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A New Relation Between Firing Angle of Three-Phase SCR Converter and Best
Reinjection Current Angle
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Ali M. Eltamaly
Mansoura University
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Abstract: In this paper a new relation between operation of SCR rectifier / inverter causes
firing angle (α) of three-phase SCR converter highly distorted utility line current. The
and optimum angle of reinjection current has distorted line currents flowing through the
been achieved for lowest THD of line currents. system causes distorted voltages at the Point of
The THD of line currents depends not only on Common Coupling (PCC) where many other
the rms value of the reinjection current but sensitive loads are connected. Thus the
also on the angle of this current. Angle of increase in harmonic contents in the utility line
reinjection current plays a very important rule currents result in increased volt-ampere ratings
with the value of THD of the line current of of the equipment connected to the system such
the three-phase SCR converter. The best angle as generators, motor loads, transformers,
for reinjection current has been derived for transmission lines, etc. For the reasons of these
different firing angle (α). A controllable single harmful effects of harmonics many standards
switch boost converter connected in shunt is has evolved to specify utility power quality to
employed to circulate the new reinjection acceptable levels [1,2].
current shape. A method to implement the The controlled SCR converter can be used as
proposed approach under varying the firing a rectifier or inverter in Adjustable Speed
angle (α) is shown. Analysis, design, and Drive (ASD) [3] as well as wind energy
simulation results are presented. applications [4,5]. Line current of SCR
converter and its FFT components are shown
I. Introduction in Fig.1. This famous current shape contains
In most power electronic applications SCR components at 5, 7, 11, 11ωt etc. and presents
rectifier/ inverter are commonly used. These high harmonics (THD ≅ 35%) and contributes
controlled converters are attractive due to their to many ill effects to the electric utility. For
inherent ruggedness, simplicity and cheap good quality sinusoidal current interface of 3-
price, market availability even for very high phase utility voltages various approaches have
rating applications and it is become now been described in the literature. Earl1y work
mature technology. However, these converters has been done to reduce the THD in the line
exhibit nonlinear characteristics and currents by increasing number of pulses
consequently generate harmonic currents into [6,7,8,9] such as a 12-pulse converters [6], 18-
the electrical utility system. The nonlinear pulse converter [7] and 24-pulse system [8].
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But, this technique suffer from the following network impedances, also it is expensive and
disadvantages bulky especially in low order harmonics.
Large in size and heavy in weight and all of There are many active methods to reduce
these components has to be in the top of the harmonic currents by using PWM converters.
WTG tower. But, all these techniques suffer from the
High in cost. following disadvantages:
Needs special transformer, complex, • Complex control circuit is
expensive and it will not be ready available required to control the system.
from manufacturer [9]. • High price switches (IGBTs).
• High switching losses.
There is another method to reduce harmonics
generated in utility line currents of SCR
converters by injecting third harmonic current
If as shown in Fig.2. A line frequency isolation
transformer is used to provide neutral terminal
and third harmonic current If circulated
between the DC and AC side by a DC-DC
converter as shown in Fig.2 [10]. This scheme
suffer from the following disadvantages:
• It requires Υ / ∆ isolation transformer.
• Two IGBTs on the DC side are in the
series path of the power flow.
• The DC-link voltage is higher than
nominal and warrants re-design of the
wind/PV fuel cell inverter stage.
• Suffer from increased loses.
Fig.1 Utility line current and its FFT of SCR Two Step down DC- Isolation UG
SCR
converter without any harmonic reduction means. DC converters Inverter Transformer
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• The LC branches are bulky and draw reactive The third harmonic components of the
power of fundamental frequency. voltages Vdn , V fn and Von have been used to
• The LC branch can resonate with other element
inject third harmonic back to utility line
in the electric utility.
current to reduce the harmonic contents in
• The current in the reinjection branch is very
sensitive to the deviation of L and C values. utility line currents. So a careful analysis for
• This technique does not take into account the these voltages is required to get the optimum
harmonic level in the DC-link current. value of reinjection current and its angle ψ.
It is convenient to employ Fourier series in
II -Proposed Technique the analysis of the distorted waveforms. In
Fig.3 shows the topology of the proposed general, a non-sinusoidal waveform f(x) can be
approach to reduce harmonics generated by expressed as follows :
line commutated SCR inverter used in (ASD). ∞
nπx nπx
This approach consists of zigzag transformer f ( x) = a 0 + ∑ a n cos
L
+ bn sin
L
n =1
that presents high impedance for fundamental 2L 2L
frequency component and very low impedance 1 1 nπ x
for the injection current. A single-phase
a0 =
2L ∫ f ( x) dx , a n =
L ∫ f ( x) cos L
dx
0 0
transformer is connected between the DC-link 1
2L
nπ x
mid-point ‘o’ and the zigzag transformer bn =
L ∫ f ( x) sin L
dx
neutral ‘n’. The secondary of single-phase 0
transformer is connected to a rectifier boost Will apply the above equations to the
converter stage feeding the DC link. By waveforms of V dn , V fn only to get the third
operating the single switch the injected current harmonic component. In this case we will use
shape If can be regulated. 2π
2L = and x = ωt and n=1. Then, For Vdn3
Previous results say; the best rms value of 3rd 3
harmonic current is equal to the average value 5π
+α
6
of DC link current [10,11,12]. But it is not the 3
only condition required. However; the angle of
a1 =
π π
∫ Vm sin ωt * cos 3ωt dωt
+α (1)
reinjection current plays a very important rule 6
795
Fig.3 The proposed approach.
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150
200
θ φ opt
100
respect to Va voltage.
-100
The angle of line current fundamental ψ opt
component, β equal to the firing angle α -200
0 50 100 150
(with respect to fundamental frequency) and alpha
3α (with respect to 3rd harmonic frequency). Fig.5 Th variation of Von,3rd , θ , φ opt ,ψ opt with α .
So; β = α (In fundamental frequency) (5) III- Design Example
rd
β = 3α (In 3 harmonic frequency) (6) For V LL = 380 V , and firing angle α=30
Angle of reinjection current; Ψ is: degrees, the following values can be obtained
ψ = θ −φ (7) from Fig.5. θ ≅ 150 o , ψ opt = 180 − 3 * 30 = 90
Where, φ is the angle of reinjection impedance. φ opt = θ − ψ opt = 150 − 90 = 60 o , Von3 rms
= 78.28V
The best angle of reinjection current with From PSIM simulation, I o = 22.87 A
average
respect to the fundamental component of line
current is 180. So, The optimum angle of So I f rms
= 22.87 A
reinjection current is shown in (8). But from Von3 rms ∠θ
(7) the optimum angle of reinjection So Zr = = 3.423 ∠60 = 1.71 + i 2.964 Ω
If ∠ψ opt
impedance φ opt is shown in (9). rms
2.964
ψ opt = 180 − 3α (8) So R r = 1.71, and Lr = = 3.145 mH
2 * π *150
φ opt = θ − 180 + 3α (9) If we apply the above values of Rr , Lr into
So, θ , φ opt and ψ opt can be drawn with the PSIM simulation program will get the
respect to α as shown in Fig.5. results shown in Fig.6.
796
It is clear from Fig.6 that the THD of the
utility line current is very low (THD =4%).
In case we use the same rms value of
reinjection current but we will change the
angle of reinjection impedance Z r to be 30
degrees instead of 60 degrees. So,
Z r = 3.423 ∠30 o = 2.964 + i1.71141
1.71141
So, R r = 2.964, Lr = = 1.816 mH
2 * π *150
It is clear from the results shown in Fig.7
that the THD increased.
In case we use the same rms value of
reinjection current but the angle of reinjection
impedance Z r has been changed to be 0
degrees instead of 60 degrees. So,
Z r = 3.423 ∠0 o , then, R r = 3.423, Lr = 0 mH . It
is clear from the results shown in Fig.8 that
the THD increased.
It is clear from Fig.6, 7, and, 8 that the THD
of utility line current is highly affected by the
angle of reinjection current. A relation Fig.7 Utility line current and its FFT components
between THD and impedance angle at at impedance angle φ = 30 o
α = 30 o is drown as shown in Fig.9.
Fig.6 Utility line current and its at optimum Fig.8 Utility line current and its FFT components
impedance angle = φ opt = 60 o at impedance angle φ = 0 o
797
25 wind-electric, and fuel-cell systems”, IEE
1995
[5] R. M. Hilloowalla and A. M. Sharaf “A utility
20
interactive wind energy conversion scheme
with an asynchronous DC link using a
supplementary control loop”, EC, IEEE Trans.
on Vol.: 9 3, Sept. 1994, Page(s): 558 –563.
15
[6] Bang Sup Lee; Enjeti, P.N.; Pitel, I.J. “An
optimized active interphase transformer for
THD
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