-(d) ......................................18.40
s 18(4)(b)............................................18.34 s 26(2)(a)-(b) ......................................18.40
s 18(4)(c) .................................18.32, 18.34 s 26(3)-(4) ..........................................18.40
s 18(5)-(7) ..........................................18.33 s 26(3)(a)-(b) ......................................18.40
s 18(5)(a)(ii) .......................................18.33 s 26(7) ................................................18.40
s 18(5)(b)............................................18.33 s 27 ...............................18.46, 18.55, 18.58
s 18(6) .....................................18.33, 18.34 s 27(1) .........................18.40, 18.42, 18.47,
s 18(7) ................................................18.33 18.54, 18.55
lxii
s 27(1)-(4) ..........................................18.40 Regulations

s 27(2) .....................................18.54, 18.55 Building and Construction Industry Security
s 27(3) ................................................18.47 of Payment Regulations 2005
s 27(4)-(5) ..........................................18.55 (as amended in 2012) ...................18.1, 19.73
s 27(5) ..........................18.42, 18.56, 18.57 reg 5(1) .................................................18.7
s 28 .....................................................18.10 reg 5(2) .................................................18.7
s 28(4) ................................................18.10 reg 6 .....................................................18.8
s 28(4)(a) ............................................18.33 reg 6(2)(a)-(d) ......................................18.8
s 28(4)(e) ................................. 13.11, 18.10 reg 6(a)-(d) ...........................................18.8
s 29 .......................................... 18.11, 18.33 reg 7(1)(a) ..........................................18.10
s 29(2) ................................................ 18.11 reg 7(1)(a)-(f) .....................................18.10
s 29(3) ................................................ 18.11 reg 7(1)(c) ..........................................18.10
s 30(2) ................................................18.10 reg 7(2) ...............................................18.33
s 30(3) ................................................18.27 reg 7(2)(a)-(e).....................................18.10
s 30(4) ................................................18.27 reg 7(2)(d) ..........................................18.10
s 30(4)(b).................................18.27, 18.52 reg 7(2)(e) ..........................................18.10
s 31(1) ................................................18.18 reg 7(2A) ............................................18.10
s 31(1)(a) ............................................18.27 reg 7(3) ...............................................18.10
s 31(1)(b)............................................18.27 reg 7(3)(a)-(f) .....................................18.13
s 31(2) .....................................18.26, 18.28 reg 8(1)(a)-(d) ....................................18.13
s 31(4) ................................................18.12 reg 8(1A) ............................................18.13
s 32(1) ................................................18.28 reg 8(2) ...............................................18.24
s 32(2) .....................................18.10, 18.28 reg 9 ...................................................18.29
s 33(1) ................................................18.24 reg 9(2) ...............................................18.24
s 33(2)(a)-(e) ......................................18.24 reg 10(1) ..................................18.32, 18.33
s 33(2)(c) ............................................18.24 reg 10(2)(a) ........................................18.32
s 34 ..........................................18.24, 18.47 reg 10(2)(a)-(b) .......................18.32, 18.34
s 34(1) .....................................18.37, 18.46 reg 10(3) .............................................18.33
s 34(1)-(4) ............................................18.6 reg 10(3)(a) ........................................18.33
s 34(1)(a) .....................18.42, 18.44, 18.46, reg 10(3)(b) ........................................18.33
18.48, 18.52 reg 11(1) ............................................. 18.11
s 34(3) ..........................18.24, 18.48, 18.49 reg 11(2) ............................................. 18.11
s 34(4) ................................................18.50 reg 13(1) .............................................18.10
s 34(4)(a) ............................................18.52 reg 13(2) .............................................18.10
s 34(4)(a)-(b) ...........................18.51, 18.52 reg 13(2)(b) ........................................18.10
s 34(4)(b)............................................18.51 reg 13(3) .............................................18.10
s 36 ..............................................13.5, 18.7 reg 13(4) .............................................18.10
s 36(1)-(2) ............................................18.6 reg 14(1) .............................................18.32
s 37 .......................................................18.7 reg 14(3) .............................................18.32
s 37(2) ..................................................18.7 Rules of Court (Cap 322, R 5) ........18.27, 18.57
s 37(3) ..................................................18.7 Order 59 Rule 37................................18.27
s 38 .......................................................18.1 Order 95 .............................................18.55
s 40(1)(b)............................................18.10 Order 95 rule 1 ...................................18.55
s 41 ............................................18.1, 19.73 Order 95 rule 2 ...................................18.55
Housing Developer (Control and Order 95 rule 2(2)(a)-(c) ....................18.55
Licensing) Act ........................................18.40 Order 95 rule 3 ...................................18.55
State Courts Act (Cap 321) ........................18.54 Order 95 rule 3(3) ..............................18.57
Supreme Court of Judicature SMC Adjudication Rules
(Amendment) Act 2010 (4th edition, September 2015) –
(Cap 24) .................................................18.54 “SMC Rules” .............................. 13.11, 18.10
lxiii
Form AA-1 .........................................18.10 regulation 26 P subclause (1)........ 19.78, 19.89

form AR-1 ..........................................18.13 regulation 26 P
rule 2.2 .................................... 13.11, 18.10 subclause (2) .............. 19.89, 19.91, 19.110
Rule 2.3(b) .........................................18.34 regulation 26 P subclause (3) .............19.91
regulation 26 P subclause (4) .............19.87
South Africa regulation 26 Q subclause (1) ............19.93
regulation 26 Q
Legislation subclause (2) ..............19.94, 19.98, 19.100
Arbitration Act 42 of 1965 .........................19.28 regulation 26 Q subclause (2) para 3....... 19.101
s 3 ............................................19.28, 19.84 regulation 26 Q subclause (3) ............19.99
Construction Industry Development regulation 26 Q subclause (5) ..........19.107
Board Act 38 of 2000 ...............................19.7 Section 1.............................................19.80
s 4(f) .....................................................19.7
s 5(4) ....................................................19.7 UK
Companies Act No 71 of 2008 ........19.68, 19.70
Part F ..................................................19.68 Legislation
s 180(1)(a) ..........................................19.68 Arbitration Act 1996 ......................................2.9
s 180(1)(b)..........................................19.68 s 39 .........................................................2.9
s 180(3) ..............................................19.68 Housing Grants, Construction and
s 181 ...................................................19.68 Regeneration Act 1996.........1.7, 2.1, 2.3, 3.3,
s 182 ...................................................19.69 7.23, 8.45, 8.56, 9.41,
s 183(3) ..............................................19.69 9.49, 9.62, 9.66, 9.68, 10.4,
s 184 ...................................................19.69 12.20, 12.21, 13.5, 13.24,
Housing Consumers Protection Act 16.3, 16.8, 17.7, 17.13,
of 1998 (Act 95 of 1998) .......................19.80 17.21, 17.22, 17.22, 18.7,
Labour Relations Act No 66 1995 .............19.52 18.39, 18.48, 19.2, 19.29,
Chapter 5 para 4.1.5.3 ........................19.52 19.53, 19.59, 19.71, 20.4
Project and Construction Management Part 2 .............................................2.3, 2.14
Professions Act, 48 of 2000 .................19.83 Part II ......................................19.53, 19.71
Public Finance Management Act No 1 s 104 ..............................................2.3, 2.39
of 1999 ...................................................19.26 s 104-107..............................................16.4
s 105 .....................................................2.39
Regulations s 106 .....................................................2.39
Construction Industry Development s 107 .....................................................2.39
Board Regulations..................................19.75 s 107(5) ..................................................2.3
s 33 .....................................................19.75 s 108 ...................1.7, 2.3, 2.39, 16.4, 17.23
Construction Industry Development Boards s 108(2)(c) ............................................20.4
Prompt Payment and Adjudication s 108(3) ..............................................19.30
Regulations ..............................................19.4 s 108(5) .......................................2.14, 13.5
CIDB Prompt Payment Regulations s 108A ..................................................2.48
(not promulgated)...................................19.76 s 111 ...............................12.20, 12.21, 13.7
CIDB Prompt Payment Regulations s 114 .....................................................16.4
(under review) ...................................... 19.111 Human Rights Act 1998 .............................17.16
Part 1 ..................................................19.84 Local Democracy, Economic Development
Part 1 sub-clause (iii) .........................19.84 and Construction Act 2009...........2.14, 12.21,
Part 1 Subclause(2) para 2 ...............19.102 16.4, 17.8, 19.71, 19.90
Part 1 Subclause(2) para 6 ...............19.104 s 104 .....................................................2.19
Part 1 Subclause(4) ............................19.90 s 105 .....................................................2.19
Part 1 Subclause(5) ............................19.90 s 106 .....................................................2.20
Part IV C .................................19.76, 19.81 s 107 .....................................................2.20
Part IV D ......................19.76, 19.84, 19.87 s 108 .....................................................2.21
lxiv
s 108(1) ..............................................19.90 para 19................................................17.26

s 108A(2)(a) .........................................2.15 para 19(1) ...........................................17.25
s 108A(2)(b) .........................................2.15 para 23(2) ...........................................19.30
s 110A(1)(a) .........................................2.16 s 3(7) ..................................................17.25
s 110B(1) ..............................................2.16
s 110B(3) ..............................................2.16 UN
s 111(10)...............................................2.17
s 111(2).................................................2.16 UNCITRAL Model Law on International
s 111(3).................................................2.16 Commercial Arbitration ................ 11.28, 12.4
s 139(1) ................................................2.14 Article 34(2)(a)(iii) ............................ 11.28
s 139(2) ................................................2.14 Model Law see UNCITRAL Model Law
s 141 .....................................................2.48
s 144 ...................................................12.21 USA
s 145(3) ................................................2.17 Legislation
Sale of Goods and Supply of Services Federal Arbitration Act 1925,
Act 1980 .................................................12.42 9 USC .....................................................20.48
Regulations Regulations
Civil Procedure Rules ....................................2.3 AAA Rules on Construction Industry
Part 7 ....................................................2.42 Mediation Procedures .................20.42, 20.47
Part 8 .............................................2.3, 2.42 s 15.3.2 ...............................................20.42
Part 24 ..................................................2.42 AAA Construction Industry Initial Decision
Insolvency Rules 1986 .................................2.45 Maker (IDM) Procedure, 2009
rule 490 .......................................2.45, 2.48 section I-2...........................................20.53
Scheme for Construction Contracts section I-3(a) ......................................20.54
(England and Wales) Regulations 1998 section I-3(b) ......................................20.54
(Amendment) (England) Regulations
2011 ............................................17.24, 17.25,
17.26, 19.29
lxv
TAB LE O F C O N T R A C T C L AUS E S AND RUL E S
Contents
Contract Clauses and Rules ........................................................................................................... lxvii
International ............................................................................................................................... lxvii
Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb) ............................................................................. lxvii
Fédération International des Ingénieurs-Conseils (FIDIC) (International Federation
of Consulting Engineers)..................................................................................................... lxvii
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) ........................................................................... lxix
Ireland ......................................................................................................................................... lxix
Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland (RIAI) ................................................................. lxix
South Africa ................................................................................................................................ lxix
Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) ............................................................... lxix
Joint Building Contract Committee (JBCC) ........................................................................... lxix
South African Institution of Civil Engineering (SAICE)........................................................ lxix
South African National Standards Authority ........................................................................... lxx
UK ................................................................................................................................................ lxx
Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) ......................................................................................... lxx
Joint Contracts Tribunal (JCT) 1.2........................................................................................... lxx
USA............................................................................................................................................. lxxi
American Arbitration Association (AAA) .............................................................................. lxxi
American Institute of Architects (AIA)................................................................................... lxxi
International article 13(2) ..........................................7.34

article 13(3) ..........................................7.35
Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb) article 13(4) ..........................................7.35
CIArb Rules ......................7.1, 7.2, 7.4, 7.8, 7.9, article 13(5) ..........................................7.36
7.13, 7.14, 7.21, 7.24, 7.28, article 15(2) ..........................................7.35
7.30, 7.33, 7.40, 7.43, 7.45
article 1.................................................7.32 Fédération International des Ingénieurs-
article 2(1) ............................................7.32 Conseils (FIDIC) (International
article 3(5) ............................................7.37 Federation of Consulting Engineers)
article 4(3) ............................................7.38 FIDIC Conditions of Contract for
article 4(5) ............................................7.38 Construction, first edition
article 6(1) ............................................7.31 1999......................................7.15, 19.9, 19.39
article 6(2) ............................................7.31 FIDIC contracts 1999-2010 (the “Rainbow
article 9(1) ............................................7.32 Suite”) ........................................................8.2
article 10(1) ..........................................7.33 sub-clause 2.5.........................................8.8
article 12(1) ..........................................7.33 sub-clause 20.............................1.16, 19.41
lxvii
TABLE OF CONTRACT CLAUSES AND RULES
sub-clause 20.1.......................................8.8 Rule 10(b) ............................................8.22

sub-clause 20.2...................8.13, 8.52, 8.64 rule 11 ..................................................8.38
sub-clause 20.3...................8.10, 8.52, 8.64 rule 12 ..................................................8.38
sub-clause 20.4..................8.21, 8.27, 8.45, rule 2 ....................................................8.38
8.52, 8.59, 8.64, rule 3 ....................................................8.38
19.39, 19.41 rule 4 ....................................................8.38
sub-clause 20.4.4..................................8.71 rule 5 ....................................................8.38
sub-clause 20.4-20.7 ............................8.71 rule 6 ....................................................8.38
sub-clause 20.5...................8.30, 8.45, 8.59 rule 7 ....................................................8.38
sub-clause 20.6..................8.34, 8.43, 8.45, rule 8 ....................................................8.38
8.59, 11.27, 11.28, 19.41 rule 9 ....................................................8.38
sub-clause 20.7...................8.34, 8.44, 8.50 sub-clause 20.11 ...................................8.59
sub-clause 20.8...................8.59, 8.64, 8.69 sub-clause 20.2..............................8.9, 8.10
sub-clause 3.5..................................8.8, 8.8 sub-clause 20.3.....................................8.37
FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Construction sub-clause 20.6.....................................8.17
first edition, (1999), For Building and sub-clause 20.9.....................................8.50
Engineering Works designed by the FIDIC Conditions of Contract for
Employer (Red Book) .............7.15, 7.16, 8.2, Plant Design and Build
8.3, 8.4, 8.9, 8.72 (the Yellow Book) .....................7.16, 8.2, 8.4,
rule 1 ....................................................8.38 8.9, 8.16, 8.71
rule 2 ....................................................8.38 rule 1 ....................................................8.38
rule 3 ....................................................8.38 rule 2 ....................................................8.38
rule 4 ....................................................8.38 rule 3 ....................................................8.38
rule 5 ....................................................8.38 rule 5 ....................................................8.38
rule 6 ....................................................8.38 Rule 5(b) ..............................................8.22
rule 7 ....................................................8.38 rule 6 ....................................................8.38
rule 8 ....................................................8.38 sub-clause 20.2............................ 8.11, 8.37
rule 8(b)................................................8.22 sub-clause 20.4.....................................8.17
rule 9 ....................................................8.38 FIDIC Conditions of Contract for
sub-clause 20.2............7.16, 8.9, 8.10, 8.37 EPC/Turnkey Projects
sub-clause 20.4...................7.17, 7.19, 8.17 (the Silver Book) .......................7.16, 8.2, 8.9,
Red Book 3rd Ed 1977...................................8.3 8.16, 8.63
Red Book 4th Ed 1987. ..................................8.3 rule 1 ....................................................8.38
FIDIC Conditions of Contract for rule 2 ....................................................8.38
MDB-Financed Contracts rule 3 ....................................................8.38
(the Pink Book) ..........................7.15, 8.2, 8.9 rule 5 ....................................................8.38
rule 1 ....................................................8.38 Rule 5(b) ..............................................8.22
rule 2 ....................................................8.38 rule 6 ....................................................8.38
rule 3 ....................................................8.38 sub-clause 20.2................... 8.11, 8.37, 8.71
rule 4 ....................................................8.38 sub-clause 20.3.......................................8.9
rule 5 ....................................................8.38 sub-clause 20.4.....................................8.17
rule 6 ....................................................8.38 sub-clause 20.8.....................................8.71
rule 7 ....................................................8.38 Orange Book 1995 .........................................8.3
rule 8 ....................................................8.38 FIDIC Procedural Rules...............................8.67
rule 9 ....................................................8.38 clause 4.................................................8.20
sub-clause 20.2.....................8.9, 8.10, 8.37 clause 6.................................................8.23
sub-clause 20.4.....................................8.17 rule 2 ....................................................8.19
Gold Book ......................................8.2, 8.9, 8.45 rule 3(a) ................................................8.20
rule 1 ....................................................8.38 rule 3(b)................................................8.20
rule 10 ..................................................8.38 rule 4 ....................................................8.23
lxviii
rule 5 ....................................................8.24 Public Works Contract, which is published by

rule 5(a) ................................................8.19 the Office of Government Procurement ..........
rule 5(c) ................................................8.23 clause 13.1.8.........................................12.9
rule 6 ....................................................8.25
South Africa
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Companies Tribunal
Dispute Board Agreement Companies Tribunal adjudication
(DB Agreement) ....................................... 11.8 procedures(Companies Act 2008;
Dispute Board Cases ........................................... Part F).................................................19.68
ICC Case 10619 ...................................8.44
ICC Case 14431 (2008) .......................8.72 Construction Industry Development Board
ICC case 15751/JHN............................8.44 (CIDB)
ICC Case 15956 (2010) .......................8.72 Best Practice Guideline #C3:
ICC Case 16083 (2010) .......................8.72 Adjudication ...............................19.60, 19.64
ICC Case 16119 (2010)...............8.44, 8.72 s 3 (Principles underpinning adjudication)
ICC Case 16155 (2010) .......................8.72 ............................................................19.61
ICC Case 16262 (2010) .......................8.72 s 4 para 4.1 (General) ..............19.60, 19.61
ICC Case 16435 (2013) .......................8.72 s 5.1 (Establishment of a list of
ICC Case 16570 (2012) .......................8.72 adjudicators)...........................19.64, 19.65,
ICC Case 16765 (2013) .......................8.72 19.66
ICC Case 16948 (2011)...............8.44, 8.72
ICC Case 16949/ GZ............................8.44 Joint Building Contract Committee (JBCC)
ICC Case 17146 (2013) .......................8.72 JBCC Series 2000 (JBCC 2000) ..................19.9
ICC Case 18096 (2012) .......................8.72 JBCC Series 2000 documents ....................19.19
ICC Case 18320 (2013) .......................8.72 JBCC 2000 standard form..........................19.33
ICC Case 18505 (2013) .......................8.72 JBCC Principal Building Agreement
ICC Case 19346 (2014) .......................8.72 4th Edition (March 2004).......................19.47
ICC Case 19581 (2014) .......................8.72 Clause 40............................................19.47
Dispute Board Clauses (DB Clauses) .......... 11.8 Clause 40............................................19.48
Dispute Board Rules (DB Rules) .......1.16, 7.14, Clause 40.4.........................................19.47
7.20, 11.7, 11.21 Clause 40.4.2......................................19.47
art 1 ...................................................... 11.7 JBCC Series 2000, Principal Agreement,
art 7 .................................................... 11.14 Edition 5.0 R 1 .................19.19, 19.20, 19.21
art 4-6 ...................................................7.20 Clause 40.1.........................................19.21
art 7(2)-(4)............................................7.21 Clause 40.2.........................................19.22
art 14 .................................................. 11.11 Clause 40.2.1......................................19.23
art 16 .................................................. 11.14 Clause 40.2.2......................................19.23
art 16(2)................................................8.15 Clause 40.5.........................................19.23
art 18 ......................................... 11.7, 11.14 Clause 40.3.4......................................19.23
art 19 .................................................. 11.15 JBCC Principal Building Agreement
art 20 .................................................. 11.15 (edition 6.1) 2014 ...................................19.24
art 21(2).............................................. 11.15
art 22 .................................................. 11.15
South African Institution of Civil Engineering
(SAICE)
Ireland General Conditions of Contract for
Construction Works, first edition,
Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland 2004........................................................19.14
(RIAI) General Conditions of Contract for
RIAI Agreement and Schedule of Conditions of Construction Works, first edition
Building Contract, 2012 edition......12.8, 12.9 2010...............................................19.9, 19.15
lxix
Sub-clause 10.3.1 (Dispute Notice). ..19.15 Procedure Two: p 7 ..............................7.23

Sub-clause 10.3.1.1 ............................19.15 Procedure Two: p 7, Rules 2(1)
Sub-clause 10.3.1.2 ............................19.15 and 2(2) ................................................7.24
Sub-clause 10.3.1.3 ............................19.15 ICE Engineering and Construction
Sub-clause 10.3.1.4 ............................19.15 Contract Option C ..................................16.38
General Conditions of Contract for Procedure Two: p 7 ..............................7.23
Construction Works, second edition, Procedure Two: p 7, Rules 2(1)
2010........................................................19.14 and 2(2) ................................................7.24
Clause 10 (Claims and Disputes) .......19.15 ICE Engineering and Construction
Sub-clause 10.3.1.4 ............................19.15 Contract Option C ..................................16.38
Sub-clause 10.3.2 ...............................19.16
Sub-clause 10.3.2 (Dispute to be referred) Joint Contracts Tribunal (JCT)
............................................................19.16 JCT DOM/1 (Domestic sub-contract) ............2.1
Sub-clause 10.4 (Amicable JCT Intermediate Form of Building
Settlement) .........................................19.16 Contracts 1989 ...........................................1.6
Sub-clause 10.4.3 (Binding amicable art 3.1 .....................................................1.6
settlement) ..........................................19.16 art 3.2 .....................................................1.6
Sub-clause 10.5.1 (Dispute resolution cl 19........................................................1.6
by standing adjudication) ...................19.16 cl 21........................................................1.6
Sub-clause 10.5.2 (Dispute resolution cl 21.2.....................................................1.6
by ad - hoc adjudication)....................19.16 cl 21.2.2..................................................1.6
Sub-clause 10.7.1 (Reference to cl 22........................................................1.6
arbitration)..........................................19.16 cl 22.1.....................................................1.6
Sub-clause 10.8.1 (Reference to cl 22.1.1..................................................1.6
court) ..................................................19.16 cl 22.1.1.1...............................................1.6
General Conditions of Contract for cl 22.1.2..................................................1.6
Construction Works, third edition 2015 cl 22.1-22.3 ............................................1.6
(GCC 2015)..............................................19.9 cl 22.2.....................................................1.6
cl 22.3.....................................................1.6
South African National Standards Authority cl 22.3.1..................................................1.6
Standard for Construction procurement cl 22.3.1.2...............................................1.6
processes, methods and procedures, cl 22.3.1.3...............................................1.6
edition one, 2004.........................19.60, 19.63 cl 22.3.2..................................................1.6
cl 22.3.3..................................................1.6
UK cl 22.4.....................................................1.6
cl 22.4.1..................................................1.6
Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) JCT NSC/4 (Nominated sub-contract) ...........2.1
New Engineering Contract (NEC) ........1.1, 17.5 JCT Standard Building Sub-Contract
s 9 ...........................................................1.1 Conditions 2011 .........................................1.8
New Engineering Contract second edition cl 3.11.3 ..................................................1.8
(June 1995).............................................19.28 cl 8.2.......................................................1.8
NEC 2 (June 2005) standard form .............19.35 JCT Standard Form of Building
New Engineering Contract third edition Contract 1993 .............................................1.2
(June 2005) family of standard contracts Appendix Part XIII ................................1.3
(NEC 3) ....................................................19.9 blue form .........................................1.4, 2.1
ICE Dispute Resolution Board Procedure cl 11(b) ...................................................1.3
2012 (the ICE Rules) ...............................8.56 cl 13A .....................................................1.3
Procedure One: p 3...............................7.23 cl 13A (2)(c) ...........................................1.3
Procedure One: p 3, Rules 2(1) cl 13A(2)(b) ...........................................1.3
and 2(2) ................................................7.24 cl 13B .....................................................1.3
lxx
cl 16........................................................1.4 American Institute of Architects (AIA)

green form ..............................................2.1 AIA form A101-2007 Standard Form of
green form 1963 .....................................1.3 Agreement Between Owner and
green form 1978 .....................................1.3 Contractor .....................................20.5, 20.40
JCT standard form of Nominated s 4.3.1.11 ............................................20.40
Sub-Contract NSC/4a 1980........................1.5 AIA form A201-1997 ................................. 20.11
cl 21.3.....................................................1.5 s 4.4.1 ................................................. 20.11
cl 23........................................................1.5 s 10.3-10.5.......................................... 20.11
cl 23.2.....................................................1.5 s 14.2.2 ............................................... 20.11
cl 23.2.3..................................................1.5 AIA form A201-2007 General
cl 23.3.3..................................................1.5 Conditions of the Contract for
cl 24........................................................1.5 Construction .........................20.5, 20.9, 20.38
cl 24.1.....................................................1.5 s 3.7.4 .................................................20.18
cl 24.1.1..................................................1.5 s 4.1.1 .................................................20.38
cl 24.1.1.1...............................................1.5 s 4.2.14 ...............................................20.26
cl 24.1.2..................................................1.5 s 9.7 ....................................................20.20
cl 24.1-24.3 ............................................1.5 s 9.10.4 ...............................................20.41
cl 24.2.....................................................1.5 s 9.10.5 ...............................................20.41
cl 24.3.....................................................1.5 s 10.3 ..................................................20.24
cl 24.3.1..................................................1.5 s 10.4 ..................................................20.24
cl 24.3.1-3.2 ...........................................1.5 s 11.3.9 ...............................................20.24
cl 24.3.2..................................................1.5 s 11.3.10 .............................................20.24
cl 24.4.....................................................1.5 s 12.6.1 ...............................................20.35
cl 24.4.1..................................................1.5 s 14 .....................................................20.20
JCT Sub-Contract Conditions for Use With s 14.2.2 ...............................................20.24
the Domestic Sub-contract DOM/1 ................ s 15.1.1 ...............................................20.15
Appendix Part 8 .....................................1.7 s 15.1.2 ....................................20.16, 20.17
art 3 ........................................................1.7 s 15.1.4 ...............................................20.21
cl 38........................................................1.7 s 15.1.5 ...............................................20.21
cl 38A .....................................................1.7 s 15.1.5.1 ............................................20.21
cl 38A.2.2 ...............................................1.7 s 15.1.6 ....................................20.22, 20.41
cl 38A.3 ..................................................1.7 s 15.1.13 .............................................20.20
cl 38A.4.1 ...............................................1.7 s 15.2.1 ........................20.14, 20.18, 20.25,
cl 38A.4.2 ...............................................1.7 20.31, 20.34
cl 38A.5.5 ...............................................1.7 s 15.2.2 .........................20.28, 20.32, 20.33
cl 38A.5.5.4 ............................................1.7 s 15.2.3 ...............................................20.29
cl 38A.7.1 ...............................................1.7 s 15.2.4 ...............................................20.30
s 15.2.5 ....................................20.31, 20.35
USA s 15.2.6.1 .................................20.36, 20.37
s 15.3 ..................................................20.45
American Arbitration Association (AAA) s 15.3.1 ...............................................20.41
AAA Dispute Resolution Board Guide s 15.3.2 ...............................................20.43
Specifications (2000) ...................................... s 15.3.3 ...............................................20.44
s 1.01(D)(1) ..........................................7.26 s 15.4.1 ...............................................20.47
s 1.02(A)(1) ..........................................7.26 s 15.4.2 ...............................................20.48
s 1.02(C)(1)(a)......................................7.27 s 15.4.3 ...............................................20.48
s 1.04(I)(1) ...........................................7.28 s 15.4.4.1 ............................................20.50
s 15.4.4.2 ............................................20.51
lxxi
P R I M A RY A P P E NDI CE S
A The UK Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 (as amended) and its
Australian Equivalents
B The UK Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 (as amended) and its
International Equivalents
C The Scheme for Construction Contracts (England and Wales) Regulations 1998 (as amended)
and its Australian Equivalents
D The Scheme for Construction Contracts (England and Wales) Regulations 1998 (as amended)
and its International Equivalents
lxxiii
O N L I N E R E S OURCE S
International Contractual and Statutory Adjudication is supported by over 20 appendices.

They have all been made available as downloads, which the reader can access at their
convenience from this book’s homepage. Whenever there appears a reference to an
appendix in the text, please go to https://www.routledge.com/9781138239623 and select
the appendix that you would like to see from the Resources tab.
lxxiv
S E C O N D A RY A P P E NDI CE S
Legislation, Rules And Contracts
Jurisdiction Local Contract, Legislation, Regulation, Or Rule
1.1 England and Wales Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 (1996
Chapter 53)
1.2 England and Wales Scheme for Construction Contracts (England and Wales)
Regulations 1998 (SI 1998 No 649)
1.3 England and Wales Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act
2009
1.4 England and Wales Scheme for Construction Contracts (England and Wales)
Regulations 1998 (Amendment) (England) Regulations 2011
(SI 2011 No 2333)
2. Australia: Capital Territory Building and Construction Industry (Security of Payment) Act
2009
3. Australia: New South Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 1999
Wales
4.1 Australia: Northern Construction Contracts (Security of Payments) Act 2004
Territory of Australia
4.2 Australia: Northern Construction Contracts (Security of Payments) Regulations 2010
Territory of Australia
5.1 Australia: Queensland Building and Construction Industry Payments Act 2004
5.2 Australia: Queensland Adjudicator Grading and Referral Policy 2015
6. Australia: South Australia Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 2009
7. Australia: Tasmania Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 2009
8.1 Australia: Victoria Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 2002
8.2 Australia: Victoria Building and Construction Industry Security of Payment Act 2006
9.1 Australia: West Australia Construction Contracts Act 2004
9.2 Australia: West Australia Construction Contracts Regulations 2004
10. CIArb Dispute Board CIArb Dispute Board Rules 2014
Rules
11.1 FIDIC General Conditions of Dispute Board Agreement 2010
11.2 FIDIC FIDIC Guidance Memorandum to Users of the 1999 Conditions
of Contract dated April 2013
(Continued )
lxxv
Legislation, Rules And Contracts
Jurisdiction Local Contract, Legislation, Regulation, Or Rule
12. Germany DIS Adjudication Rules 2010

13. Hong Kong Draft Statute Security of Payments Legislation
14. International Chamber Dispute Board Rules 2015
of Commerce
15.1 Ireland Construction Contracts Act 2013
15.2 Ireland Construction Contracts Act 2013
15.3 Ireland Code of Practice (Adjudication) Order 2014
16.1 Malaysia Laws of Malaysia Act 746 Construction Industry Payment and
Adjudication Act 2012
16.2 Malaysia Construction Industry Payment and Adjudication Regulations
2014
17. Mauritius To be added with the first Supplement
18. New Zealand Construction Contracts Amendment Act 2015
19.1 Northern Ireland Construction Contracts (Northern Ireland) Order 1997
19.2 Northern Ireland Construction Contracts (Amendment) Act (Northern Ireland) 2011
19.3 Northern Ireland Scheme for Construction Contracts in Northern Ireland
Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1999
19.4 Northern Ireland Scheme for Construction Contracts in Northern Ireland
(Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2012
20.1 Scotland Scheme for Construction Contracts (Scotland) Regulations 1998
CSI 1998 No 687 (S 34)
20.2 Scotland Scheme for Construction Contracts (Scotland) Amendment
Regulations 2011 (SI 2011 No 371)
21.1 Singapore Building and Construction Industry Security of Payments Act
2004
21.2 Singapore Building and Construction Industry Security of Payments
Regulations 2006
22.1 South Africa General Conditions of Contract for Construction Works 2010
22.2 South Africa JBCC Principal Building Agreement 2000
23.1 United States A201–2007 General Conditions of the Contract for Construction
23.2 United States A201–2007 Standard Form of Agreement between Owner and
Contractor
Total
CHAPTER 1
Introduction and organisation
Introduction 1.1
The United Kingdom 1.2
Australia: The East and West Coast models 1.11
Other Commonwealth jurisdictions 1.13
Civil law and mixed jurisdictions 1.14
Contractual régimes and published rules 1.16
Introduction
“‘Where shall I begin, please your Majesty?’ he asked. ‘Begin at the beginning,’ the King
said, gravely, and go on till you come to the end: then stop”1
1.1 It has felt a little like herding cats trying to find some coherent means of bring-
ing together the incredibly diverse adjudication régimes covered in this publication. In
the final analysis, the great “scheme of things” seems, most logically, to be to adopt the
following broad approach:
1 The United Kingdom (by way of comparator);
2 Australia: the East and West Coast models;
3 Other Commonwealth jurisdictions;
4 Civil law and other jurisdictions;
5 Contractual régimes and published rules.
The United Kingdom

1.2 The genesis of contractual adjudication in the United Kingdom came in the “green”
and “blue” standard forms of sub-contract, for use where the sub-contractor was “nomi-
nated” (or not) by the employer’s architect under the 1993 edition of the standard form
of building contract issued by the Joint Contracts Tribunal (JCT). The green and blue
standard forms were issued under the sanction of and approved by the National Federation
of Building Trades Employers (NFBTE) and the Federation of Associations of Specialists
and Sub-Contractors (FASS) and approved by the Committee of Associations of Specialist
Engineering Contractors (CASEC).
1 Lewis Carroll, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (1865), chapter 12.
1
INTRODUCTION AND ORGANISATION
1.3 The green form (for nominated sub-contractors) was originally issued in 1963
and was revised in April 1978 to include clause 13B, as follows (under the side heading
“Contractor’s claims not agreed by the Sub-Contractor – appointment of Adjudicator”):
“(1)(a) If the Sub-Contractor, at the date of the written notice of the Contractor issued
under Clause 13A (2)(c) of the Sub-Contract, does not agree the amount (or any part
thereof ) specified in that notice which the Contractor intends to set-off, the Subcon-
tractor by registered post or recorded delivery a written statement setting out the
reasons for such inability to agree and particulars of any counterclaim against the
Contractor arising out of this Sub-Contractor considers he is entitled, provided always
that he shall have quantified such counterclaim against the Contractor arising out of
this Sub-Contract to which the Sub-Contractor considers he is entitled, provided always
that he shall have quantified such counterclaim in detail and with reasonable accuracy
(which statement and counterclaim, if any, shall not however be binding insofar as
the Sub-Contractor may amend it in preparing his pleadings for the Arbitration pursu-
ant to the notice of arbitration referred to in sub-paragraph (i) of this paragraph) and
shall at the same time
(i) give notice of arbitration to the contractor; and
(ii) request action by an adjudicator in accordance with the right given in paragraph
(b) hereof (and immediately inform the contractor of such request) and send by
registered post or recorded delivery a copy of the aforesaid statement and the
written notice of the contractor to which that statement relates and the aforesaid
counterclaim (if any).
(b) Subject to the provisions of the clause and the clauses 11(b) and 13A of the sub-
contract shall be entitled to request the person named as the adjudicator in Part XIII
of the Appendix to the sub-contract (hereinafter called ‘the adjudicator’) to act as the
adjudicator to decide those matters referable to the adjudicator under the provisions
of this clause. In the event of such person being unable or unwilling to act as the
adjudicator a person appointed by him shall be the adjudicator in his place. Provided
that no adjudicator shall be appointed who has any interest in this sub-contract or the
main contract of which this sub-contract is part or in other contracts or sub-contracts
in which the contractor or the sub-contractor is engaged.
(2) Upon receipt of the aforesaid statement the contractor may within fourteen days
from the date of such receipt send to the Adjudicator by registered post or recorded
delivery a written statement with a copy to the sub-contractor setting out brief par-
ticulars of his defence to any counterclaim by the sub-contractor.
(3)(a) Within seven days of receipt of any written statement by the contractor under
sub-clause (2) hereof or on the expiry of the time limit to the Contractor referred to
in sub-clause (2) hereof, whichever is the earlier, the adjudicator, without requiring any
further statements than those submitted to him under sub-clause (1) and where relevant
sub-clause (2) hereof (save only such further written statements as may appear to the
adjudicator to be necessary to clarify or explain any ambiguity in the written state-
ments of either the contractor or the sub-contractor) and without hearing the contractor
or sub-contractor in person, shall, subject to paragraph (b) hereof, in his absolute
2
discretion and without giving reasons decide in respect of the amount notified by the
contractor under clause 13A(2)(b) of this sub-contract:
i. whether the whole or any part of such amount shall be retained by the contrac-
tor; or
ii. whether the whole or any part of such shall be deposited, for security pending
arbitration, by the contractor with the Trustee-Stakeholder referred to sub-clause
(5) hereof; or
iii. whether the whole or any part of such amount shall be paid by the contractor
to the sub-contractor.
The adjudicator’s decision shall be binding upon the contractor and the sub-contractor until
the matters upon which he has given his decision have been settled by agreement or deter-
mined by an arbitrator or the courts.
(b) The adjudicator shall reach such decision under paragraph (a) hereof as he consid-
ers in all the circumstances of the dispute to be fair, reasonable and necessary, and
such decision shall deal with the whole amount set-off by the Contractor under clause
13A(2) of this sub-contract.
(c) The adjudicator shall immediately notify in writing the contractor and the sub-
contractor of his decision under paragraph (a) hereof.
(4)(a) Where any decision of the adjudicator notified under sub-clause (3)(c) hereof
requires the contractor to deposit an amount with the Trustee-Stakeholder referred to
in sub-clause (5) hereof, the contractor shall thereupon pay such amount to the payee
hereinafter expressed provided that the contractor shall not be obliged to pay a sum
greater than the amount due from the contractor under clause 11(b) of this sub-contract
in respect of which the contractor has exercised the right of set-off referred to in
clause 13A(2) of this sub-contract.
(b) Where any decision of the Adjudicator notified under sub-clause (3)(c) hereof
requires the contractor to pay an amount to the sub-contractor to pay an amount to
the sub-contractor, such amount shall be paid by the contractor immediately upon
receipt of the decision of the adjudicator but subject to the same proviso as set out
in paragraph (a) hereof.
(5) The payee named in Part XIII of the appendix to this sub-contract (in this sub-
contract called ‘the Trustee-Stakeholder’) shall hold any sum received under the provi-
sions of sub-clauses (3) and (4) hereof in trust for the contractor and sub-contractor
until such time as:
the arbitrator appointed pursuant to the notice of arbitration given by the sub-
contractor under sub-clause (1)(a)(i) hereof; or
the contractor and the sub-contractor in a joint letter signed by each of them or
on their behalf
shall otherwise direct and shall, in either of the above cases, dispose of the said sums as may
be directed by the arbitrator, or, failing any direction by the arbitrator, as the contractor and
sub-contractor shall jointly determine. The Trustee-Stakeholder shall deposit the sum received
3
in a Deposit Account in the name of the Trustee-Stakeholder but shall add the interest to the
sum deposited. The Trustee-Stakeholder shall be entitled to deduct his reasonable and proper
charges from the sum deposited (including any interest added thereto). The sub-contractor
shall notify the Trustee-Stakeholder of the name and address of the Adjudicator and arbitrator
referred to above.
(6) The arbitrator appointed pursuant to such Notice of Arbitration may in his absolute
discretion at any time before his final award on the application of either party vary
or cancel the decision of the adjudicator given under sub-clause (3) hereof if it appears
just and reasonable to him so to do.
(7) Any action taken by the contractor under clause 13A(2) of this sub-contract and
by the sub-contract in respect of any counterclaim under sub-clause (1)(a) hereof is
without prejudice to similar action by the contractor or sub-contractor as the case may
be if and when further sums become due to the sub-contractor.
(8) The Fee of the adjudicator shall be paid by the sub-contractor within 28 days of
the date of the decision of the adjudicator given under sub-clause (3) hereof but the
arbitrator appointed pursuant to the notice of arbitration under sub-clause (1)(a)(i)
hereof shall in his final award settle the responsibility of the contractor or sub-contractor
or both payment of the fee or any part thereof and where relevant for the charges of
the Trustee-Stakeholder or any part thereof.”
1.4 Subject to clause numbering changes, the blue form (for non-nominated sub-
contractors) contained an identical provision, in clause 16 thereof.
1.5 The 1980 edition of the JCT standard form of Nominated Sub-Contract NSC/4a
contained the following revised version of clause 13B (above) in clause 24, as follows:
“Contractor’s claims not agreed by the sub-contractor –

appointment of adjudicator
1. If the sub-contractor at the date of the written notice of the contractor issued
under clause 23.2.3, disagrees the amount thereof specified in that notice which
the contractor intends to set off, the sub-contractor may, within 14 days of receipt
by him or such notice, send to the contractor by registered post or recorded
delivery a written statement setting out the reasons for such disagreement and
particulars of any counterclaim against the contractor arising out of the sub-
contract to which the sub-contractor considers he is entitled, provided always
that he shall have quantified such counterclaim in detail and with reasonable
accuracy (which statement and counterclaim if any, shall however be binding
insofar as the sub-contractor may amend it in preparing his pleadings for any
arbitration pursuant to the notice of arbitration referred to in clause 24.1.1.1)
and shall at the same time:
.1.1. give notice of arbitration to the contractor; and
.1.2. request action by the adjudicator in accordance with the right given in
clause 24.1.2 (and immediately inform the contractor of such request) and
send to the adjudicator by registered post or recorded delivery a copy of
the aforesaid statement and the written notice of the contractor to which
that statement relates and the aforesaid counterclaim (if any)
4
2. Subject to the provisions of the clause 24 and of clauses 21.3 and 23 the
sub-contractor shall be entitled to request the adjudicator named in the Tender,
Schedule 2, item 6 to act as the adjudicator to decide those matters referable
to the adjudicator under the provisions of clause 24. In the event of the
above-named being unable or unwilling to act as the adjudicator a person
appointed by the above-named shall be the adjudicator in his place. Provided
that no person shall act as the adjudicator who has any interest in the sub-
contract or the main contract of which the sub-contract is part or in other
contracts or sub-contracts in which the contractor or sub-contractor is engaged
unless the contractor, sub-contractor and the adjudicator so interested other-
wise agree in writing within a reasonable time of the adjudicator’s interest
becoming apparent.
Upon receipt of the aforesaid statement the Contractor may within 14 days from the date of
such receipt send to the adjudicator by registered post or recorded delivery a written statement
with a copy to the sub-contractor setting out brief particulars of his defence to any counter-
claim by the subcontractor.
.1 Within seven days of receipt of any written statement by the contractor under
clause 24.2 or on the expiry of the time limit to the contractor referred to in
clause 24.2 whichever is the earlier, the adjudicator, without requiring any further
statements than those submitted to him under clause 24.1 and where relevant
clause 24.2 (save only such further written statements as may appear to the
adjudicator to be necessary to clarify or explain any ambiguity in the written
statements of either the contractor or the sub-contractor) and without hearing
the contractor or sub-contractor in person, shall, subject to clause 24.3.2, in his
absolute discretion and, without giving reasons, decide, in respect of the amount
notified by the contractor under clause 23.3.3, whether the whole or any of such
amount shall be dealt with as follows:
.1.1. shall be retained by the contractor; or
.1.2. shall, pending arbitration, be deposited by the contractor for security with
the Trustee-Stakeholder named in the Tender, Schedule 2, item 6; or
.1.3. shall be paid by the contractor to the sub-contractor; or
.1.4. any combination of the courses of action set out in clause 24.3.2, 24.3.1–2
and 24.3.1–3.
2. The adjudicator shall reach such decision under clause 24.3.1 as he considers to
be fair, reasonable and necessary in all the circumstances of the dispute as set
out in the statements referred to in clause 24.1 to 3, and such decision shall deal
with the whole amount set off by the contractor under clause 23.2.
3. The adjudicator shall immediately notify in writing the contractor and the sub-
contractor of his decision under clause 24.3.1.
Where any decision of the adjudicator notified under clause 24.3.3 requires the contractor to
deposit an amount with the Trustee-Stakeholder, the contractor shall thereupon pay such
amount to the Trustee-Stakeholder to hold upon the terms hereinafter expressed provided that
the contractor shall not be obliged to pay a sum greater than the amount due from the Con-
tractor under clause 21.3 in respect of which the Contractor has exercised the right to set-off
referred to in clause 23.2.
5
Where any decision of the Adjudicator notified under clause 24.3.3 requires the contractor
to pay an amount to the sub-contractor, such amount shall be paid by the contractor imme-
diately upon receipt of the decision of the adjudicator but subject to the same proviso as sent
out in clause 24.4.1.
The Trustee-Stakeholder shall hold any sum received under the provisions of clauses 24.3
and 24.4 in trust for the contractor and sub-contractor until such time as:
.1 the arbitrator appointed pursuant to the notice of arbitration given by the sub-
contractor under clause 24.1.1.1; or
.2 the contractor and sub-contractor in a joint letter signed by each of them or on
their behalf,
shall otherwise direct and shall, in either of the above cases, forthwith dispose
of the said sums as may be directed by the arbitrator, as the contractor and
sub-contractor shall jointly determine. The Trustee-Stakeholder shall deposit
the sum received in a deposit account in the name of the Trustee-Stakeholder
but shall add the interest to the sum deposited. The Trustee-Stakeholder shall
be entitled to deduct the reasonable and proper charges from the sum deposited
(including any interest added thereto). The sub-contractor shall notify the
Trustee-Stakeholder of the name and address of the adjudicator and arbitrator
referred to in clause 24.
Where the Trustee-Stakeholder is a deposit-taking Bank then sums so received by it under
the provisions of clause 24.3 and 24.4 may, notwithstanding the trust imposed be held by the
Trustee-Stakeholder as an ordinary bank deposit to the credit of an account of the Bank as a
Trustee-Stakeholder re the contractor and sub-contractor referred to herein; and in respect of
such deposit the Trustee-Stakeholder shall pay such usual interest which shall accrue to and
form part of the deposit subject to the right of the Trustee-Stakeholder to deduct its reasonable
and proper charges and any tax in respect of such interest from the sum deposited.
The arbitrator appointed pursuant to the notice of arbitration given under clause 24.1.1.1
may in his absolute discretion at any time before his final award on the application of either
party vary or cancel the decision of the adjudicator give under clause 24.3 if it appears just
and reasonable to him so to do.
Any action taken by the Contractor under clause 23.2 and by the sub-contractor in respect
of any counterclaim under clause 24.1.1 is without prejudice to similar action by the contractor
or sub-contractor as the case may be if and when further sums become due to the
sub-contractor.
The fee of the adjudicator shall be paid by the sub-contractor but the arbitrator appointed
pursuant to the notice of arbitration under clause 24.1.1.1 shall in his final award settle the
responsibility of the contractor or sub-contractor or both payment of the fee or any part thereof
and where relevant for the charges of the Trustee-Stakeholder or any part thereof.”
1.6 In 1989, the JCT standard form of sub-contract conditions for sub-contractors named
under the JCT Intermediate Form of Building Contract contained clause 22, as follows:
“Contractor’s claims not agreed by the sub-contractor –

appointment of adjudicator
.1 If the subcontractor, at the date of the written notice of the contractor issued
under clause 21.2.2, disagrees that amount (or any part thereof ) specified in that
notice which the Contractor intends to set off, the sub-contractor may, within
6
14 days of receipt by him of such notice, send to the contractor by registered

post or recorded delivery a written statement setting out the reasons for such
disagreement and the particulars of any counterclaim against the contractor aris-
ing out of the sub-contract to which the sub-contract considers he is entitled,
provided always that he shall have quantified such counterclaim in detail and
with reasonable accuracy (which statement and counterclaim if any, shall not
however be binding so far as the sub-contractor may amend it in preparing his
pleadings for any arbitration pursuant to the notice or arbitration referred to in
clause 22.1.1.1) and shall at the same time:
i. give notice of arbitration to the contractor; and
ii. request action by the adjudicator in accordance with the right given in
clause 22.1.2 (and immediately inform the contractor of such request) and
send to the adjudicator by registered post as recorded delivery a copy of
the aforesaid statement and the written notice of the contractor to which
that statement relates and the aforesaid counterclaim (if any) and brief
particulars of the subcontract sufficient to identify for the adjudicator the
terms thereof.
.2 Subject to the provisions of clause 22 and of clause 19 and 21 the sub-contractor
shall be entitled to request the adjudicator named in article 3.1 to the act as the
adjudicator to decide those matters referable to the adjudicator under the provi-
sions of clause 22. If:
i. an adjudicator is not named in article 3.1; or
ii. the adjudicator so named is deceased or is otherwise unable or unwilling
to act as the adjudicator,
the adjudicator shall be a person appointed by the sub-contractor from the

list of adjudicators maintained by the Building Employers Conference.
Provided that no person shall be appointed, or if appointed shall act, as
adjudicator who has any interest in the sub-contract or the main contract
of which the sub-contract is part or in other contracts or sub-contracts in
which the contractor of sub-contractor is engaged unless the contractor,
subcontractor and the adjudicator so interested otherwise agree in writing
within a reasonable time of the adjudicator’s interest becoming apparent.
Upon receipt of the aforesaid statement the contractor may within 14 days from the date of
such receipt send to the adjudicator by registered post to recorded delivery a written statement
with a copy to the sub-contractor setting out brief particulars of his defence to any counter-
claim by the sub-contractor.
If:
no statement by the contractor under clause 22.2 has been received by the adjudica-
tor within the time limit set out in clause 22.2, then within seven days of the
expiry of that time limit, or
a statement by the contractor under clause 22.2 has been received within that time
limit, then within seven days of receipt by the adjudicator of such statement,
the adjudicator without requiring any further statements than those submitted to him under
clause 22.1 and where relevant clause 22.2 (save only such further written statements as may
7
appear to the adjudicator to be necessary to clarify or explain any ambiguity in the written
statements of either the contractor or the sub-contractor) and without hearing the contractor
or subcontractor in person, shall, subject to clause 22.3.2, in his absolute discretion and without
giving reasons, decide in respect of the amount notified by the contractor under clause 21.2.2
whether the whole part or any part of such amount shall be dealt with as follows:
.1 shall be retained by the contractor; or

.2 shall, pending arbitration, be deposited by the contractor for security with the
Trustee-Stakeholder named in Article 3.2 or if no Trustee-Stakeholder is so
named with the Trustee-Stakeholder, being a deposit taking bank, selected by
the adjudicator; or
.3 shall be paid by the contractor to the sub-contractor; or
.4 any combination of the courses of action set out in clauses 22.3.1.2 and 22.3.1.3.
The adjudicator’s decision shall be binding upon the contractor and the subcontractor until
the matters upon which he has given his decision have been settled by agreement or deter-
mined by an arbitrator or the court.
The adjudicator shall reach such decision under clause 22.3.1 as he considers to be fair,
reasonable and necessary in all the circumstances of the dispute as set out in the statements
referred to in clauses 22.1 to .3 and such decision shall deal with the whole amount set off
by the contractor under clause 21.2.
The adjudicator shall immediately notify in writing the contractor and the sub-contractor
of his decision under clause 22.3.1.
Where any decision of the adjudicator notified under clause 22.3.3 requires the contractor
to deposit an amount with the Trustee-Stakeholder, the contractor shall thereupon pay such
amount to the Trustee-Stakeholder to hold upon the terms hereinafter expressed provided that
the Contractor shall not be obliged to pay a sum greater than the amount due from the con-
tractor under clause 19.3 in respect of greater than the amount due from the contractor under
clause 19.3 in respect of greater than the amount due from the contractor under clause 19.3
in respect of which the contractor has exercised the right to set-off referred to in clause 21.2.
Where any decision of the adjudicator notified under clause 22.3.3 requires the contractor
to pay an amount to the sub-contractor, such amount shall be paid by the contractor imme-
diately upon receipt of the decision of the adjudicator but subject to the same proviso as set
out in clause 22.4.1.
The Trustee-Stakeholder shall hold any sum received under the provisions of clauses 22.3
and 22.4 in trust for the contractor and the sub-contractor until such time as:
.1 the arbitrator appointed pursuant to the notice of arbitration given by the sub-
contractor under clause 22.1.1.1; or
.2 the contractor and sub-contractor in a joint letter signed by each of them or on
their behalf,
shall otherwise direct and shall, in either of the above cases, forthwith dispose
of the said sums as may be directed by the arbitrator, or failing any direction
by the arbitrator as the contractor and sub-contractor shall jointly determine.
The Trustee-Stakeholder shall deposit the sum received in a deposit account
in the name of the Trustee-Stakeholder but shall add the interest to the sum
deposited. The Trustee-Stakeholder shall be entitled to deduct his reasonable
and proper charges from the sum deposited (including any interest added
thereto). The sub-contractor shall notify the Trustee-Stakeholder of the name
and address of the adjudicator and arbitrator referred to in clause 22.
8
Where the Trustee-Stakeholder is a deposit-taking Bank then sums so received by it under

the provisions of clauses 22.3 and 22.4 may, notwithstanding the trust imposed; be held
by the Trustee-Stakeholder as an ordinary bank deposit to the credit of an account of the Bank
as a Trustee-Stakeholder re the contractor and sub-contractor referred to herein, and in respect
of such deposit the Trustee-Stakeholder shall pay such usual interest which shall accrue to and
form part of the deposit subject to the right of the Trustee-Stakeholder to deduct its reasonable
and proper charges and any tax in respect of such interest from the sum deposited.
The arbitrator appointed pursuant to the notice of arbitration given under clause 22.1.1.1
may in his absolute discretion at any time before his final award on the application of either
party vary any counterclaim under clause 22.1.1 is without prejudice to similar action by the
contractor as the case may be if and when further sums become due to the sub-contractor.
The fee of the adjudicator shall be paid by the sub-contractor but the arbitrator pursuant
to the notice of arbitration under clause 22.1.1.1 shall in final award settle the responsibility
of the contractor or sub-contractor or both for payment of the fee or any part thereof and
where relevant for the charges of the Trustee-Stakeholder or any art thereof.”
1.7 The 1980 edition of the JCT Sub-Contract Conditions for Use With the Domestic
Sub-contract DOM/1 articles of agreement (incorporating amendments 1 (1984), 2 and 3
(1987), 5, 6, 7 and 8 (1989) and 9 (1990)) contained clause 38, as follows:
“Settlement of disputes
Adjudication
.1 Clause 38A applies, where pursuant to Article 3, either Party refers any dispute
or difference arising under this sub-contract to adjudication.
.2 The adjudicator to decide the dispute or difference shall be either an individual
agreed by the Parties or, on the application of either party, an individual to be
nominated as the adjudicator by the person named in the appendix part 8 (the
Nominator) provided that:
a. no adjudicator shall be agreed or nominated under clause 38A.2.2 or clause
38A.3 who will not execute the Standard Agreement with the Parties and
b. where either Party has given notice of his intention to refer a dispute to
adjudication then
i. any agreement by the parties on the appointment of an adjudicator
must be reached with the object of securing the appointment and of
the referral of the dispute or difference to the adjudicator within seven
days of the date of the notice of intention to refer, (see clause 38A.4.1);
ii. any application to the nominator must be made with the object of
securing the appointment of, and the referral of the dispute or differ-
ence to, the adjudicator within seven days of the date of the notice
of intention to refer;
c. upon agreement by the parties on the appointment of the adjudicator or
upon receipt by the parties from the nominator of the name of the nominated
adjudicator the parties shall thereup on execute with the adjudicator the JCT
Adjudication Agreement.
.3 If the adjudicator dies or becomes ill or is unavailable for some other cause and
is thus unable to adjudicate on a dispute or difference referred to him, the parties
9
may either agree upon a person to replace the adjudicator or either party may
apply to the nominator for the nomination of an adjudicator to adjudicate that
dispute or difference; and the parties shall execute the JCT Adjudication Agree-
ment with the agreed or nominated Adjudicator.
.4 When pursuant to article 3 a party requires a dispute or difference to be referred
to adjudication then that party shall give notice to the other party of his intention
to refer the dispute or difference, briefly identified in the notice, to adjudication.
Within seven days from the date of such notice or the execution of the JCT
Adjudication Agreement by the Adjudicator if later the party giving the notice
of intention shall refer the dispute or difference to the adjudicator for his deci-
sion (the referral); and shall include with that referral particulars of the dispute
or difference together with a summary of the contentions on which he relies, a
statement of the relief or remedy which is sought and any material he wishes
the adjudicator to consider. The referral and its accompanying documentation
shall be copied simultaneously to the other party.
The referral by a party with its accompanying documentation to the adjudicator and
the copies thereof to be provided to the other party shall be given by actual delivery
or by FAX or by registered post or recorded delivery. If given by FAX then, for
record purposes, the referral and its accompanying documentation must forthwith
be sent by first class post or given be actual delivery. If sent by registered post or
recorded delivery the referral and its accompanying documentation shall, subject
to proof to the contrary, be deemed to have been received 48 hours after the date
of posting subject to the exclusion of Sundays and any Public Holidays.
.5 The adjudicator shall immediately upon receipt of the referral and its accompa-
nying documentation confirm that receipt to the parties.
The party not making the referral may, by the same means stated in clause
38A.4.2, send to the adjudicator within seven days of the date of the referral
with a copy to the other party, a written statement of the contentions on which
he relies and any material he wishes the adjudicator to consider.
The adjudicator shall within 28 days of his receipt of the referral and its accom-
panying documentation under clause 38A.4.1 and acting as an adjudicator for
the purpose of S.108 of the Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration
Act 1996 and not as an expert or an arbitrator reach his decision and forthwith
send that decision in writing to the parties. Provided that the party who has
made the referral may consent to allowing the adjudicator to extend the period
of 28 days by up to 14 days; and that by agreement between the parties after
the referral has been made a longer period than 28 days may be notified jointly
by the parties to the adjudicator within which to reach his decision.
The adjudicator shall not be obliged to give reasons for his decision.
In reaching his decision the adjudicator shall act impartially, set his own proce-
dures and at his absolute discretion may, take the initiative in ascertaining the
facts and the law as he considers necessary in respect of the referral which
may include the following:
a. Using his own knowledge and/or experience;
10
b. Opening up, reviewing and revising any certificate, direction, opinion,

decision, requirement, or notice issued given or made under the sub-
contract as if no such certificate, direction, opinion, decision, require-
ment, or notice had been made or of any opening up;
c. Requiring from the parties further information than that contained in
the notice of referral and its accompanying documentation or in any
written statement provided by the parties including the results of any
tests that have been made or of any opening up;
d. Requiring the parties to carry out tests or to open up work or further
open up work;
e. Visiting the site of the works or any workshop where work is being
or has been prepared for this sub-contract;
f. Obtaining such information as he considers necessary from any
employee or representative of the parties provided that before obtain-
ing information from an employee of a party he has given prior notice
to that party;
g. Obtaining from others such information and advice as he considers
necessary on technical and on legal matters subject to giving prior
notice to the parties together with a statement or estimate of the cost
involved;
h. Having regard to any term of the sub-contract relating to the payment
of interest deciding the circumstance in which or the period for which
a simple rate of interest shall be paid.
Any failure by either party to enter into the JCT adjudication agreement or to
comply with any requirement of the adjudicator under clause 38A.5.5 or with
any provision in or requirement under clause 38A shall not invalidate the
decision of the adjudicator.
The parties shall meet their own costs of the adjudicator except that the adjudi-
cator may direct as to who should pay the cost of any test or opening up if
required pursuant to clause 38A.5.5.4.
.6 The adjudicator in his decision shall state how payment of his fee and reasonable
expenses is to be apportioned as between the parties. In default of such statement
the parties shall bear the cost of the adjudicator’s fee and reasonable expenses
in equal proportions.
The parties shall be jointly and severally liable to the adjudicator for his fee and for
all expenses reasonably incurred by the adjudicator pursuant to the adjudication.
.7 The decision of the adjudicator shall be binding on the Parties until the dispute
or difference is finally determined by arbitration or by legal proceedings or by
an agreement in writing between the parties made after the decision of the
adjudicator has been given.
The parties shall, without prejudice to their other rights under the contract,
comply with the decisions of the adjudicator; and the contractor and the sub-
contractor shall ensure that the decisions of the adjudicator are given effect.
11
If either party does not comply with the decision of the adjudicator the other
party shall be entitled to take proceedings in the courts to secure such compli-
ance pending any final determination of the referred dispute or difference
pursuant to clause 38A.7.1.
.8 The adjudicator shall not be liable for anything done or omitted in the discharge
or purported discharge of his functions as adjudicator unless the act or omission
is in bad faith and the protection from liability shall similarly extend to any
employee or agent of the adjudicator.”
1.8 Having provided something of a template for the statutory and legislative drafts-
manship considered elsewhere in this book, the JCT has (in more recent editions of its
contracts) rowed back quite considerably from the comprehensive nature of its earlier
contractual adjudication provisions (as set out above) and the JCT Standard Building
Sub-Contract Conditions 2011 are, by comparison with the above, remarkably svelte,
reading as follows at clause 8.2 (in section 8, settlement of disputes):
“Adjudication
If a dispute or difference arises under the sub-contract which either party wishes to refer
to adjudication, the Scheme shall apply, subject to the following:
.1 for the purpose of the Scheme the adjudicator shall be the person (if any) and
the nominating body shall be that stated in the sub-contract particulars (item 15);
.2 where the dispute or difference is or includes a dispute or difference relating to
clause 3.11.3 and as to whether a direction issued thereunder is reasonable in
all the circumstances:
a. the adjudicator to decide such dispute or difference shall (where practicable)
be an individual with appropriate expertise and experience in the specialist
area or discipline relevant to the direction or issue in dispute;
b. if the adjudicator does not have the appropriate expertise and experience,
the adjudicator shall appoint an independent expert with such expertise and
experience as is reasonable in all the circumstances.”
1.9 In other words, the JCT has apparently decided to adopt what might be characterised
as the “default option”, namely the incorporation by reference of the statutory Scheme (as
amended). That option is described in greater detail in chapter 2 below, which provides a
helicopter view of current adjudication practice in England and Wales. Certain differences
exist north of the border and across the Irish Sea and so the local practice and procedure
(particularly with regard to enforcement) are dealt with separately for Northern Ireland
(in chapter 15) and Scotland2 (in chapter 16).
2 See also D Helps and N Kelly, “Adjudication and the differing approaches of the Courts in Scotland and
England” (2013) 79 Const LJ 314, in which it is suggested (at p 315) that:
“the Scottish Courts were much quicker to accept that the principles of natural justice apply in adjudication.
Similarly, it could be argued that, the most part, any differences of approach have not had a material impact in
practice. It is important, however, that those involved in construction disputes, particularly those involved in such
disputes on both sides of the border, recognise that there are differences of approach.”
12
1.10 By contrast, the NEC Contract (originally published in 1993) for the Institution
of Civil Engineers as The Engineering and Construction Contract,3 has always taken a
relatively “slimline” approach to its adjudication procedure, in section 9 thereof (under
the heading “disputes and termination”), as follows:
“Settlement of disputes
.1 Any dispute arising under or in connection with this contract is submitted to and
settled by the Adjudicator as follows.
Adjudication Table
Dispute about: Which Party may submit When may it be submitted to the
it to the Adjudicator Adjudicator?
An action of the Project The Contractor Between two and four weeks after
Manager of the Supervisor the Contractor’s notification of the
dispute to the Project Manager,
the notification itself being made
not more than four weeks after the
Contractor becomes aware of the
action.
The Project Manager or the The Contractor Between two and four weeks after
Supervisor not having taken the Contractor’s notification of the
an action dispute to the Project Manager,
the notification itself being made
not more than four weeks after the
Contractor becomes aware that the
action was not taken.
Any other matter Either Party Between two and four weeks after
notification of the dispute to the other
Party and the Project Manager.
.2 The Adjudicator settles the dispute by notifying the parties and the project Manager
of his decision together with his reasons with the time allowed by this contract.
Unless and until there is such a settlement, the Parties and the project manager
proceed as if the action, inaction or other matter disputed were not disputed. The
decision is final and binding unless and until revised by the tribunal.
That issue of Construction Act Review in Construction Law Journal concludes as follows:
“Some practitioners south of the boarder may have heard that another method of enforcement of decisions is
available in Scotland. That method does not rely on the Courts but it is not available in England and Wales. It is
enforcement by registration of the decision in the Books of Council and Session for execution. Such registration
can mean that, essentially, the decision can be enforced by way of summary diligence (attachment of assets to
satisfy a monetary award in and adjudicator’s decision). There are two problems. First, the parties need to agree
in appropriate terms in a written agreement that this method of enforcement will be available in their adjudication.
Secondly, there are certain technical requirements of the Registry associated with registration of documents in the
Books of Council and Session which mean that there are real practical difficulties associated with trying to take
advantage of registration of adjudicators’ decision there.”
3 P Gracia and D Gracia, “Dispute resolution under NEC contracts: the ‘Peter Pan’ conditions destined never
to grow up“ (2010) 76 Arbitration 1, at p 79.
13
The adjudication
.3 The party submitting the dispute to the adjudicator includes with his submission
information to be considered by the adjudicator. Any further information from a
party to be considered by the adjudicator is provided within four weeks from the
submission. The adjudicator notifies his decision within four weeks of the end period
for providing information. The four-week periods in this clause may extend if required
by the Adjudicator in view of the nature of the dispute and agreed by the parties.
.4 If a matter disputed under or in connection with a subcontract is also a matter disputed
under or in connection with this contract, the Contractor may submit the subcontract
dispute to the adjudicator at the same time as the main contract submission. The
Adjudicator then settles the two disputes together and references to the Parties for
the purposes of the dispute are interpreted as including the sub-contractor.
The Adjudicator
.5 The adjudicator settles the dispute as independent adjudicator and not as arbitra-
tor. His decision is enforceable as a matter of contractual obligation between the
Parties and not as an arbitral award. The Adjudicator’s powers include the power
to review and revise any action or inaction of the project manager or supervisor
related to the dispute. Any communication between a party and the adjudicator
is communicated also to the other party. If the adjudicator’s decision includes
assessment of additional cost or delay caused to the Contractor, he makes his
assessment in the same way as a compensation event is assessed.
.6 If the adjudicator resigns or is unable to act, the parties choose a new adjudicator
jointly. If the parties have not chosen a new adjudicator jointly within four weeks
of the adjudicator resigning or becoming unable to act, a party may ask the
person stated in the contract data to choose an adjudicator and the parties accept
his choice. The new adjudicator is appointed as adjudicator and the parties accept his
choice. The new adjudicator is appointed as adjudicator under the NEC adjudica-
tor’s contract. He has power to settle disputes that were currently submitted to
his predecessor but had not been settled at the time when his predecessor resigned
or became unable to act. The date of his appointment is the date of submission
of these disputes to him as adjudicator.
Review by the tribunal
.7 If after the adjudicator

a. notifies his decision, or
b. fails to do so,
within the time provided by this contract a party is dissatisfied, that party notifies
the other party of his intention to refer the matter which he disputes to the tribunal.
It is not referable to the tribunal unless the dissatisfied party notifies his intention
within four weeks of
a. notification of the adjudicator’s decision, or
b. the time provided by this contract for this notification if the adjudicator
fails to notify his decision within that time,
14
whichever is the earlier. The tribunal proceedings are not started before completion
of the whole of the works or earlier termination.
.8 The tribunal settles the dispute referred to it. Its powers include the power to review
and revise any decision of the adjudicator and any action or inaction of the project
manager or the supervisor related to the dispute. A party is not limited in the tribunal
proceedings to the information, evidence or arguments put to the adjudicator.”
Australia: The East and West Coast models

1.11 One needs to take a rather deep breath before endeavouring briefly to encap-
sulate adjudication law and practice “down under”; it appears that this simply cannot
be done!
1.12 Having set out (perhaps somewhat simple-mindedly) to divide Australia into the
“East Coast” and “West Coast” models previously adopted elsewhere,4 we have ended
up (on the East Coast) by taking New South Wales as the principal legislation to cover
in depth, dealing, somewhat more collectively, with Victoria, Tasmania, the Australian
Capital Territory and South Australia, and, again separately, with Queensland; the West
Coast states are also covered collectively.
Other Commonwealth jurisdictions

1.13 Our various specialist contributing editors (and one of their peer reviewers) have
enabled us to produce local chapters, replete with up-to-date jurisprudence and detailed
academic cross-references. Within this category, we include Australia (again), Malaysia,
New Zealand5 and Singapore.
4 See N Dennys, M Raeside and R Clay, Hudson’s Building and Engineering Contracts, twelfth edition (Sweet
and Maxwell, Thomson Reuters 2010) (Hudson), at paras 11–014 to 11–017 inclusive and 11–053 to 11–063
inclusive and the corresponding passages of the Second Supplement thereto.
5 See also T Kennedy – Grant QC, “A Review of the Cases on the New Zealand Construction Contracts Act
2002” (2013) 79 Const LJ 271, the introduction to which reads as follows:
“1. It is impossible to tell how many times provisions of the Construction Contracts Act 2002 (CCA)
have been invoked since the Act came into force on 1 April 2003. The text of the Act and of the
Construction Contracts Regulations 2003 can be accessed on the New Zealand Government legisla-
tion website at www.legislation.govt.nz [Accessed 14 August 2013]. It is also impossible to tell what
proportion of the cases in which the Act has been invoked has resulted in judicial decisions. A search
of the Ministry of Justice’s website carried out up to July 23, 2012 at http://jdo.justice.govt.nz/jdo/
Search.jsp [Accessed 4 September 2013] provides links to 188 superior court decisions referring to
the Act, including one Supreme Court decision and 12 Court of Appeal decisions; but these are not
easily accessible.
2. I examine these decisions under the following heads:
a. Definitions – paragraphs 4–8;
b. The right to progress payments and the procedure for claiming and making them – paragraphs
9–57;
c. The consequences of a payer’s failure to comply with the provisions regarding payment schedules
and the making of progress payments – paragraphs 58–59;
d. Adjudication – paragraphs 60–99;
e. Recovery of unpaid claims and enforcement of adjudicator’s determinations – paragraphs
100–128;
15
Civil law and mixed jurisdictions

1.14 Global uptake here has been rather more patchy. Despite the existence of the
DIS Adjudication Rules, German practitioners have, to date, resolutely resisted legisla-
tive intervention in this particular field, although the legislature appears to acknowledge
that the numerous “mega projects” that have gone so horribly wrong on German (and
other) soil6 might, perhaps, have benefitted from the “short-term fix” so ably provided
by adjudication in numerous other jurisdictions. Further developments in that jurisdiction
are therefore awaited with considerable interest.
1.15 Hong Kong (with no legislation yet on the statute books), Ireland (where the
available statute still remains to be brought fully into force), Kenya and Mauritius can
clearly be characterised as “works in progress”, as can South Africa, where the judiciary
has, at least, shown itself remarkably adept at the enforcement of dispute adjudication
board decisions under FIDIC-based and other standard form contracts. Hope reigns eternal
for statutory intervention!
Contractual régimes and published rules

1.16 The International Chamber of Commerce has been perceptively proactive in
seeking to encourage “Persero best practice” (via its revised Dispute Board Rules) and
recently publishing (in its Dispute Resolution Bulletin) a helpful series of redacted arbitral
awards regarding the proper interpretation of the FIDIC clause 20 provisions.7
1.17 The Beijing Arbitration Commission (BAC) is currently in the process of fol-
lowing the ICC’s lead, in a review of its Construction Dispute Board Rules,8 the present
author co-chairing the sub-committee tasked with making recommendations with respect
to the revision thereof.
1.18 The Fédération International des lngénieurs Conseils (FIDIC)9 is a further “work
in progress”, with a wholesale revision of its “rainbow suite” currently being undertaken.
Again, we must “watch this space”.
1.19 Finally (and, perhaps, returning full circle), the United States of America has no
statutory initiatives either in place, or in-line, but has, at least, established a contractual
régime (involving an “Initial Dispute Resolver”) in the American Institute of Architects’
suite of standard form contracts.10
f. Service – paragraphs 129–137;

g. The prohibition of contracting out – paragraphs 138–139;
h. The High Court’s powers of judicial review – paragraphs 140–145.
3. In addition to giving references to printed law reports, I have given references to the case reports
on the Judicial Decisions Online website (see above for the website), or, where available, to the
case reports on the New Zealand Legal Information Institute website (http://www.nzlii.org [accessed
14 August 14, 2013]).”
6 See, for example, C O’Neil, Human Dynamics in Construction Risk Management – the key to success of
failure (nextbook medicy, 2014), at pp 8 and 9 thereof.
7 See para 8.73 below.
8 See [Appendix 22].
9 See chapter 8 and [Appendix 11].
10 See chapter 20 and [Appendix 21].
16

International Contractual and Statutory Adjudication

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IN T E R N AT IO N A L C ONTRACTUAL

A N D S TAT U TO RY A DJUDI CATI ON

Construction Insurance and UK Construction Chern on Dispute Boards: Practice

with editorial assistance from Anne Eckenroth and Ruta Kersyte

Per Kesarin Jaitham (and Alice, of course!)

and by Informa Law from Routledge

© 2017 Andrew Burr

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN: 978-1-138-23962-3 (hbk)

Typeset in Times New Roman

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND ORGANISATION 1

CHAPTER 2 ENGLAND AND WALES 17

CHAPTER 3 AUSTRALIA: THE EAST COAST MODEL

CHAPTER 4 AUSTRALIA: THE EAST COAST MODEL (VICTORIA,

Other key differences 79

CHAPTER 5 AUSTRALIA: THE EAST COAST MODEL

Remittal of invalid adjudication decisions 115

CHAPTER 6 AUSTRALIA: THE WEST COAST MODEL 118

CHAPTER 7 CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF ARBITRATORS’

Practical considerations 142

CHAPTER 8 FÉDÉRATION INTERNATIONAL DES INGÉNIEURS-

CHAPTER 9 GERMANY 169

The fourth Deutsche Baugerichtstag welcomes the Working Group’s proposal

CHAPTER 10 HONG KONG 187

CHAPTER 11 INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

Major changes to the ICC DB Rules 203

CHAPTER 12 IRELAND 205

CHAPTER 13 MALAYSIA 219

CHAPTER 14 MAURITIUS 247

Dispute avoidance 248

CHAPTER 15 NEW ZEALAND 250

CHAPTER 16 NORTHERN IRELAND 259

CHAPTER 17 SCOTLAND 272

CHAPTER 18 SINGAPORE 280

CHAPTER 19 SOUTH AFRICA 326

CHAPTER 20 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 352

Impartiality and disclosure 364

APPENDIX A THE UK HOUSING GRANTS, CONSTRUCTION

APPENDIX B THE UK HOUSING GRANTS, CONSTRUCTION

APPENDIX C THE SCHEME FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS

APPENDIX D THE SCHEME FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS

1 See chapter 11 below and [Appendix 1.1].

Sir Robert Akenhead (formerly QC and High Court Judge

My perception of the “gap in the (legal publishing) marketplace”, which fuelled my

1 Sweet and Maxwell/Thomson Reuters (2010): see the Acknowledgments page.

Chapter Contributor Biography

Chapter Contributor Biography

Chapter Contributor Biography

A201/07 AIA Standard Form of Building Contract, 2007.

ICE Institute of Civil Engineers.

NEC/SF99 NEC Short Form 1999.

A2d Atlantic Reporter, 2nd Series US

EWHC (Ch) High Court (Chancery Division) UK

NZAR New Zealand Administrative Reports New Zealand

Australian Capital Territory

Denham Constructions Project Company 810 Pty Limited v Risgalla [2014]

New South Wales

Agripower Australia Limited v Queensland Engineering and Electrical Pty Limited

Tribunal cases, Western Australia

Gallagher v Revenue Commissioners [1995] 1 IR 55. ...............................................................12.38

Libra Building Construction Pte Limited v Emergent Engineering Pte Limited

Tullio v Maoro [1994] 2 SLR 501 CA ..........................................................................................18.27

Associated Provincial Picture Houses, Limited v Wednesbury Corporation [1948]