COLLEGE OF EARTH SCIENCES

(COES)

Computer Aided Drafting (CAD)

(MN 122)
Mr. Fulgence V. Makonelah
 MODE OF COURSE DERIVERY
 Lecture: 3 hour per week
 Tutorials: 3 hours per week
 Course duration: One semester

 At least one tutorial will be provided per week

 All Tutorials will contribute in the course
assessment
 COURSE ASSESSMENT
 Tutorials (40%) and Tests (60%)
 Two tests will be conducted (in 7th and 15th week of
the semester)
Final sore=100% 60% + + 40% + +. . +

 Where , is the result of test and is the result of

tutorial
 INTRODUCTION
Review of prerequisite course
(Engineering drawing (MN112))
 In engineering drawing as a graphical representation of
physical objects and their inter-relationships.
 you have covered all about;
1.0 Basic standards
 Standard on Drawing Formats
 Standard on Types of Lines
 Standard on Title Block
 Standard on Lettering
 Standard on Scales
Review of prerequisite course (cont..)
1.1 Drawing format
 The sides of all sheets are in the ratio 1: 2
 Area of A0 is normally1 in and forms the basis of
the series

Format Size (mm) Filling Other

margin margins

A0 841 x 1189 25 5
A1 594 x 841 25 5
A2 420 x 594 25 5
A3 297 x 420 25 5
A4 210 x 297 25 5
A5 148 x 210 25 5
1.2: Title block
1.2: Title block (cont…)
 1.2: Title block (cont…)
 UDOM student title block
1.2: Title block (cont…)
1.2: Title block (cont…)
1:3: Standard Lines
1.4: Standard lettering (cont..)
 standardized lettering (standing and slanting
styles).
 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
 abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
 123456789 123456789

 Do not practice your own handwriting on a

technical drawing , which is not the case in this
computer based course, but just observe
drawing formalities
 1.5: Standard Scales
SIZE SCALE

True Size 1:1

Reduced 1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50,
1:100, 1:200, 1:500, 1:1000

Enlarged 2:1, 5:1, 10:1

Review of prerequisite course(cont..)
2.0: Orthographic projection
2.1: Projection methods
 First angle orthographic projection
 Third angle orthographic projection
 Orthographic projection (cont…)
2.2: Six view principle
• Any object can be viewed from six
mutually perpendicular views
 Orthographic projection (cont…)
2.2: Glass box

 One way to understand

the standard
arrangement of views on
a sheet of paper is to
envision the object in a
glass box

 The outside observer

would see six standard
views of the object
through the sides of this
imaginary glass box
 2.2: Glass box (cont…)
 First angle
 2.2: Glass box (cont…)
 Third angle
 2.2: Glass box (cont…)
General Principal
 Most descriptive part of an object is picked as a Front
View
 Longest dimension normally are chosen as the width
(or depth)
 Most commonly used combination of views are
 Front, Top, and Side View
 2.2: Glass box (cont…)
Example
Object in the glass box

Projected of point to Front View

 Example (cont…)

Projection of points to Top View

Projection of points to RH side
view
 Example (cont…)
Unfold the box
Unfolded
grass-box

Object in the grass box

Review of prerequisite course (cont..)
3.0 Sectioning
 .Part views or half Sectional Views

- Only one Arrow Head

- Dimension line to extend slightly
Note: Dimension figure beyond the line of Symmetry
are given fully (Centre Line)
Part views or half Sectional View (cont…)

K e e p In te r io r a n d E x te rio r L o n g tu d in a l d im e n s io n s e p a ra te s d a s
M u c h a s P o s s ib le
Part views or half Sectional View (cont…)
Hatching of adjacent parts
Hidden lines not
necessary

Hidden lines required to show

the depth of slot
 Review of prerequisite course (cont..)
4.0: Dimensioning
General Principles
All necessary dimension should be given and should
appear only once. Avoid edundant dimensions
No more dimensions are required than the necessary to
define a component.
all dimensions and drawings should be expressed in
smaller units. i.e. mm, ft. etc
Wherever possible, hidden lines should never be used for
dimensioning.
Actual values are entered irrespective of the scale used
A detail drawing should have full dimensions, surface
roughness, tolerance, surface treatments, materials etc.
Observe function, manufacturing process and inspection
of the component
4.0 Dimensioning (cont…)
4.1: Dimension line and extension line
4.2: Types of dimensions
Functional dimensions
Non functional dimensions
Auxiliary dimensions
4.3: Dimensioning methods
Linear dimensions
Aligned dimensions
Ordinate dimensions
Parallel dimensions
Base line dimensions
Angular dimensions
Staggered Dimensions
4.4: Special dimensioning, Arrows and Guidelines
 4.1: Dimension line and extension line
 Leave space between outline and dimesnsion
( i.e. aproximately 10mm)
 Extension line should extend a bit beyond dimension
line ( about 2mm more)
4.2: Types of dimensions
Functional Dimensions
 A dimension specified on the basis of
the function if the component and the
method of locating it in an assembly in
which it may form part.
 Affects, influences or determine
directly the function of a product
 Usually found Tolerance are applied
on this dimensions.
 4.2: Types of dimensions (cont…)
Non Functional dimensions
 mainly specified so as to suit production or inspection
or handling
NF – Non Functional
F- Functional (Torelanced)
 4.2: Types of dimensions (cont…)
Auxiliary dimensions
 Used to avoid calculations, or just to provide useful
information
Placed in brackets
Redundant dimensions
 4.3: Dimensioning methods
Linear Dimension
 Dimension a straight line distance;
 Dimensioned as vertical, horizontal or rotated
Aligned dimension
 Creates linear dimensions with the dimension line
parallel to extension lines origin point
Ordinate dimension
 Creates dimension showing a point’s X or Y
coordinate measured from a given origin
 4.3: Dimensioning methods (cont..)
Chain Dimension
 A method of dimensioning by creating a series of linear,
aligned, angular or ordinate dimensions each created from the
extension line of the previous dimension.
Base line dimension or parallel dimension
 A method of dimensioning by creating a series of linear,
aligned, angular or ordinate dimensions all measured from the
same datum.
Angular dimension
 Dimension angles
 It gives dimension of angles, created by cycles and Arcs between
two lines
Staggered Dimensions
 May be used to avoid confusion which may arise by having many
dimensions closer
Dimension line uses only one arrow head
Dimensions inserted closer to the arrow head
4.3: Dimensioning methods (cont..)
 4.3: Dimensioning methods (cont..)

Base line dimension may not always meet requirements with respect to
function, manufacturing and inspection (measurement) of components.
Chain dimensions, has a disadvantage of accumulation of error
Practical dimensioning method involves combination of dimensioning methods
4.3: Dimensioning methods (cont..)

Ordinate dimension
4.3:Dimensioning methods (cont..)

FV
4.3:Dimensioning methods (cont..)

Angular dimensions
4.4 Special dimensioning, Arrows and Guidelines
Dimensioning of Radius and Diameter
 Symbols used; are Diameter – Φ and Radius - R

Dimension of Threads.
 Symbol used – M (for metric thread)

Dimension of sections
 Respective section symbols can be used
i.e. □ (square section), І (I section), Т ( t
section ) etc.
4.4.1:Dimensioning of Radius and Diameter
Symbol (ϕ) not necessary

Symbol (ϕ) necessary

 Any of this dimensioning

style can be used
 Decision is made based on
object’s best presentation
 4.4:2 Dimension of Threads
External thread

The general rule :

If size of the pitch is not
indicated then the thread
has a coarse pith
For fine pitches, size of
pitch must also be
specified
Example; M25 x 1.5
4.4.2: Dimension of Threads (cont…)
Internal thread
4.4.3: Dimensioning of Chamfer and Countersunk

Shorter notation for chamfer

and countersunk
4.4.4: Spherical Surfaces and taper
 A sphere can be dimensioned
by giving its radius or
diameter.
 However, the word Sphere
must precede the radius or
diameter specification
4.4.5: Features on a Pitch circle
 4.4.6: Chords, Arcs and Angles; Fillets

Fillet
The dimension line has only one arrow head which has to touch the arc.
4.4.7: Undercuts
 4.4.8: Dimensioning of keyways

External key way

Two possibilities of dimensioning of length and position of keyway

Use one of the two methods but not both
 4.4.8: Dimensioning of keyways (cont…)
Internal Keyway

Two possibilities for dimensioning of keyway depth

The choice of the dimensioning method depend on the method of
measurement during its manufacture
4.5: DIMENSIONING GUIDELINE
Construction lines may be used in dimensioning of
some features and should extend slightly if used for
dimensioning
4.5: Dimensioning guideline(cont…)
Centerlines and outlines should never be used as
dimension lines.
 4.5: Dimensioning guideline(cont…)
Avoid intersection of dimensioning lines and
extension lines of other dimensions
 4.5: Dimensioning guideline(cont…)
Intersection lines belonging to different dimension
lines may be allowed to intersect
4.5: Dimensioning guideline(cont…)

Avoid too long extension lines

 Other topics you covered

 Development
 Enter penetration
 Machine drawing
END OF LECTURE

THANK YOU