Department of Electrical and ECSE 352 Electromagnetic Waves and Optics

Computer Engineering
Overview

Last class we derived equations for voltage and current on

l l
lossless transmission
i i li
lines. I this
In hi class
l we willill be
b
introducing the phasor notation for these quantities. You may
1 3 Harmonic wave analysis
1.3 already
y have studied the pphasor representation
p in other
courses. This is a very important concept when we are dealing
with single frequency or harmonic signals. It is important to
keep clear in your mind the difference between the real
measurable time independent representation of the voltage
References: Hayt and Buck 11.4, 11.5 and the complex time independent phasor form.

AK/ZM 1.3-1 ©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-2

Transmission line classes Contents

A. Transmission line basics

• Introduction
• Time harmonic electromagnetic waves
• Lossless transmission lines • Wave parameters
• Harmonic waves on transmission lines
• Time independent (phasor) notation • Phasor notation
• Power transmission and loss

B. Analog signal transmission

6. Resistive loads and reflections
7. Voltage standing wave ratio
8. Finite lines and input impedance
9. Smith chart calculation techniques
10
10. Single stub matching

C. Digital signal transmission

11. Transient analysis
12. Pulse propagation and initially charged lines

©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-3 ©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-4

 Learning outcomes Voltages and currents on transmission lines

After taking this class you should be able to: • We had already come up with a general equation for
• Explain what is meant by a harmonic wave voltage
lt on a ttransmission
i i liline:
v is velocity
• Write down the cosine referenced equation for a forward backward
harmonic wave
• Explain why the harmonic representation is important Rg
+ + +
• Define p phase velocity,
y, angular
g frequency
q y and p
phase V0 RL
V+ V-
constant -
- -
• Relate the sinusoidal representation of a harmonic z
wave to
t the
th complexl (phasor)
( h ) representation
t ti
⎛ z⎞ ⎛ z⎞
• Explain what is meant by ‘time independent’ form. V ( z , t ) = V f ⎜ t − ⎟ + Vb ⎜ t + ⎟ = V + + V −
⎝ v⎠ ⎝ v⎠

What form is easiest to analyze?

©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-5 ©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-6

Time harmonic electromagnetic fields

• Assume that the wave has a single frequency, ω

• This is frequency domain analysis
2π
ω≡
f
V0
0
t
-V
V0

• We know that we can assemble any real signal from

a summation of cosine functions of different
frequencies
eque c es

©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-8

 Time harmonic representation Time harmonic representation
• We can represent the voltage wave as: • We can represent the voltage wave as:

V ( z , t ) = V0 cos ⎣⎡ω ( t ± z / v p ) + φ ⎦⎤
V0 = V0 cos [ωt ± β z + φ ]
0 V0
t
-V0
0
t
• Where: -V0

vp is the phase velocity

2π
ω is the angular frequency ω≡
f
φ is the initial phase
β is the phase
i th h constant
t t
ω
β≡
vp
©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-9 ©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-10

Forward and backward going waves Forward and backward going waves

• Forward and backward going waves have opposite z- • Forward and backward going waves have opposite z-
d
dependence
d d
dependence
d

©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-11 ©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-12

 Forward and backward going waves Wavelength

• Forward and backward going waves have opposite z- • Since we have V f ( z , t ) = V0 cos [ωt − β z ]
d
dependence
d

V ( z , t ) = V0 cos [ωt ± β z ] • Then for a fixed time (t=0 say) we observe:

Forward:
d V f ( z , t ) = V0 cos [ωt − β z ]
Backward: Vb ( z , t ) = V0 cos [ωt + β z ]
V0
0
z
-V0
©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-13 ©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-14

Wavelength Waves in space and time

• Since we have V f ( z , t ) = V0 cos [ωt − β z ] • Waves represent the evolution of a quantity in space
and
d titime
Time
• Then for a fixed time (t=0 say) we observe:
τ
V f ( z , 0 ) = V0 cos ( β z )
1
• This function is periodic over distance λ Amplitude
li d
0.5 λ 2
0
• I.e. βλ=2π -0.5 1.5
-1
• And λ is the wavelength
g 0 1 Time
λ 0.5
V0 V f ( z , t ) = V0 cos [ωt − β z ] 1 0.5
Space 1.5
0 20
z What do the ridges represent? What determines their gradient?
-V0
©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-15 ©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-16
 Waves in space and time Phase Velocity: How fast is it traveling ?

• Waves represent the evolution of a quantity in space • We already worked out the speed of waves on lossless
and
d titime transmission lines
Time • Now we can be a little more precise
2π 2π
τ= λ= τ
ω β
dz
v= 1

z dt Amplitude
li d
0.5 λ 2
0
-0.5 1.5
-1
t 0 1 Time
0.5
V f ( z , t ) = V0 cos [ωt − β z ] 1 0.5
Space 1.5
20

What do the ridges represent? What determines their gradient?

©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-17 ©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-18

Phase Velocity: How fast is it traveling ? Phasor representation

• We already worked out the speed of waves on lossless

transmission lines V ( z , t ) = V0 cos [ωt ± β z + φ ]
• Now we can be a little more precise
• Define Phase velocity = speed of point of constant phase • This is the real instantaneous form of the voltage
• However more often we will use p phasor representation:
p
• Harmonic wave: V f ( z , t ) = V0 cos [ωt − β z ] • Since

• Constant phase: ωt − β z = const

dz ω
vp = =
dt β

• For an air dielectric vp =c= 2.997924590 x 108 m/s

• 1,080,000,000 km/hr
©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-19 ©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-20
 Phasor representation Complex representation

V ( z , t ) = V0 cos [ωt ± β z + φ ] V ( z , t ) = V0 cos [ωt ± β z + φ ]

• This is the real instantaneous form of the voltage • Define the complex representation of the wave as:
• However more often we will use p phasor representation:
p
• Since
e = cos ( x ) ± j sin ( x )
± jx

• So cos ( x ) = Re ⎡⎣e ± jx ⎤⎦
Vc ( z , t ) = V0 exp ⎡⎣ j (ωt ± β z + φ ) ⎤⎦
= V0 e ± j β z e jωt
and V0 = V0 e jφ is the complex amplitude
©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-21 ©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-22

Complex representation Time independent form

V ( z , t ) = V0 cos [ωt ± β z + φ ] • Starting from Vc ( z , t ) = V0 e ± j β z e jωt

• Define the complex representation of the wave as:
• We then drop the time dependence term (since we
have only a single frequency) to obtain the time-
time
Vc ( z , t ) = V0 exp ⎡⎣ j (ωt ± β z + φ ) ⎤⎦ independent or phasor form:

= V0 e ± j β z e jωt
• This is a complex value
jφ
where V0 = V0 e is the complex amplitude
which takes into account the initial p
phase

©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-23 ©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-24

 Time independent form Relationship between phasor and real value

• Starting from Vc ( z , t ) = V0 e ± j β z e jωt • Use phasors to take the phase of the wave into
accountt
• We then drop the time dependence term (since we • Exponential notation will make differentiation easier
have only a single frequency) to obtain the time-
time
independent or phasor form Im

Vs ( z ) = V0 e ± j β z
• This is a complex value
• The real measurable amplitude and the phasor Re
representation are related via:
V ( z , t ) = V0 cos [ωt ± β z + φ ] = Re
R ⎡⎣Vs ( z ) e jωt ⎤⎦
©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-25 ©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-26

Use of phasors Example (11.1)

• Use phasors to take the phase of the wave into • Two voltage waves with equal frequencies and
accountt opposite
it amplitudes
lit d are propagating
ti iin opposite
it
• Exponential notation makes differentiation easier directions on a transmission line. Determine the total
voltage
g as a function of time and p position.
Im • Solution:
ejωt
V(z) V ( z , t ) = Vs ( z ) e jωt

V(z,t) Re

Measurable quantity
©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-27 ©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-28
 Example (11.1) Solution ctd.

• Two voltage waves with equal frequencies and • This is a standing wave
opposite
it amplitudes
lit d are propagating ti iin opposite
it
directions on a transmission line. Determine the total
voltage
g as a function of time and p position.

Vs ( z ) = V0 e
• Solution: − jβ z + jβ z +
+ V0 e
= 2V0 cos ( β z )
V ( z , t ) = 2V0 cos ( β z ) cos (ωt )
• Real
R l titime d
dependent
d t fform:

V ( z , t ) = Re ⎡⎣ 2V0 cos ( β z ) e jωt ⎤⎦

What would the solution
be if the backward
wave had one half the
= 2V0 cos ( β z ) cos (ωt ) amplitude?
©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-29 ©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-30

Solution ctd.

• This is a standing wave

V ( z , t ) = 2V0 cos ( β z ) cos (ωt )

What would the solution
be if the backward
wave had one half the
amplitude?
©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-31 ©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-32
 Summary Summary

• When there is only one frequency present we can

representt the
th signal
i l as a cosine
i wave
• The phasor representation is the complex time
independent form
• To obtain the time dependent measurable voltage,
multiply the phasor by exp(jωt) and take the real part

©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-33 ©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-34

Learning outcomes For you to do:

After taking this class you should be able to:
• Explain what is meant by a harmonic wave
• Write down the cosine referenced equation for a
harmonic wave
Problems based on this class:
• Two voltage waves with equal frequencies are
propagating in opposite directions on a transmission
line. The forward-going wave has twice the amplitude of
the backward-going wave. Find an expression for the
total voltage as a function of time and position.

• Explain why the harmonic representation is important

• Define p phase velocity,
y, angular
g frequency
q y and p
phase Reading
g for next class :
constant Next class we will use the phasor representation to
obtain the transmission line equations for voltage and
• Relate the sinusoidal representation of a harmonic current. We will derive equations for propagation on
lossless and low loss lines.
wave to
t the
th complexl (phasor)
( h ) representation
t ti See sections 11.6 and 11.7

©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-35 ©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-36

 Review questions

1. A time harmonic wave contains a range of frequencies? True/

False

2. The wavenumber is: A.The distance over which the wave

g
returns to its original state;; B.The reciprocal
p of the wavelength
g
multiplied by 2 PI; C.The number of waves per meter; D.A
parameter that represents the location of the wave in the EM
spectrum

3. What is the best definition of 'phase' in the context of EM

waves? A. The value of the voltage at a particular location in
space and time; BB. The value of the current at a particular
location in space and time; C. The amplitude of a harmonic
wave; D. A representation of how far through a wave cycle the
wave has gone at a particular point in space and time. Usually
expressed in radians.

©AGK/ZM ECSE 352 1.3-37