Physics (Activity 1)

Princess Lasam

1. Enumerate the use of light, sound heat and electricity

There are many uses of light energy. The following are the some uses.

 We cannot live without food and vegetables, vegetables use light to prepare food to
utilize

 We ca use light energy to generate electricity which help us to run our machines.

 In the presence of daylight, our body synthesize the Vitamin D which help us to
maintain our bones and prevents pure skin from dryness.

There are many uses of Heat energy. The following are the some uses

 Heat energy used in medication in heat therapy in cure of muscle strains

 Necessary to survive to life on earth heat energy maintains and stored in atmosphere

 In fusing heat energy helps by melting thin fuse wire and prevent damaging the
accessories

 Heat can also be converted into work .This is the fundamental mechanic in internal
Combustion Engines. The fuel is ignited, and the generated heat causes the fuel's
pressure to increase. This pressure is the force used to make car move

There are many uses of Sound. The following are some uses

 The velocity of sound in the atmosphere is used as a yardstick for flight velocity
magnitudes(Match number)

 Measuring depth and for imaging(ultrasound scanning)

 Language and communication (listening to verbal instructions)

There are many uses of Electricity. The following are some uses

 Electricity is used around the home it is worth putting household electricity use in
perspective

 Electricity also provides means of amusement, radio, television and cinema, which are
the most popular forms of entertainment are the result of electricity

 Electricity is used in the field s of medicines and surgery too such as X-rays, ECG
2. Describe how light, sound and heat travel

Light

 In straight lines and spreads out as it travels. When light strikes a rough surface it may
be absorbed or scattered. When light strikes a highly polished surface it is reflected
away at the angle of the original ray (angle of incidence equals the angle of
reflection). Black surfaces absorb all light while white surfaces scatter all light. This
is why light clothes are recommended for sunny days.

Sound

 Sound are waves, for the human ear to hear a sound it must travel through a medium-a
gas, solid or liquid. As the sound waves travel through the medium molecules in the
medium vibrate. Sound travels more quickly through solid media because the
molecules are more closely packed together.

Electricity

 Like charges repel, unlike charges attract. Neutral charges are attracted by both
positive and negative charges but not as strongly as opposite charges

3. Discuss why some materials are good conductors of heat and electricity

 Metals are particularly good conductors of heat because their particles are very
closely packed so the vibration are passed on very quickly .They also contain large
numbers of electrons. These drift slowly through the structures, giving metals their
strength and other properties. As the metal is heated the free electrons closest to the
heat source are heated. This makes them move faster and they travel through the
metal, colliding with both atoms and others electrons. This naturally makes these
vibrate faster (or move through the metal faster in the case of collisions with other
free electrons) Thus, the heat is passed quickly through metal.

4. How different objects interact with light and sound, heat and electricity

 Light travel in a straight line until it strikes an object. Light can be reflected by a
mirror, refracted by a lens, or absorbed by the object

 Heat can be produced in many ways such as burning, rubbing or moving one
substance with another. Heat can move from one object to another by conduction.

 Electricity in circuits can produced light, heat, sound and electricity. Electrical circuits
require a compete loop through which an electrical current can pass.
5. What are the effects of heat and electricity, light and sound on people and objects?

 When objects that appear to produce light are only reflecting the light of another
object. When light travels through a transparent object it is bent or refracted. The
shape of the object determines how the light is bent. Prisms, and sometimes water
drops, bend light so that the different wavelengths are separated. Lenses bend light so
that objects appear larger or smaller depending on the shape of the lens. Humans have
created many different types of lenses that help us to explore and understand the
world around us. Another way we perceive radiant energy is in the form of heat. Heat
moves from one object to another by conduction, convection or radiation. Conduction
is the transfer of heat from one substance to another by direct contact. When either
fast or slow moving particles touch one another, energy is transferred. Slow moving
particles speed up and fast moving particles slow down. Convection is the circulation
of heat within liquids or gasses. Heating substances causes convection. When the
particles begin to move faster, they get lighter and rise, allowing space for denser,
cooler substances to fall. Radiation is the transfer of heat through open space in the
form of waves. All warm objects emit heat waves or radiate

6. Infer how black and colored objects effect the ability to absorb heat

 Heat energy obeys the same laws of conservation as light energy. If a certain
substance reflects most light wavelengths, most heat energy will be reflected as well.
Therefore, due to the nature of visual light colors that reflect most wavelengths of
light tend to be cooler than those that only reflect a few. Understanding how this
principle applies to different colors can allow a person to stay warmer or cooler
simply by wearing different colored clothes.

Dark colors

 Dark colors absorb a lot more heat than lighter ones because they absorb more light
energy. In fact, the closer to black a color is, the more heat it absorbs from light
sources. The key is that colors do not absorb different amounts of heat, only heat from
light. Dark and light colored clothes coming out of a dryer will be the same
temperature. However, because light clothes reflect more light when a person is
outside, the accompanying heat from the sun is reflected as well. Since dark clothes
reflect little solar light, they reflect little solar heat and are hotter as a result.

Bright Colors

 Pink and yellow are often called bright because of the amount of light they reflect
back. Colors like pink or yellow are often called "bright" because of the high degree
of light they reflect back. Visual light is composed of numerous different colored
wavelengths which make a white light when combined. Therefore light colors such as
pastel yellows or pinks are perceived that way because most light wavelengths are
reflected back to our eyes. Since most light is reflected, little light (or heat) is
absorbed.
Shinny colors

 Shiny colors are able to reflect significant amounts of light and heat. For example a
shiny blue absorbs more heat than a shiny yellow. While color is the primary factor
other variables can affect how colors absorb heat. Shiny colors are able to reflect
significant amounts of light and heat compared to flat colors. Even darker colors can
reflect most heat they are exposed to if they have a reflective sheen. Regardless the
heat absorption hierarchy of colors will always remain if all other factors are equal. A
shiny deep blue will still absorb more heat than a shiny yellow.

Black and White

 Black is the ultimate heat absorber. It absorbs all light on the visual spectrum, creating
a void of light. As a result of absorbing all light wavelengths, black is the hottest
possible color. White is the opposite. White light is the sum of all wavelengths, so
when some people view a white object, they are really viewing all visible light hitting
the object's surface and reflecting back. Some heat is still absorbed based on the
nature of the object's material, but minimal additional heat is absorbed making white
the coolest possible color.

7. Relate the ability of the materials to block absorb or transmit light to its use

Visible Light Absorption

 Atoms and molecules contain electrons. It is often useful to think of these electrons as
being attached to the atoms by springs. The electrons and their attached springs have a
tendency to vibrate at specific frequencies. Similar to a tuning fork or even a musical
instrument the electrons of atoms have a natural frequency at which they tend to
vibrate. When a light wave with that same natural frequency impinges upon an atom,
then the electrons of that atom will be set into vibrational motion. If a light wave of a
given frequency strikes a material with electrons having the same vibrational
frequencies then those electrons will absorb the energy of the light wave and
transform it into vibrational motion. During its vibration the electrons interact with
neighboring atoms in such a manner as to convert its vibrational energy into thermal
energy. Subsequently the light wave with that given frequency is absorbed by the
object never again to be released in the form of light. So the selective absorption of
light by a particular material occurs because the selected frequency of the light wave
matches the frequency at which electrons in the atoms of that material vibrate. Since
different atoms and molecules have different natural frequencies of vibration they will
selectively absorb different frequencies of visible light. Reflection and transmission of
light waves occur because the frequencies of the light waves do not match the natural
frequencies of vibration of the objects. When light waves of these frequencies strike
an object the electrons in the atoms of the object begin vibrating, but instead of
vibrating in resonance at a large amplitude the electrons vibrate for brief periods of
time with small amplitudes of vibration then the energy is reemitted as a light wave. If
the object is transparent then the vibrations of the electrons are passed on to
 neighboring atoms through the bulk of the material and reemitted on the opposite side
of the object, Such frequencies of light waves are said to be transmitted. If the object
is opaque then the vibrations of the electrons are not passed from atom to atom
through the bulk of the material. Rather the electrons of atoms on the material's
surface vibrate for short periods of time and then reemit the energy as a reflected light
wave, such frequencies of light are said to be reflected.

8. What are the conditions necessary to make a bulb light up?

One wire is connected to the metal casing & one wire is connected to the metal tip

Example of a closed circuit

When the wires in the circuit are connected to the metal casing and metal tip of the bulb,
there is a closed (or complete) circuit with the bulb. Electricity will be able to flow through
the filament, causing the bulb to light up.

Scenario #1: Both wires are connected to the metal tip

Example of a circuit when the wires are connected only to the metal tip

When both wires are connected to the metal tip of the bulb electricity is unable to flow
through the filament, preventing the bulb from lighting up.

Scenario #2: Both wires are connected to the metal casing

Example of a circuit when the wires are connected only to the metal casing

When both wires are connected to the metal casing of the bulb electricity is unable to flow
through the filament preventing the bulb from lighting up.

9. Determine the effects of changing the numbers or type of component in a circuit

 There are different ways of categorizing electric circuits. One way is series versus
parallel circuits. A series circuit is a circuit where the components are connected in
one continuous loop. A parallel circuit is a circuit where the components are
connected in separate branches. Most real life circuits are combinations of these two
concepts since each type has advantages. When something breaks in a series circuit
the whole circuit stops working. This doesn't happen with parallel circuits. A series
circuit can therefore be useful for safety features like fuses, but not so useful for
Christmas lights. Series circuits are also cheaper to produce, another way of
classifying circuits is to separate them by power type direct current (DC) or
alternating current (AC). Direct current is where the electricity flows in one direction.
Alternating current is where the electricity flows back and forth in both directions,
usually switching 60 times a second. The current supplied by wall sockets is AC.
There are a number of reasons for this: for example, generating AC electricity is
easier and you can transfer it over long distances without losing as much energy along
the way. However many devices especially smaller ones use DC current. Sometimes
 when a device has a large box as part of its power cord that's because it is converting
AC current into DC current. It's much easier to do this in your home on a small scale
than at the power station.

10. How energy is transform in simple machines?

Mechanical Energy associated with motion or position of an object and is used to do work –
potential (stretching a rubber band) or kinetic (letting the rubber band go)

Ex: wind is converted into electrical energy with a wind turbine

Law of Conservation of Energy: When one energy is converted to another, no energy is

destroyed. Energy is not created or destroyed. (In real life, friction can change some energy to
heat. Friction is a force that tends to oppose motion between objects that touch each other.)

Thermal Energy: The kinetic energy stored in the moving particles of an object. Thermal
energy increases as the kinetic energy increases. (The warmth of a hot sidewalk, the energy
that maintains your body temperature)

Electrical Energy: Kinetic energy that is the moving of electrical charges. (Lightning, charged
particles in a moving circuit)

Ex: Toaster converts electrical energy to mechanical energy and thermal energy

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. Matter is made up of particles that are always in
motion.

Thermal energy the kinetic energy of the particles. Temperature a measure of the average
kinetic energy of the particles in a substance