ICSET 2008
A Doubly-fed Induction Generator dynamic model for its use on
Wind Power Generation studies
A. J. Pujante-López, E. Gómez-Lázaro, J. A. Fuentes-Moreno, A. Vigueras-Rodríguez and A. Molina
Abstract— The aim of this paper is the implementation of a
dynamic model of a DFIG variable speed wind turbine where
the range about all the parameter is well known. For that
purpose it has been done an intensive bibliographical search of
wind turbine models of current DFIG, considering different
sets of parameters both electrical and mechanical of the two
rated power. From a literature review on DFIG model
parameters, a suitable parameter set has been formed. That set
can be used for different types of dynamic studies as, for
example, the evaluation of its transient and steady state
response, when the WT is submitted to any type of fault.
Furthermore, it can be used as a building block for creating an
aggregated model of a wind farm and, thus, studying the
behaviour of the whole wind farm under such faults. Another
application of the above DFIG model consists of studying the
compliance degree of the imposed requirements by the Grid
Codes.
I. INTRODUCTION
T he parameters from eleven wound rotor induction
machines (DFIG) are analysed. These parameters, which
belong to induction generators of the main wind turbine
manufacturers, have been obtained through a literature
review. Concretely, in the papers [4], [5], [7], [8] the
parameters for wind turbine DFIG models are given in per
unit (pu) system, as well as the base values corresponding to
the rated values. On the other hand, from the papers [2],
[11], [17], pu reactance values have been obtained for some
of the studied generators. Whereas additional electrical
values are shown in [13].
For comparing the parameters, all of them have been
expressed in the pu system, being standardised by using as
bases the rated power, terminal voltage and electrical
frequency for the electrical part. A similar procedure for the
mechanical part with the respective base values has been
done. In the table I the electrical and mechanical parameters
of all models are showed. The left part groups the electrical
parameters while the right one groups the mechanical ones
for each machine. Only in the case of machine M5, the
Manuscript received September 30, 2008. The authors would like to
thank “Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia” —ENE2006-15422-C02-
01/ALT and ENE2006-15422-C02-02/ALT— and “Junta de Comunidades
de Castilla-La Mancha” —PAI08-0145-9976—” for the financial support.
E. Gómez, A. J. Pujante and A. Vigueras are with Renewable Energy
Research Institute, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete 02071
Spain. (e-mails: emilio.gomez@uclm.es, antoniojesus.pujante@uclm.es,
antonio.vigueras@pcyta.com). (phone: +34 967 555 320, fax: +34 967 555
321).
J. A. Fuentes and A. Molina are with the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena 30202 Spain;
(emails: juanalvaro.fuentes@upct.es, angel.molina@upct.es). (phones:
+34 968 325 604, +34 968 325 462, fax: +34 968 325 356)
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978-1-4244-1888-6/08/$25.00 
c 2008 IEEE
mechanical parameters have been obtained from a different
reference than that of its electrical parameters. It should be
highlighted that for a specific wind turbine it has been
difficult to find a set of numerical values for all the model
parameters. Above all in the mechanical part of the WT
drive train model, as it is the case of [13]. Nevertheless, [12]
lists a proper range of physical values for the mainly
mechanical data of a WT in the 2 MW power range. Some
typical electrical parameters are given in [14] for three sizes
of induction generators (4, 100 and 800 kW).
In this paper, the rated power range treated is from 0.85 to 2
MW, the voltage line rms is 690 V, the grid frequency in the
European supply system is 50 Hz, and the pole pairs vary
from 2 to 3. Regarding the stator-rotor turns ratio (Ns/Nr) is
usually smaller than one, but in some cases this ratio can be
greater than one [20].
II. MODEL PARAMETERS AND SELECTION
From the observation of these tables, a comparison of the
range of values of each parameter as a function of its rated
power is carried out. Then, it is analysed its relation with the
rest of parameters of the same machine.
A. DFIG model parameters comparison
Firstly, the range of the stator resistance (Rs) as well as the
range of the rotor resistance (Rr) is studied. As it is shown in
table I the order of the Rs values does not change
significantly, because the average of the Rs is 0.0225 pu and
the ratio between the maximum value (M2) and minimum
(M9) is less than 25. Moreover, the Rr parameter has an
average 0.0111 pu in the generators considered, being the
differences between its value less significant than in the
previous case. Specifically, the relation between the
maximum Rr value (M6) and the minimum (M4) is in this
case around 4 times.
Then, the values of Rs and Rr from each model are
compared, showing that all values are close (Rs/Rr ~ 0.67-
1.34), but the M9 and M11, where the difference rises up to
almost 20 times (M9). The divergence between these two
machines and the rest is due to the larger value of Rs, and
actually, if these generators are not consider, the stator and
the rotor resistance are quantitatively very similar, and
relatively similar in the different generators (ratio between
larger and smaller less than 4.5). Almost in the half of the
machines (e.g. M11) Rs is greater than Rr and vice versa
(e.g. M3), this is due to several factors, mainly the stator
rotor turns ratio value.
 TABLE I ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL PARAMETERS OF THE INDUCTION MACHINES
Machi Power Un Rs Rr Lm Lsl Lrl fn Np Ns/Ns Turbine Generator Lumped Shaft Damping
ne (MW) (kV) (pu) (pu) (pu) (pu) (pu) (Hz) Inertia Inertia Inertia Stiffness coefficient
Const. (s) Const. (s) Const. (s) Const. (pu)
(pu/rad)
M1 0.85 0.69 0.0060 0.0090 4.2380 0.0720 0.1120 50 2 <1 4.17 0.540 - 1.16 -
M2 0.85 0.69 0.0040 0.0060 2.7240 0.0460 0.0720 50 2 <1 - - 5.23 - -
M3 0.85 0.69 0.0155 0.0116 5.3115 0.0689 0.1117 50 2 <1 4.79 0.479 - 0.58 -
M4 0.85 0.69 0.0270 0.0210 11.403 0.1250 0.2040 50 2 <1 4.00 0.300 - 1.00 -
M5* 2.00 0.69 0.0100 0.0086 4.4000 0.1800 0.0740 50 2 0.400 2.50 0.500 - 0.30 -
M6 2.00 0.69 0.0049 0.0055 3.9530 0.0924 0.0995 50 2 <1 - - 3.50 - -
M7 2.00 0.69 0.0175 0.0190 6.9210 0.2571 0.2950 50 2-3 0.433 - - 4.07 - 0.02
M8 2.00 0.69 0.0108 0.0121 3.3620 0.1020 0.1100 50 2-3 0.380 - - 3.00 - -
M9 2.00 0.69 0.0984 0.0055 3.9527 0.1248 0.0995 50 2 0.643 - - - - 0.02
M10 2.00 0.69 0.0049 0.0055 3.9527 0.1386 0.1493 50 2 0.450 - - 3.50 - -
M11 2.00 0.69 0.0488 0.0180 3.8000 0.0750 0.1200 50 2 <1 2.50 0.500 - 2.50 -

Secondly, the range of the stator and rotor leakage This range of parameters makes possible to carry out
inductances is observed. As it is shown in the table I, the Lλs simulations with realistic parameters for an average wind
values do not vary extensively, being the relation between turbine, or even to characterise the behaviour of most of the
the greatest value (M7) and the smallest (M2) less than 6. Lλr wind turbines under any requirement as the typical extreme
values behave similarly, being in this case the relation values described.
between the maximum (M7) and the minimum (M2) value B. DFIG model parameters selection
around 4.
The selected DFIG wind generator model used in this
Then, the values of Lλs and Lλr from each model are
paper, is a 2 MW, 2 pole pairs and 50 Hz frequency. This
compared, showing that all values are close (Lλs/Lλr ~ 0.5-1)
machine model has been created from the average values of
but the M5 model, where the difference rises up to 2.5 times;
the electrical parameters presented in Table I, but in the
The difference between this model and the others is due to
mechanical part only WT lumped inertia constant and
the smaller value of Lλr, and if this generator is not damping coefficient of the drive train are considered.
considered, the stator and the rotor inductances are very This fictitious IG model is adequate to make simulations
similar, as it occurs with the resistance relation. In table I, about the behaviour for typical DFIGs, since it has the
just in the M5 and M9 machines the Lλs is greater than Lλr, capacity to prove the proper performance of the power
mainly due to the stator rotor turns ratio. converters, as well as setting the PI controllers to carry out
Thirdly, the range of the magnetizing inductance (Lm) is the control functions. The most important parameters of such
studied. As it is shown in table I the order of the Lm values model are in Table II, and some similarity with respect to
does not change significantly, because the average of the Lm values of commercial IG is just coincidence, due to the fact
is 3.9777 pu and the ratio between the maximum value (M7) that mean values of industrial machines are being used.
and minimum (M4) is about 6. The analysis for the range of
the magnetizing resistance Rm is not possible because there
TABLE II
only are three models that contain a value around 200 Ω. PARAMETERS OF W IND TURBINE AND INDUCTION MACHINE
The stator-rotor turns ratios (NS/NR) of the studied models Rated Power (MVA) 2.00
are very similar, but it should be taken into account that Rated Voltage (kV) 0.69
there is lack of data, and it is possible that more than one Rated Current (kA) 2.00
model has the NS/NR ratio greater than one. It must be noted Rated Frequency (Hz) 50
that when the NS/NR ratio is less than one, then the rotor Stator/Rotor turns ratio 0.38
current is greater than the stator current, this is true at least Pole numbers 4
while the magnetizing current (Im) is not considered. Stator Resistance [pu] 0.34
Usually, from a determined rated power the pole pairs Rotor Resistance [pu] 0.009
(NP) of typical induction machine are between 2 and 3, but Stator leakage Inductance [pu] 0.105
there are two models that omit this parameter, therefore the Rotor leakage Inductance [pu] 0.111
above limits are an assumption. Magnetizing Inductance [pu] 3.34
Magnetizing Resistance [pu] 47.61
Regarding the mechanical constants of the drive train, the
Angular Moment of Inertia (s) 3.82
generator inertia values vary from 0.3 to 0.6 s, whereas the
Mechanical Damping [pu] 0.01
wind turbine inertia values are between 2.5 and 4.8 s, and
Turbine rotor speed range (rpm) 9-19
finally the lumped equivalent inertias varies from 3 to 5.25 s.
Rated rotor speed (rpm) 1500
Moreover, the shaft stiffness constant, which it depends on Rated wind speed (m/s) 13
grid frequency, varies between 0.3 and 2.5 pu/rad. Finally, Rotor diameter (m) 80
the two damping coefficients are low values and it is Gearbox ratio 1:100
assumed that the other models have omitted this effect into
the IG mechanical dynamic.

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 III. WIND TURBINE AND DFIG MODELS
A. Turbine model
The mechanical power generated for the WT follows:
(1)
Therefore this power depends on the wind speed (vw) and the
power coefficient (Cp), which is a function of the tip speed
ratio (λ) and the pitch angle (β). The quantity λ is defined as
the relation between the tip speed and the wind speed of the
WT:
(2)
Regarding to the used WT model, no-lineal typical relation
[12] between Cp and λ for different angles of β is shown in
the figure 1.
Fig. 1. Curve of the optimum Cp for the 2 MW machine.
As it can be seen, joining the points where the Cp is
maximum for each angle β, the optimum curve using a
graphical method can be achieved. It must be noted that the
first Cp function has the greatest value of CPmax = 0.44 of all
the optimum points, being the angle b equal to 0º and the tip
speed ratio around 6.8. This tip speed ratio is assumed as the
optimum value λopt, which depending on the wind speed,
gives the optimum turbine speed (Ωopt) through equation (2).
Now, substituting the wind speed of equation (1) into (2) and
grouping the constant terms in the resulting equation, the
following optimum constant Kopt is achieved.
(3)
The optimum torque (4) and the maximum active power (5)
are given by the following expressions:
(4)
(5)
It is shown that the relation between the torque and the WT
speed in the optimum point follows a quadratic function,
whereas the relation between the power and the WT speed
follow a cubic function. This power curve is then used as a
reference in the active power control of electrical converter
as explained thereafter.
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B. Generator model
The equivalent circuit of a DFIG is shown in figure 2. The
equations (6) of the electrical model can be obtained from
the Kirchhoff's circuit laws.
Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit per phase of DFIG model.
(6)
being Vs, Vr the stator and rotor voltages; Is, Ir, IRm the stator,
rotor and magnetizing resistor currents, respectively;
Ȧ1, Ȧr, Ȧd, Ȧg the grid, rotor, sliding and generator
frequencies, respectively; Rs, Rr, RRm the stator, rotor and
magnetizing resistances, respectively; and LsȜ, LrȜ, Lm the
stator leakage, rotor leakage and magnetizing indctances;
And the slip (s) is given by:
(7)
The magnetic flux in the air gap, stator and rotor are given
by the following equations:
(8)
The IG model equations can be completed with the
mechanical part of the dynamics:
(9)
IV. DFIG MODEL IMPLEMENTATION
The wind turbine model has been implemented in the
commercial simulation software PSCAD, because it has
good models for wind turbine DFIG and it includes a generic
WT governor and different wind resource patterns.
The main block diagram developed in PSCAD is shown in
figure 3. This model included a DFIG shaft (high speed)
connected to the WT shaft (low speed) by means of an ideal
gearbox between them.
The stator terminals are directly connected to the grid and
the rotor terminals are indirectly connected to the grid by
means of a back-to-back power converter. The wind turbine
governor has the task for adjusting the pitch angle β, in order
to limit the mechanical power for the WT.

Fig. 3. Main block diagram containing DFIG, Wind Turbine and
power converters.
The block diagram for the control of DFIG model is based
mainly on the general control structure presented in [20].
The rotor side power converter controls the stator active and
reactive powers whereas the grid side converter holds
constant the dc link voltage. For simulating these control
schemes for both converters a block, which includes the
crowbar protection circuit and its respective control
function, is developed in figure 4.
To control the converters two PWM modulation strategies
are implemented. A Carrier Triangular technique is used for
the grid side converter, whereas for the rotor side converter a
Hysteresis Band technique is used.
The electrical grid model shown just includes a grid
transformer and a voltage source, what is a basically
transmission system for a wind farm [18] with only one WT
in this case. The WT is connected to the grid through typical
isolated cable of 0.69 kV and long 100m, which has an
equivalent inductance and resistance Lc and Rc of 35 uH and
15 mΩ, respectively. The grid transformer groups three
transformers, the first one is 2.5 MVA and 0.69/33kV with
X/R ratio 5 and a leakage reactance 5%, the second one is 20
MVA and 33/132kV with X/R ratio 20 and a leakage
reactance 15%, and the last is 50 MVA and 132/400kV with
the same X/R ratio and leakage reactance as the second
transformer.
Regarding to the DC-link capacitor and the input AC
inductive filter which really is the small transformer in
figure 4, conservative values have been used in order to
ensure the stability of the control system.
A. The rotor side converter control
The rotor side converter control shown in figure 5a, begins
with the stator and rotor current transformation to the DQ
reference frame followed by both currents being transformed
to the stator flux-oriented frame. Since the purpose is to
capture the maximum energy available in the wind, the
active power reference is set up with the available wind
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Fig. 4. Back-to-back connected power converter bridges and crowbar
protection circuit.
turbine power. The reactive power reference value can be
derived from the active power reference and the power
factor required. The control system uses the fact that in the
stator flux-oriented frame, the rotor current variations will
affect in stator current variations and hence, by controlling
the rotor current, the stator active and reactive powers (Ps,
Qs) can be controlled.
A reference current (Irq,ref) is derived from the error between
the Ps,ref and the actual Ps by tuning a PI controller, as shown
in figure 3a. Similarly, a reference current (Ird,ref) is obtained
from the error between the Qs,ref and the present Qs, as
shown in figure 3b. Then, both reference currents were
a)
b)
Fig. 5. Obtaining rotor reference currents in stator flux-oriented
frame: a) q rotor reference current, b) d rotor reference current
transformed to their natural reference frame that is the rotor
frame. These rotor current references, after a DQ to ABC
transformation, are used for implementing the hysteresis
modulation on the rotor side power converter.
B. The grid side converter control
The grid side converter control starts transforming the grid
voltages to the stationary reference frame, in order to obtain
the voltage phase angle. As seen before, the dc link voltage
can be regulated by controlling the direct axis current Isd in
the voltage vector-oriented reference frame. Thus, a
reference current Isd,ref was derived from the dc link voltage
error of the power converter by tuning another PI controller,
as shown in figure 6. The current Isq,ref is forced to zero in
order to make null the phase displacement.
The dc-link capacitor is needed to reduce the voltage ripple
and for keeping constant the dc-link voltage, since the grid
side converter operate to maintain this voltage relatively
constant, this converter is supplying the active power to the
Fig. 6. Obtaining stator reference current in voltage-oriented frame.
rotor side converter.
The stator currents (Isd and Isq) are controlled through the
DQ-components of the PWM output waveform,
respectively. However, this leads to a poor control system
response, because any attempt to change Isd results in a
change in Isq. Hence, modifications have to be made to the
basic PI controller structure in order to obtain a decoupled
response, i.e. a response in which a change on Isd does not
imply to change the value of Isq. Since a voltage source
converter with a constant DC-link voltage is connected to an
AC grid through a small transformer with equivalent
inductance Lt and resistance Rt, then it can be shown that:
(10)
The selection of Isd,ref for the grid side converter is done
for keeping the capacitor voltage at its rated value by
adjusting the amount of active power. Due to the selected
reference frame the AC grid voltage is Vsd=Vg and Vsq = 0,
the dq components of the generated voltage source converter
are esd and esq. The equations (11) shows that attempting to
change isd using esd will also cause a change in isq.
(11)
Therefore, for controlling these currents the values of LtX1
and LtX2 are required in order to decouple the resulting
equations by using two feedback PI control as shown in
figure 7. Then, when the reference voltages (Vsd_ref) and
(Vsq_ref) are applied at the small transformer (fig. 4), the
reference currents (Isd_ref) and (Isq,ref) will flow in the rotor
circuit. These reference voltages in the grid voltage vector-
oriented frame are then transformed into their stationary
reference frame. An inverse transformation DQ --- ABC is
used to obtain the three-phase reference voltages to
implement the Triangular Carrier PWM technique. A
voltage constraint before inverse DQ transformation is
needed for limiting the magnitude to the maximum rating of
the grid side voltage source converter.
V. SIMULATIONS
In this section, the simulations of the electrical system
with the implemented WT model in the PSCAD software are
shown in figure 8. Initially the WT begins with speed control
mode of the IG until t=0.5s, being the speed rotor reference
0.9 pu and the speed wind is 13.5 m/s where the b angle is
kept to a 0º constant. After that, the torque control mode of
the IG is set. As it seen the response system reaches the
steady state around t=10s. Therefore in this first transient
state the WT pitch control is disabled, and the DFIG is
operating in super-synchronous mode. Since the rotor speed
is 1.25 pu (slip 0.25 pu), and the mechanical and electrical
torque is close to 1 pu, the output power generated for the
machine is 1 pu, which is distributed as 0.75 and 0.25 pu for
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the stator and rotor power, respectively. On the other hand
the 0.5 pu of reactive power is consumed.
During the next 5s the wind speed changes smoothly from
13.5 to 14.5 m/s, and the WT pitch control is enabled to limit
the mechanical extra power generated. In the transient state
the rotor speed is less than 1.29 pu and the mechanical
torque is below 1.20 pu whereas the electrical torque
exceeds such value. The output power is 1.2 pu and the
reactive power is less than 0.8 pu. The system reaches again
the steady state around t=50s, with a b angle of 9º due to the
slow dynamic of the blade actuator.
Besides that simulation, a three-phase balanced fault at the
point of common coupling (PCC) is presented. The fault is a
voltage dip of 0.3 pu with a duration of 0.5s which causes
the last transient state of the time response. Before the fault
is cleared the crowbar protection gets activated when the dc-
link voltage (1.16 pu) is greater than the maximum value
(2.4 pu), at the same time the rotor side converter is
deactivated. During the voltage dip, both stator and rotor
currents do not exceed the maximum values due to the flow
of the crowbar current, but almost 2 pu of the output power
is consumed and the reactive power consumed by the IG
vary from 0.12 to 0.75 pu. The rotor speed varies between
1.16 and 1.29 pu, and also the electrical torque varies from
Fig. 7. Obtaining stator reference voltages currents in voltage-
oriented frame: control diagram of decoupled Isd and Isq.
0.6 to 2.2 pu. Once the fault is cleared, the system back to
the operation point in the t=70s. The slow dynamic response
of the blade actuator cause that the system reach the steady
state in t=100s.
VI. CONCLUSION
The model parameters of DFIG wind turbines have been
studied parting from an extended literature review.
Therefore, the ranges of the parameters for 11 WTs are
shown, looking that they are mainly in the same order, being
the differences not that high, at least regarding 9 of the WTs.
Furthermore, the comparison shows that there is not a large
and clear dependence between the electrical parameters and
the power of the machines. However, characterizing in a
reliable way such dependence would need to extend the
analysis to a larger number of rated powers.

Fig. 8. Response to smooth increase in wind speed and to a voltage dip.
Moreover, as this analysis shows for several turbines the
ranges in which each parameter of the DFIG models uses to
be, it can be used for implementing a DFIG simulation
model based either on the typical parameters of real turbines
or on the cases with extreme parameters. In this way, the
typical behaviors of these wind turbines under grid faults as
voltage drops and general transients can be studied, as well
as the extreme behaviors. In this paper, the average
parameters values have been used within a DFIG model in
order to simulate the control strategies under a wind speed
increment and under a grid voltage sag.
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