Module -2

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• Tension members-Types of sections – net area- design
of tension members- concept of shear lag-use of lug
angle-connections in tension members

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1. A 300 ISF 8 mm of grade Fe 410 is used as a tension member in a lattice girder. It
is connected to a 12 mm thick gusset plate by 18 mm diameter bolts of grade 4.6.
Calculate the effective net area of the member, if
(a) chain bolting is done as shown in Fig.
(b) zig-zag bolting is done as shown in Fig.

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For Fe 410 grade of steel; fu = 410 MPa, fy = 250 MPa
Diameter of bolt, d = 18 mm
Diameter of hole, dh = 20 mm Table 19, Cls.10.2.1

(a) In chain bolting, the critical section will be 1-1.

Net area, An = (B – ndh)t Page 33, Cls.6.3.1
= (300 – 4 × 20) × 8 = 1760 mm2
Hence effective net area = 1760 mm2.

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In zig-zag bolting, the section may fail along
(1) - (2) - (3) -(4),
(1) - (2) - (5) - (6) - (7),
(1) - (2) - (5) - (3) - (4), or
(1) - (2) - (5) - (8) - (9)- (10).
The effective net area at all the possible sections is calculated and the
one that comes out to be minimum is considered to be critical.

Effective net area along section: - (2) - (3) - (4); n = 2,

Net area, An = (B – ndh)t Page 33, Cls.6.3.1
= (300 – 2 × 20) × 8 = 2080 mm2

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(1) - (2) - (5) - (6) - (7); Page 33, Cls.6.3.1
n = 3, n’= 1, p = 65 mm, g = 75 mm,
Net area, An =

(1) - (2) - (5) - (3) - (4) ;

n = 3, n’ = 2, p = 65 mm, g = 75 mm
Net area, An =

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(1) - (2) - (5) - (8) - (9) - (10);
n = 4, n’ = 3, p = 65 mm, g = 75 mm
Net area, An =

The minimum net area is at section (1) - (2) - (5) - (6) - (7)
and is equal to 2032.66 mm2.
Hence, effective net area is 2032.66 mm 2.

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2. Compute the tensile strength of an angle section ISA 150 × 115 × 8
mm of Fe 410 grade of steel connected with the gusset plate as shown
in Fig. for the following cases:
(a) gross section yielding
(b) net section rupture

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For Fe 410 grade of steel: fu = 410 MPa, fy = 250 MPa
Partial safety factors: ɣm0 = 1.1, ɣml = 1.25
For ISA 150 × 115 × 8 mm: Gross area, Ag = 2058 mm2

Page 33, Cls.6.2

Tensile strength due to gross section yielding, Tdg =Ag fy/ γm0
=2058 × 250/(1.1) × 10–3 = 467.7 kN

Tensile strength due to net section fracture,

The section is a single angle section ISA 150 × 115 × 8 mm with longer leg welded to the gusset plate; the
short leg will be the outstanding leg as shown in Fig.

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Tensile strength due to net section fracture, Page 33, Cls.6.3.3
The section is a single angle section ISA 150 × 115 × 8 mm with longer leg welded
to the gusset plate; the short leg will be the outstanding leg as shown in Fig.
Length of outstanding leg, w = 115 mm
Shear lag width, bs = w = 115 mm
Weld length along the direction of load, Lc = 140 mm

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Hence, β = 0.85
Net area of connected leg, Anc = ( 150 –8/2) × 8 = 1168 mm2
Gross area of outstanding leg, Ago = ( 115 –8/2) × 8 = 888 mm2

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3. Determine the block shear strength of the tension member shown
in Fig. The steel is of grade Fe 410.

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For Fe 410 grade steel: fu = 410 MPa, fy = 250 MPa
Partial safety factor for material: governed by yielding ɣm0 = 1.1 (Table 5, pg.30)
Governed by ultimate stress ɣml = 1.25
The shaded area will shear out.
• (Fig.7, Page.34 and Cls. 6.4) In the shaded area abcd there are two bolt holes. In
calculating the net area along surface ab, there will be 11/2 bolt holes and that
along bc only 1/2bolt hole.

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(Fig.7, Page.34 and Cls. 6.4)

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(Page.34 and Cls. 6.4)
The block shear strength will be minimum of Tdb1 and Tdb2 as calculated below.

Hence, the block shear strength of the tension member is 218.86 kN.

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4. Determine the tensile capacity of the sections shown in Fig if angles
are placed on the opposite sides of gusset plate (tack bolted)

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For Fe 410 grade of steel: fu = 410 MPa, fy = 250 MPa
Partial safety factors for material: ɣm0 = 1.1, ɣm1 = 1.25 (Table 5, pg.30)
Gross area, Ag = 2274 mm2

Design strength due to gross section yielding, Page.32 and Cls. 6.2
Tdg = 2274 × 250/1.1× 10–3 = 516.82 kN

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Design strength due to net section fracture, Page.33 and Cls. 6.3.3
The section is double angle section ISA 90 × 60 × 8 mm with long legs
connected.
Six bolts 16 mm diameter at a pitch of 40 mm
Distance between end bolts,
Lc = 5 × 40 = 200 mm
bs = w + w1 – t = 60 + 60 – 8 = 112 mm

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Design strength due to net section fracture, Page.33 and Cls. 6.3.3

Hence, 𝛽 = 1.205

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Design strength due to net section fracture, Page.33 and Cls. 6.3.3
Net area of connected legs, Anc = 2 × [ ( 90 – 18 – 8/2) × 8 ] = 1088 mm2
Gross area of outstanding legs, Ago = 2 × [ ( 60 – 8/2) × 8 ] = 896 mm2

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Design strength due Block shear strength,, Page.33 and Cls. 6.4

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Design strength due Block shear strength,, Page.33 and Cls. 6.4

The minimum of Tdb1 and Tdb2 will be the block shear strength of one angle
section. Since the member is of double angle section, the block shear strengthof
the member will be, Tdb = 2 × 233.15 = 466.30 kN

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design capacity Td of the member will be least of Tdg, Tdn and Tdb.
Tdg = = 516.82 kN
Tdn = = 566.56 kN
Tdb = 466.30 kN

Hence, the design capacity of the member, Td = 466.30 kN.

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• 5. Design a bridge truss diagonal subjected to a factored tensile load
of 300 kN. The length of the diagonal is 3.0 m. The tension member is
connected to a gusset plate 16 mm thick with one line of 20 mm
diameter bolts of grade 8.8

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For Fe 410 grade steel: fu = 410 MPa, fy = 250 MPa
Partial safety factors: 𝛾 m0 = 1.1 ; 𝛾m1 = 1.25 ; 𝛾 mb = 1.25
For bolts of grade 8.8: fub = 800 MPa
Anb = 245 mm2

Strength of bolt
Assuming threads to be included in the bolt hole.
Shear strength of bolt page 75, Cls. 10.3.3

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Strength of bolt
Bearing strength of bolt page 75, Cls. 10.3.4
20 mm diameter bolts of grade 8.8 are to be provided in one line for making the
connection. Assume bolts at a pitch of 65 mm, end-distance of 45 mm and at an
edge-distance of 50 mm

Kb = 0.681
Bearing strength of bolt (Assuming thickness of member section = 8 mm)

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Strength of bolt is 89.34 kN
Number of bolts required, n = 300/89.34= 3.36; 4
Provide 4, 20 mm diameter bolts of grade 8.8 in one line.
Required gross area on the basis of gross section yielding,

try ISA 100 × 75 × 8 mm

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Strength of bolt is 89.34 kN
Number of bolts required, n = 300/89.34= 3.36; 4
Provide 4, 20 mm diameter bolts of grade 8.8 in one line.
Required gross area on the basis of gross section yielding,

try ISA 100 × 75 × 8 mm

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try ISA 100 × 75 × 8 mm
Gross area, Ag = 1336 mm2

Tdg = 1336 × 250/1.1× 10–3 = 303.63 kN

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Design strength due to net section fracture,
Length of the outstanding leg, w = 75 mm
w1 = 50 mm
Shear lag width bs = w + w1 – t = 75 + 50 – 8 = 117 mm
Distance between end bolts, Lc = 3 × 65 = 195 mm

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Design strength due to net section fracture,

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Design strength due to net section fracture,
Diameter of hole, dh = 22 mm
Net area of the connected leg, Anc = ( 100 – 22 –8/2) × 8 = 592 mm2
Gross area of outstanding leg, Ago = ( 75 –8/2) × 8 = 568 mm2

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Check for block shear

• the block shear strength is 313.15 kN. Since it is more than 300 kN, the member
is safe in block shear.
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