BG3104 Biomedical Imaging

Tutorial Part I
Signals and Systems:

Q1: A certain green light has a frequency 6.26x1014 Hz.

(a) What is its wavelength?
(b) What is the energy of one photon of this light (express both in units Joules and
electron-volts)?
(c) Is it an ionising radiation?

Q2: For the following system 𝑆 find whether the system is linear and shift invariant?
(a) 𝑆[𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)] = 2𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
(b) 𝑆[𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)] = 𝑥𝑦𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
(c) 𝑆[𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)] = 𝑠𝑖𝑛{𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)}

Q3: Consider an image showing an organ with intensity 𝐼0 and a tumor with intensity
𝐼𝑡 > 𝐼0 .
(a) What is the local contrast of the tumour?
(b) If we add a constant intensity 𝐼𝑐 > 0 to the image, what is the local contrast?
(c) Is the contrast improved?

Q4: The line spread function (LSF) [system response to a line source] of a system is given
2
as 𝑙(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝜋𝑥 . What is the resolution (FWHM – full width at half maximum) of the
system?

Q5: If 𝐹(𝑢, 𝑣) is the discrete Fourier transform of a digital image 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), what is the Fourier
transform of the translated image 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑥0 , 𝑦 − 𝑦0 )?

Q6: If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is a two dimensional function and 𝐿 is an arbitrary straight line in the two
dimensional coordinate system (𝑥, 𝑦). Find an expression of 𝐿 and an expression of
the two dimensional integration of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) over the straight line 𝐿.

X-ray CT:

Q7: Show that Radon transform is a linear operation.

Q8: Find the sinogram function 𝑝(𝑙, 𝜃) for

(a) 𝜇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝛿(𝑥, 𝑦)
(b) 𝜇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝛿(𝑥 − 1, 𝑦 − 1)
(c) 𝜇(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝛿(𝑥, 𝑦) + 𝛿(𝑥 − 1, 𝑦 − 1)

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Q9: If the Radon transform of 𝜇(𝑥, 𝑦) is 𝑝(𝑙, 𝜃), find the Radon transform of
𝜇(𝑥 − 𝑥0 , 𝑦 − 𝑦0 ).

Q10: The 2D attenuation function 𝜇(𝑥, 𝑦) is a constant 𝜇0 within the area surrounded by
the straight lines connecting the 4 points (1,0), (0,1), (-1,0) and (0,-1) in the x-y
plane, and is zero outside this area. Find the sinogram 𝑝(𝑙, 𝜃), for 𝜃 = 0 and 𝜃 =
𝜋/4, respectively, as a function of 𝑙.

Q11. Which is the CT number for water?

(a) -1000 HU
(b) 0 HU
(c) 1000 HU
(d) None of the above

Q12. Which of the following correction technique is (are) unique to PET and not applicable
to SPECT imaging?
(a) attenuation correction
(b) scatter correction
(c) random coincidence correction

Ultrasound Imaging:

Q13: Suppose a steady-state sinusoidal sound wave with frequency 2 MHz is traveling in
the +z direction in the liver. What is its wavelength?

Q14: Suppose medium 1 is fat and medium 2 is liver, and a plane wave is incident upon
their interface with incidence angle 𝜃𝑖 = 450 . What is the reflection and transmission
angles 𝜃𝑟 and 𝜃𝑡 , respectively?

Q15: Suppose a 5 MHz acoustic pulse travels from a transducer through 2 cm of fat, and
then encounters an interface with the liver at normal incidence. At what time interval
after the transmitted pulse will the reflected pulse – i.e., the echo – arrive back at
the transducer? What will be the amplitude loss in decibels of the returning
waveform due to attenuation?

Q16: Suppose it is known that a 5 MHz transducer axis makes an angle of 30 degrees
relative to the direction of motion of blood in a vessel. If the Doppler frequency is
measure to be +500 Hz, what is the velocity of the blood? Is it moving toward or
away from the transducer?

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Optical Imaging:

Q17. What are the motivations for doing optical imaging?

Q18. What are the main challenges in optical imaging?

Q19. What is the soft depth limit for optical imaging?

(a) 1 micron
(b) 10 micron
(c) 1 mm
(d) 10 mm

Q20. What are the main difference between ultrasound imaging and Optical Coherence
Tomography (OCT) imaging?

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