Mapua Institute of Technology

School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

ME136P/OL52
Materials Testing and Processes

Experiment # 1
TENSILE TEST ON MILD STEEL

Eriane Miguel M. Garcia Oct 08, 2020

Oct 18, 2020

Engr. Jonathan S. Dondon

Professor
Objective
 To study mechanical properties of mild steel specimen under tension load.
Discussion
The tensile check is that the most generally employed in mechanical
property check. The intent is to live the inherent material behavior. During this
exercise, supported normal tensile check of yankee Society for Testing and
Material (ASTM), the tensile strength are applied to a specimen
The applied axial hundreds, deformation, stresses and strains shall be
calculated throughout the method. From the strain and strain knowledge, the
diagram for stress-strain is gettable. It conveys vital info regarding the mechanical
properties and sort of behavior of the fabric. There are tests within which given
deformation and tensile force are applied and measured severally. The check is
employed a lot of less usually than the applied loading check. The initial cross-
sectional space accustomed calculate the strain, is named nominal stress. An
additional actual price of the axial stress is thought because the true stress, that is
calculated by exploitation the particular space of the specimen. For nominal strain,
the initial length is employed within the calculation. to urge truth strain, the
particular length ought to be used. In our check, we tend to use nominal stress and
strain.
Plain and misshapen are the 2 categories of steel bars that are unremarkably
used. These are more classified into 3 grades – structural intermediate, and hard.
Normal sizes of misshapen bars are listed in Table l. the quality sizes of plain are
selected by their nominal diameters.
 Table I. Tensile Requirements
Plain/ Deformed Round Bars
Structural Grade Intermediate Hard Grade (415)
(230) Grade (275)
Ultimate
Strength,
KN 0.39 0.48 0.62
mm2
(Minimum Value)
Yield
Strength,
KN 0.23 0.275 0.410
mm2
(Minimum Value)
Elongation d<25mm, 18% d<25mm, 10% d<25mm, 8%
d>25mm, 16% d>25mm, 8% d>25mm, 7%

*Table is based on Philippine National Standard provided by MIRDC.

Where: d is the diameter of the deformed bar

The results of tensile will define the ultimate strength, yield strength and
elongation of the specimen. Ultimate Strength is that the shortened term for
ultimate tensile in which is the most stress a cloth or specimen will hold whereas
being stretched before it breaks. Strength is that the actual opposite of the
compressive strength. Yield Strength is that the property at that the fabric starts to
deform plastically due to the strain applied.
 In stress strain curve there's 2 yield points, the higher and the lower yield
points. The higher yield point is that the level that corresponds to the load needed
to initiate yielding. This can be the point wherever the load starts reducing and also
the strain starts increasing. On the opposite hand, the lower yield point is the point
that corresponds to the minimum load needed to take care of the yield. Thus, this
can be the point wherever the load remains an equivalent however the strain keeps
increasing.

Stress vs. Strain

Properties of Engineering Materials (Higgins, Raymond)

Figure 2-1: Stress and Strain Diagram
 Engineering stress-strain diagram (Figure 1) area unit use to relate stress
and strain of a cloth within which the engineering strain and stress area unit
aforethought as ordinate and Cartesian coordinate, severally. The stresses area unit
computed by dividing the load by the initial space of the specimen, i.e., the realm
at the start of the check at quite high stresses, the diameter of the cross section
decreases appreciably as elongation happens. Therefore, the strain supported the
initial space of the specimen won't provide a true stress. The true stress performing
on the specimen at any instant is computed by dividing the load performing at that
instant by the particular cross-sectional space

Procedures:
1. Click on the Tensile Test on Mild Steel file, a window will open as shown.

2. Click on the NEXT button to move to the next step.

3. Measure the Initial Diameter of the tension test sample in two perpendicular
directions using vernier caliper.
4. Measure the length of the specimen between the grips using a scale.

5. Punch marks are made at a distance of 2.5d

6. Insert the specimen into its position and mount extensometer on the
specimen.

7. Reading on the dials A and B of extensometer are adjusted to aero.

8. Experiment is conducted. Load, extensometer readings are read at regular
intervals of load up to the yield point. Ivory scale readings are noted till the
specimen failure.

9. Plot the graph indicating Load vs. Scale Reading. (click on View Data to
view the data.)
10.Plot the graph indicating the Load vs. Extensometer Reading.( Click on
View Data or View Slope to view test data or the slope drawn to the plot)
11.Join two pieces of the test sample and measure the diameter at the neck of
the specimen.

12.Measure the final length between three punch marks.

13.Input the calculated result and then click on Check to view the actual result
Engineering Materials and Testings
Laboratory

Experiment No.: 1

TENSILE TEST ON MILD STEEL

Preliminary Data Sheet
Name: Garcia, Eriane Miguel M. Date: October 18, 2020
Section: OL52 Group No.: -
Result: Actual: Calculated:
Yield Stress (N/mm2) 335.65 335.65
Tensile Strength (N/mm2) 416.53 416.53
Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) 211 165.87
Percentage Elongation (%) 29.91 29.91
 Percentage reduction in are (%) 64.28 64.28

Assisted By: Approved By:

__________________________ Engr. Jonathan Dondon

ME-UTM ENGINEER INSTRUCTOR

Sample Computation:
Yield Stress (N/mm2) Percentage Elongation (%)
Yield Load 41500 N 82.1
¿
Ai
=
123.64
=335.65

Tensile Strength (N/mm2)

Ultimate Load 51500
mm
2
¿
If −Ii
( Ii
N ¿ 29.91 %
)x 100= (2
−31.6
31.6 )x 100

¿ = =416.53
Ai 123.64 mm2
Modulus of Elasticity (GPa) Percentage reduction in are (%)
82.1Ai−Af 123.64−44.16
¿ Slope x
Gauge Length
=2.17 x 1000 x
(2 Ai )
¿ −31.6 x 100= (123.64 )x 100
Ai ¿123.64
64.28 %
¿ 165.87 GPa
Questions:
1. Draw the stress strain diagram for a ductile and brittle material and what is
the difference in it?

In the illustration above, it shoes the brittleness and the ductileness of

a material represented in a stress-strain diagram. Based on observation, brtile
materials tends to break with a high stress and a low strain, while ductile
materials breaks when it undergoes plastic deformation, achieving maximum
 stress then parabolic motion as it decreases,increasing its strain. Moreover
Ductile martials absorbs more energy compared to brittle materials.
2. What do you understand by strain hardening?

Strain hardening (also referred to as work-hardening or cold-working)

is the method of creating a metal more durable and stronger through plastic
deformation. Once a metal is plastically bent, dislocations move and extra
dislocations are generated. The more dislocations among a fabric, the lot of
they'll act and become stapled or tangled. This can lead to a decrease within
the quality of the dislocations and a strengthening of the fabric. This sort of
strengthening is usually referred to as cold-working. It's referred to as cold-
working as a result of the plastic deformation should happens at a
temperature low enough that atoms cannot set up themselves. Once a metal
is worked at higher temperatures (hot-working) the dislocations will set up
and small strengthening is achieved.
Strain hardening is simply established with a piece of wire or a clasp.
Bend a straight section back and forth many times. Notice that it's tougher to
bend the metal at constant place. Within the strain hardened space
dislocations have shaped and become tangled, increasing the strength of the
fabric. Continuing bending can eventually cause the wire to interrupt at the
bend because of fatigue cracking. PSBs (Persistent Slip Bands) are
essentially little areas wherever the dislocations have gathered and rapt the
fabric surface out leave steps within the surface that act as stress risers or
crack initiation points.
 It ought to be understood, however, that increasing the strength by
cold-working also will lead to a discount in malleability. The graph above
shows the yield strength and therefore the P.C. elongation as a role of P.C
cold-work for many example materials. Notice that for every material, a tiny
low quantity of cold-working ends up in a big reduction in malleability.

3. What do you mean by percentage reduction in area?

A portion of difference of the cross-sectional space of a tensile
specimen before and when fracture. % reduction of space could be a ration
that expresses on the quantity of the specimen narrowed in comparison to its
original size. It’s calculated by dividing the changes happened between the
first and new cross-sectional areas at the point of failure by the first cross-
sectional area of the assessed specimen.
4. Explain the steps in ductile fracture.
Fracture is defined as the separation of body pieces due to extensive
stress given a temperature which is below the melting point. There are two
types of fracture mechanism. One is Brittle fracture which deals materials
involving ceramics, ice, and cold metals. And the other one is Ductile
fracture which basically deals with metals also which are not too cold.
Ductile fracture can be classified as extensive plastic deformation ahead
of crack, these cracks is said to be stable which mean its resists further
extension unless forces applied on the specimen is increase. There are
different stages of ductile fracture

STEPS
a) Necking
- Is a mode of tensile deformation were large quantity of strain appear on a
single area of the material. In general, necking is classified as diffuse
necking and localized necking. The primary one is the case wherever the
uniform reduction of thickness in a very comparatively massive vary
happens, whereas the second is that the case wherever the cutting of
fabric concentrates in a much localized region. Throughout deformation-
based materials process, fracture caused by necking is associate degree
irretrievable failure. Localized necking, instead of diffuse necking, is a
crucial issue that determines the number of helpful deformation that the
 purpose during which localized necking initial happens is considered a
perfect crisis.
b) Formation of microvoids
- Microvoids can be observed on plastic flow of the matrix. In addition to
that, microvoids can be made through external forces or so called
morphologies such as: tensile loading, shear stress, and lastly bending of
the surface of the specimen.
c) Coalescence of microvoids to form a crack
- Which is defined as high energy microscopic fracture mechanism
determined within the majority of metal specimens and in some
engineering plastics. In addition to that, MVC proceeds in 3 stages:
nucleation, growth, and concretion of microvoids. The nucleation of
microvoids may be caused by particle cracking or surface failure between
precipitate particles and therefore the matrix. To boot, microvoids usually
type at grain boundaries or inclusions inside the fabric. Microvoids
coalesce occurs, when adjacent microvoids link along or the fabric
between microvoids experiences necking. Joining microvoid ends up in
fracture. The angle of fracture in this stage is observed to be 90 degrees.
d) Crack propagation by shear deformation
- Shear deformation is one of the major cause of fractures it is so called
morphologies. Shear stresses can result elongated dimples, that area unit
parabolic depressions that coalesce in planes of most shear stress. The
depressions purpose back to the crack origin, and shear influenced failure
can manufacture depressions that time in opposite directions on opposing
fracture surfaces. The maximum angle of shear stress is to be observed at
45 degrees.
e) Fracture
- Fracture is define as separation of a material into 2 or more sections
below the action of stress. The fracture of a solid typically happens due to
the event of displacement separation of surfaces at intervals the solid. If a
displacement develops perpendicular to the surface of displacement, it's
known as a traditional tensile crack or just a crack; if a displacement
develops tangentially to the surface of displacement, it's known as a shear
crack, slip band, or dislocation
5. Explain the modes of failure in tension test.
- The modes of failure in tension members (a) Gross Section Yielding (b)
Net section Rupture (c) Block Shear
 a) Gross Section Yielding
- It is generally a tension member regardless of bolt holes can repel the
weight to its maximum load capacity without any miscarriage.

b) Net section Rupture

- When a tension member with a hole is loaded statically, the point nearby
the hole reaches the yield stress primarily. On further loading, the strain
at the point remains constant at yield stress and every fibre removed from
the outlet increasingly reaches the yield stress. Deformations continue
with increasing load till finally the rupture of the member happens once
the total cross-sectional of the member reaches the last stress. The design
strength due to the total suction of the member reaches the last ultimate
stress.

c) Block Shear
- We can say that the phenomenon is possible if the following condition are
meet. When the material bearing strength and bolt shear strength are
higher. Because these will result to the rupturing of the plane resulting to
the length becomes lesser.
Discussion
This experiment was done in order for us to determine and study the
mechanical properties of mild steel specimen under tension load.
Performing the tensile test on the mild steel on a simulator online help us
visualize the stress of steel. Through computation we able to determine the Yield
Stress, Tensile Strength, Modular of Elasticity, Percentage Elongation, and lastly
the Percent reduction in area. These variables were determined with the use initial
values such as yield strength, ultimate load and the area of the specimen. Because
of these factors, we will able to conclude if a certain material will be the perfect fit
for the consumer’s purpose. More of which, it will also detect problems in the
material.

Conclusion
 In general, for be the objective of this experiment is to continuous
learning by doing the said task with use of simulation. By accomplishing the
simulation, students able to learn on how to execute tensile strength experiments.
Furthermore, the simulation produces accuracy parallel or even greater when done
personally on the laboratory. Moreover, the experiment gives insight on how to
compute different factors such as yield stress, tensile strength, modulus of
elasticity, and many more. Most importantly while doing this activity, the students
able to learn the importance of knowing the tensile strength of a material through a
process of tensile testing. This learning will be a great help not only on the field of
engineering but also on practicality in inspection of materials.
Recommendation
In accomplishing the experiment, I believe that to be able to fully
understand the simulation try to screenshot the step by step procedure to be able to
follow the values given by the simulation in each corresponding steps. Moreover
try to understand the theory more before answering the relative question given at
the end of the simulation.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_(engineering)
http://composite.about.com/library/glossary/p/bldef-p4303.htm
http://imechanica.org/node/7562
Engineering Materials and Testing Laboratory Manual
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/
http://www.asminternational.org/pdf/spotlights/5106_01.pdf