Name – Sahil Varshney

Class – B.A.LL.B. (Hons.) Self- Financed

Roll No. – 52

College ID – 20186501
 Unit – 1

Ques. 1- Elaborate on the Concept of Social Justice under Indian Constitution and explain
constitutional provisions and Legislations for Empowering the Weaker Sections of India.

Answer- The Indian Constitution is unique in its contents and spirit. Dr. Ambedkar is the
man of millennium for social justice, since he was the first man in history to successfully lead
a tirade of securing social to the vast sections of Indian humanity, with the help of a law. Dr.
Ambedkar was the man who tried to turn the Wheel of the Law toward social justice for all.
He has strong fervor to attain social justice among the Indian Communities for this purpose
he began his vocation.

Social justice denotes the equal treatment of all citizens without any social distinction based
on caste, color, race, religion, sex and so on. It means absence of privileges being extended to
any particular section of the society, and improvement in the conditions of backward classes
(SCs, STs, and OBCs) and women. Social Justice is the foundation stone of Indian
Constitution. Indian Constitution makers were well known to the use and minimality of
various principles of justice. They wanted to search such form of justice which could fulfill
the expectations of whole revolution. Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru put an idea before the
Constituent Assembly “First work of this assembly is to make India independent by a new
constitution through which starving people will get complete meal and cloths, and each
Indian will get best option that he can progress himself.”Social justice found useful for
everyone in its kind and flexible form. Although social justice is not defined anywhere in the
constitution but it is an ideal element of feeling which is a goal of constitution. Feeling of
social justice is a form of relative concept which is changeable by the time, circumstances,
culture and ambitions of the people. Social inequalities of India expect solution equally.
Under Indian Constitution the use of social justice is accepted in wider sense which includes
social and economical justice both. According to Justice Gajendra Gadkar, “In this sense
social justice holds the aims of equal opportunity to every citizen in the matter of social
&economical activities and to prevent inequalities”.
At the time of independence, the constitution makers were highly influenced by the feeling
of social equality and social justice. For the same reason, they incorporated such provisions in
the constitution of India. These are as follows–The words, “Socialist”, “secular”, “and
democratic” and “republic” has been inserted in the preamble. Which reflects it’s from as a
“social welfare state.” The expression “socialist” was intentionally introduced in the
Preamble. The Constitution of India has solemnly promised to all its citizens justices-social,
economic and political; liberty of thought expression, belief, faith and worship; equality of
status and of opportunity; and to promote among the all fraternity assuring the dignity of the
individual and the unity of the nation. The Constitution has attempted to attune the apparently
conflicting claims of socio-economic justice and of individual liberty and fundamental rights
by putting some relevant provisions.

Article 19 enshrines the fundamental rights of the citizens of this country. The seven sub-
clauses of Article 19(1) guarantee the citizens seven different kinds of freedom and recognize
them as their fundamental rights. Article 19 considered as a whole furnishes a very
satisfactory and rational basis for adjusting the claims of individual rights of freedom and the
claims of public good. Articles 23 and 24 provide for fundamental rights against exploitation.
Article 24, in particular, prohibits an employer from employing a child below the age of 14
years in any factory or mine or in any other hazardous employment. Article 31 makes a
specific provision in regard to the fundamental right to property and deals with the vexed
problem of compulsory acquisition of property. Article 38 requires that the state should make
an effort to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting as effectively as it
may a social order in which justice social, economic and political shall inform all the
institutions of national life.

Article 39 clause (a) says that the State shall secure that the operation of the legal system
promotes justice, on a basis of equal opportunity, and shall, in particular provide free legal
aid, by suitable legislation or schemes, or in any other way, to ensure that opportunities for
securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities.
Article 41 recognizes every citizen’s right to work, to education and to public assistance in
cases of unemployment, old age, sickness & disablement and in other cases of undeserved
want. Article 42 stresses the importance of securing just and humane conditions of work and
for maternity relief. Article 43 holds before the working population the ideal of the living
wage and Article 46 emphasizes the importance of the promotion of educational and
economic interests of schedule castes, schedule tribes and other weaker sections.
As far as educational and cultural safeguards are concerned Article 15(4) empowers the State
to make special provisions for advancement of any socially and economically backward
classes or citizens and for Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. This provision has
enabled the State to reserve seats for Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in
educational institutions including technical, engineering and medical colleges. Article 29(1)
provides that “Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof,
having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the
same”

Article 335 provides that the reservation provisions shall be made taking into consideration
efficiency of administration. Through a specific amendment to the Constitution, the State has
been empowered to make any relaxation for qualifying mark in any examination or lowering
the standards of evaluation for enforcing reservation in matters of promotion to any class or
classes of service or posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of the State. In
addition to the protections referred to above, which deal with both Scheduled Castes and the
Scheduled Tribes, special safeguards have also been made for Scheduled Tribes. Article 338
of the Constitution provides for a National Commission for Scheduled Castes and the
Scheduled Tribes and specifies the functions it would discharge and the report it is required
to present to the President.

Article 350(a) provides for adequate facilities for instructions in the mother tongue at the
primary stage of education for children belonging to linguistic minority groups. The above
Article has relevance for Scheduled Tribes as some of them have a distinct language/dialect.

The social justice scenario is to be investigated in the context of two streams of entitlements :
(a) sustainable livelihood, which means access to adequate means of living, such as shelter,
clothing, food, access to developmental means, employment; education, health, and
resources; (b) social and political participation (enabling or empowering means), which is
built on the guarantee of fundamental rights, and promotion and empowerment of the right to
participation in the government, and access to all available means of justice, and on the basis
of which “justice as a political program” becomes a viable reality.

In D. S. Nakara v. Union of India, the Supreme Court has held that the principal aim of a
socialist state is to eliminate inequality in income, status and standards of life. The basic
framework of socialism is to provide a proper standard of life to the people, especially,
security from cradle to grave. Amongst there, it envisaged economic equality and equitable
distribution of income. This is a blend of Marxism & Gandhism, leaning heavily on Gandhian
socialism. From a wholly feudal exploited slave society to a vibrant, throbbing socialist
welfare society reveals along march, but, during this journey, every state action, whenever
taken, must be so directed and interpreted so as to take the society one step towards the goal.

In Excel Wear v Union of India, the Supreme Court held that the addition of the word
‘socialist’ might enable the courts to learn more in favor of nationalization and state
ownership of an industry. But, so long as private ownership of industries is recognized which
governs an overwhelming large principles of socialism and social justice cannot be pushed to
such an extent so as to ignore completely, or to a very large extant, the interest of another
section of the public, namely the private owners of the undertaking.

In India, courts have performed a great role to make the Social justice successful. In the field
of distributive Justice, Legislature and Judiciary both are playing great role but courts are
playing more powerful role to deliver compensatory or corrective justice but these principles
are known as mutually relatives not mutually opposites. Ideals and goals are to deliver social
justice but medium may be distributive or compensatory justice.

Some legislation empowering weaker sections are:

Enforcing Equality and Removing Disability Untouchability Offences Act, 1955 - Within 5
years of adoption of Constitution of India, the Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955 was
enacted by Parliament. The Act contained a significant provision that where any of the
forbidden practices “is committed in relation to member of Scheduled Caste” the Court shall
presume, unless the contrary is proved, that such act was committed on the ground of
Untouchability.

Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955Based on the recommendation of the Committee, this Act
was comprehensively amended in1976 and its name was changed to “The Protection of Civil
Rights Act, 1955”. The amended Act came into force from 19 th November 1976. Report on
Prevention of Atrocities against SCs and STs and for matters connected therewith, was made
cognizable and non-compoundable offence and the terms of improvement were enhanced.

The Minimum Wages Act, 1948This Act provides for fixing of minimum rates of wages in
different employments and appointment of Committees or Subcommittees for this purpose.
The Act also fixes the norms of hours of work, rest and overtime rates. The machinery for
enforcement of the Act has also been provided. Equal Remuneration Act, 1976The Act
mandates that there shall be no discrimination in the payment of wages to women workers
performing same or similar nature of work as men.

Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986The Act prohibits the engagement of
children in certain employments and regulates the conditions of work of children in certain
others. It outlines severe penalties for those violating its provisions. The Act also provides for
a Child Labor Technical Advisory Committee to advise the Central Government on which
occupations and industrial processes the employment of child labor should be prohibited.

Nonetheless, we all agree that mere enactment of laws does not guarantee the eradication of
the related problems. Proper implementation of the legislations is necessary to ensure that the
intended beneficiaries get the optimum benefits. Further, to tackle the problems in a holistic
manner, it is imperative to think and go beyond the legislative initiatives.
 Unit – 2

Ques. 2- Write an essay on the problem of communal violence in India and explain
Compensation to Victims of Crime, Especially to the Impoverished in Communal Riots or
Civil Disturbances and the problems of law in India.

Answer- Humanity today faces the threat of violence collectively. Collective violence is
committed by large number of people. Communal violence is a one type of collective
violence which is committed between groups belonging to different religion. Religion is often
viewed as a propellant of conflict and violence. The relationship between violence and
religion became a central concern after the attack on the World Trade Centre and the
Pentagon. However, religion has always been a source of inspiration for violence and non
violence also. Communal violence has been a major peace-breaking aspect in India. It is a
country with a lot of diversity in terms of religion, language and culture.  The matter of
violence comes only when we categories ourselves into many groups. So we need to admire
the single group, which unites us. That group is the group or the concept of humanity. If we
go with the concept of humanity and respect the people, there will not be a scope for any
communal violence. The government prepares to table in parliament communal violence
(Prevention, control and rehabilitation of victims) bill2009 to check communal violence.
India could not free itself of curse of communalism even more than fifty years after
independence. If anything it has been getting worse year after year.

Compensation to riot victims - In India public discourse on riots has not paid any attention
to the absence of any law on the rights of victims of riots, like the present one in Gujarat,
which is the result of failure of governance resulting in loss of life, limb, shelter, property,
places of worship, honor and social and professional dislocation to hundreds of thousands of
people. Except for the victims of anti-Sikh riots in Delhi in 1984, all payment of
compensation to sufferers of riots has been ex-gratia. It has not only led to variations of
amount of compensation for loss of life from Rs 20,000 to two lakhs, depending upon
political expediency, but the underlying arbitrariness undermines the basic principle of rule of
law. Moreover damages other than life and limb undeservedly suffered by large number of
people – e.g. displacement, dislocation, dispossession, causing permanent vocational and
other social & educational losses, including schooling of children, do not get due recognition
and attention. Rehabilitative measures are supposed to lie in the domain of charitable social
work. Officially it is to kenistically being looked after by a non-statutory National Foundation
for Communal Harmony, which is a part of the Home Ministry.
This neglect has happened in spite of consistent efforts of the National Commission For
Minorities (NCM) in this direction since 1980, when "it strongly urged upon the Government
to pass appropriate legislation and formulate schemes for giving compensation to victims of
communal riots" on the ground that "the State cannot be absolved from its responsibility of
protecting life and property of the citizens." Justice HR Khanna, whose opinion on the matter
was sought by the Commission, noted "the rising trend in some countries to pay
compensation to victims of violent crimes e.g. New Zealand (1963), Britain (1964) and
subsequently in Canada, Northern Ireland and USA and Australia".
In its Sixth Report (1981) the National Police Commission (NPC) observed that "it is the duty
of the administration to compensate these unfortunate sufferers (of communal riots) for the
loss and suffering undergone by them and to assist them in their rehabilitation".
The 1985 UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of
Power requires the governments to establish and strengthen judicial and administrative
mechanisms to enable victims to obtain redress – expeditious, fair, inexpensive and
accessible. It considers fair restitution of victims an obligation of offenders or third parties
responsible for their behavior. Clause 11 provides that "victims should receive restitution
from the State whose officials or agents were responsible for the harm inflicted".
Successive Indian governments ignored their obligation in the matter as the political and
intellectual classes confined their discussion exclusively in secular – communal terms. The
human rights perspective was not brought to bear upon riot-related issues.

It is Justice Anil Dev Singh of Delhi High Court’s classic judgment on the Civil Writ Petition
No. 1429 (Smt. Bhajan Kaur Vs Delhi Administration) which proved path breaking in
holding the State liable to pay adequate compensation for having failed to protect the life of
citizens guaranteed under Article 21. In the event of failure of the State to act in time to
prevent loss of innocent lives, "it cannot escape the liability to pay adequate compensation to
the family of persons killed during riots." The line of argument of the judgment is based on
the view that "it is not open to the State to say that the violations are being committed by
private persons for whom it cannot be held accountable. Riots more often than not take place
due to weakness, laxity and indifference of the administration in enforcing law and order. If
the authorities act in time and act effectively and efficiently, riots can surely be prevented.
Message must go to the mischief mongers that the administration means business and their
nefarious designs would be thwarted with an iron hand".  It is a view universally supported
by experienced district officials and senior police officers including NC Saxena, VN Rani,
Padam Rosha and KF Rustamji.
Though the BJP Government of Delhi paid the compensation of Rs 3.50 lakhs, no heed was,
however, paid to the learned Court’s crucial advice to the Union and State Governments to
enact laws "to locate the responsibility for the riots whenever and wherever they occur and
the persons held responsible for confiscation of their properties so as to secure payment of
compensation out of the assets so confiscated. In case it is found that an official or officials of
the State did not act in time or were indifferent to mob violence, they should also be required
to make reparations to the victims and face disciplinary proceedings". 
The Minorities Council, represented to the NCM in August in 1997 and subsequently to the
NHRC for direction to the Union & State Governments for application of the judgment for
victims of other major riots in the country and for enactment of a law on compensation,
which resulted in the NCM making a statutory resolution for treating Delhi High Court
judgment as the general law for awarding proper compensation to all the victims of all
communal riots.
Though the NHRC indirectly endorsed this resolution of the NCM, it evaded responsibility
under the cover that the Supreme Court was seized of the issue. The matter then pending
before the Supreme Court related only to the limited issue of i) enhancement of the amount
paid to Sikh victims from Rs 2 lakhs with interest to Rs 7.5 lakhs, ii) payment of
compensation to other Sikh victims in Kanpur, Jabalpur & Bokaro, etc.
In December 1997 the NCM appointed a Committee on communal riots headed by Justice
VM Tarkunde for which this writer, as Convener of the Committee, submitted a
comprehensive report. It was adopted by the NCM and sent to the Government for action in
March 1999. While there is a need to effect reforms in the entire law-enforcement machinery,
one measure which is urgently required is enactment of a comprehensive law on the Rights of
Victims of Riots, providing for a Tribunal/Commission of Inquiry for fixing responsibility
and determining losses and restitution and compensation. The Government will neither have
the power to appoint the Commission nor to reject its findings. It is to be appointed by an
independent panel. It will have the power to initiate legal proceedings against erring officials
and police personnel, for which their service rules will be suitably amended.

It is this fear of accountability and liability to pay compensation which will have a catalytic
effect in starting a process of reforms of the system. The chances of punishment (not just
transfer) and of substantial pecuniary loss will instill fear of law in the bureaucracy and the
police which will make them keep their passions and prejudices in leash and will make them
do their duty in accordance with law and not wait for the "order from above". It will be the
duty of the law makers to simultaneously provide protection to officials, so that legitimate
rights and interests of their career do not get adversely affected for being independent and
upright.
Flaws in the Communal Violence (Prevention, Control & Rehabilitation of Victims) Bill,
2005 regarding victims - There is, of course, the wishy-washy Chapters VII and VIII
requiring government to plan and coordinate relief and rehabilitation measures through the
setting up of State and District Communal Disturbance Relief and Rehabilitation Councils but
these chapters fall far short of enunciating victim’s rights enforceable in court. Chapter X of
the Bill deals with compensation to be paid to the victims but restricts the compensation to
the amount of fine payable under the Code, which is generally very small. In the Communal
Crimes Bill, 2007 submitted by the Human Rights Law Network (HRLN) and ANHAD to the
government, the suggested sections made it mandatory for government to set up relief camps,
pay subsistence allowance, pay substantial compensation and provide reasonable
rehabilitation including alternative sites and housing and to reconstruct the destroyed places
of worship at government’s expense. All these victim’s rights are missing in the present Bill.
When the state does not protect the lives and properties of the minorities during communal
carnages, the victim should have a right to compensation and alternative livelihoods at the
cost of the state. An answer to this was expected in the statute. Is a relief camp to lie at the
discretion of government and NGOs with shabby provisions being made on a temporary
basis, or is it a right of the victim to be provided immediate relief according to well-
established norms? Once again, had government cared to look at the Atrocities Act, it would
have noticed the provisions relating to the collective fine where the community harboring the
aggressors could be substantially fined and the money used for the payment of compensation.
There is no provision in the Bill relating to the duties of authorities after the riots take place.
A section is necessary requiring the authorities to provide immediate relief and protection
from further acts of violence, to prepare a list of victims and their losses, and to provide for
legal aid, allowances, and facilities during legal proceedings. Likewise, provisions are
required to enable the arrest and detention of people engaging in hate speech and to enable
the court to shift the investigation to the CBI in cases of involvement of the local police in the
communal crime. The Supreme Court has recently held that social statutes must be
accompanied by a financial memorandum. This is to ensure that government puts its money
where its mouth is. The Government of India is accustomed to enacting grand legislation
without allocating resources for its implementation. In this regard the Financial Memorandum
of the Bill makes for interesting reading: “As involvement of expenditure depends mainly on
the occurrence of communal violence, it is difficult to make an estimate of the expenditure,
both recurring and non – recurring, from the Consolidated Fund of India.”

It is thus clear that the Government of India intends to make no financial provision
whatsoever for the relief and rehabilitation of the victims of communal crimes.

Unit -3
Ques. 3- Write an essay on, Bandhua Mukti Morcha and their legal battle for abolishing the
bonded labour system and its judicial effectiveness in India.

Answer – Slavery persists in our age in various forms. The bonded labour system is one of them.
Child labour is another kind of bonded labour. Both arise out of socio-economic and historical
reasons. India, the largest democratic country in the world, has 65 million bonded child labourers,
and 300million adult labourers living a life of bondage and contemporary forms of slavery, according
to our estimates. This is despite Constitutional guarantees and prohibitive laws like the Bonded
Labor System (Abolition) Act 1976, the Child labour (Prohibition and Regulation Act) 1986 and
International Conventions on the subject. Child labour (5 years to 14 years of age) is rampant not
only in agriculture but also in industries such as those manufacturing matches, locks, carpets, stone
quarries, brick kilns, tanneries and diamond cutting and polishing units. These children are denied
their fundamental right to childhood, to education, to play and to dream like a normal child.They has
to labour for more than 8 hours every day. Legal and human rights battles on their behalf have been
successfully fought in the Supreme Court of India. Parliament too has been approached. United
Nations Human Rights Commission, ILO and UNICEF have been sensitized. Yet, the 20 year-old
struggles is only a beginning.

Bandhua Mukti Morcha (BMM) was formed in 1981 to wage a battle against the pernicious bonded
labour system in India. Administrative and political will to carry out the Constitutional mandate and
enforce prohibitive laws of the land failed to produce any results. Against all odds, Bandhua Mukti
Morcha has achieved the release of over 1, 24,000 bonded Indians from the shackles of slavery. A
large number of them have been rehabilitated. From the Carpet Industry alone, about a thousand
children have been rescued and restored to their parents. The rehabilitation has been monitored
effectively. BMM has started a campaign for the provision of non-formal, full time education for
these children, along with the supply of nutrition to each and also some food security to their poor
families. As a result of BMM’s efforts, the leaders of the leading political parties have expressed their
concern on the issue of child labour and often made a mention of it in their election manifestos in
Parliamentary elections. Bandhua Mukti Morcha has been campaigning for a national minimum
wage equivalent to first-day salary of a class IV employee in Government service. Its revision is to be
done on cost price index as is done for the Government employees. The State Governments may fix
minimum wage according to the local conditions but not below the National Minimum Wage.
Bonded labour (or debt bondage) occurs when a person’s labour is demanded in return for a loan.
The person is then tricked into working for little or no pay. The value of their work is usually greater
than the original loan. In many cases the loan is passed down from parent to child. Female bonded
laborers will often be subject to sexual abuse by their ‘employer’. Around 20 million people are
estimated to be in bonded labour worldwide. Bonded labour is most likely to exist in situations of
poverty where an unexpected expense such as medical costs or a marriage dowry forces an
individual to borrow. Bonded labourers are usually unable to defend their rights or are bound by a
misplaced sense of duty to repay the debt owed by their family.

In Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. Union of India, the main issue concerned the existence of bonded
labour in the Faridabad stone quarries near the city of Delhi. It was alleged that majority of the
workers were compelled to migrate from other states, and turned into bonded labourers. The
workers were living in sub-human and miserable conditions. A violation of various labour laws and
the Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1976 was alleged. The SC stated that before a bonded
labour can be regarded as a bonded laborer, he must not only be forced to provide labour to the
employer but he must have also received an advance or other economic consideration from the
employer, unless he is made to provide forced labour in pursuance of any custom or social obligation
or by reason of his birth in any particular caste or community.

BMM was the first organization to crusade against the pernicious bonded labour system in
India. Lack of political and administrative will to carry out the Constitutional mandate and
enforce prohibitive laws failed to produce the desired results. It was on the historic PIL of
BMM that Justice P N Bhagwati delivered his epoch making landmark judgment in 1983
declaring that all labourers who are denied common minimum wage, are to be presumed
bonded labourers. Excerpts from the judgment: “Therefore, whenever it is shown that the
laborer is made to provide forced labour, the Court would raise a presumption that he is
required to do so in consideration of an advance or other economic consideration received by
him and he is therefore a bonded laborer. This Presumption may be rebutted by the employer
and also by the State Government if it so chooses but unless and until satisfactory material is
produced for rebutting this presumption, the Court must proceed on the basis that the laborer
is a bonded laborer entitled to the benefit of the provisions of the Act. The State Government
cannot be permitted to repudiate its obligation to identify, release and rehabilitate the bonded
labourers on the plea that though the concerned labourers may be providing forced labour, the
State Government does not own any obligation to them unless and until they show in an
appropriate legal proceeding conducted according to the rules of adversary system of justice,
that they are bonded labourers”

Through various petitions, BMM has been seeking interventions of the court on
different issues concerning bonded labourers.  This has helped to wake up government
machinery and bring them to action mode ensuring that as many as   7, 000 houses were
constructed and allotted to the labourers released from bondage in the States of Haryana,
Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh.   Non-formal schools and health
centers set up by BMM such as Dayananda Shilp Vidyalaya, Garhi, New Delhi,  Maharshi
Dayananda  Vidyalaya, Guna, Madhya Pradesh,  Maharshi Dayananda Health Centre,
Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh  and Sugam Vedashram in Nagapatnam, Tamil Nadu exemplify 
BMM’s commitment to provide education and health care to the poor and needy in  slum
areas and tribal belts.

BMM has been campaigning for a National Minimum Wage equivalent to the first-day salary
of a class IV employee in Government service.  It is also BMM’s view that any subsequent
revision of such a minimum wage should be done on the basis of price index as in the case of
Government employees. The State Governments could fix minimum wage according to the
local conditions but it should not be below the National Minimum Wage.

BMM has made a demand for setting up a National Commission on Bonded Labour with
sufficient judicial and financial powers but the government has failed to do it till date.   BMM
has therefore, constituted a Citizens’ Commission on Bonded and Child Labour, with eminent
persons of political, social and judicial integrity as its Members. They include former Judges
of the Supreme Court of India, eminent Artists, Journalists, Lawyers and Social Activists.
Going by the fact that about 90 percent of the Bonded Labourers are from Scheduled Castes
and Scheduled Tribes, BMM has been making efforts to engage members of these
communities in various creative tasks for their holistic development.

Away from public glare and without any big funding, small organizations in small towns can
succeed in giving new hope to the most marginalised people. Bandhua Mukti Morcha (BMM)
is one such, which works for the release and rehabilitation of bonded workers.

Records maintained by BMM reveal that it has taken the lead in the release and rehabilitation
of several bonded workers in various parts of country during the last 18 years. Of course this
was done with the involvement of the local administration as per the norms laid down in the
bonded labour release law (including a provision of Rs. 20,000 as immediate relief and other
benefits). The bonded workers, mostly migrants, were rescued mainly from quarries, stone
crushers and brick kilns. The rehabilitation included selection of housing sites, called
Muktigrams, and finding them livelihood opportunities.
 Unit – 4

Ques. 4 - Discuss the problems faced by indigenous community and Tribal people due to
Public Projects like Dams, Displacement and their Rehabilitation and the law in India.

Answer -
 Unit - 5

Ques. 5 - Write an elaborate essay on Concept of Legal Aid and the Poor- with special
reference to The Legal Services Authorities Act.

Answer -