CÉ^GNF IEBMTJF

NÞBGHE; 477<<>

Rfrmf 4

]JGBFB 4; Ejbfs bm auz qum sm neipertfj neie pfrténuafs y pfrténuafs qum sm

neipertfj neie ejbfs

\rmsmjtfbe f;
Fjbrçs Bfrée
Dmriûbmz
Ruter

Mjtrmhfbe per;

Cfdgfj Fjbrçs Nfstmaafjes Frfjhurmj (Mstubgfjtm Je

6) Nþbghe; 6<6=2<<6>6

Ifurgnge Dustes Tekfs (Mstubgfjtm Je

4) Nþbghe; 6<8>3048>0

Igatej Buvæj Tgvmrf (Mstubgfjtm Je >)

Nþbghe; 6<378=38<7

K`ejftfj Aþpmz (Mstubgfjtm Je 2)

Nþbghe; 6<><=77766

Bfvgb Amejfrbe Hutgçrrmz

=) Nþbghe; (Mstubgfjtm Je
6<42=642>6

Hrupe; 477<<>U4=

]JGSMT^GBFB JFNGEJFA FDGMTRF W F BG^RFJNGF - ]JFB

M^N]MAF BM NGMJNGF^ DÆ^GNF^ RMNJEAEHÉF M
GJHMJGMTÉF
>< IFT[E 4<4<
 GJRTEB]NNGÞJ

Bfrmies bgvmrsfs gbmfs sedrm aes mcmntes qum tgmjm e sm prmsmjtf mj af migsgþj bm

cetemamntrejms imbgfjtm af gauigjfngþj per uj `fz bm auz, bejbm, cmjþimjes neie mstes

drgjbfj dfsms cujbfimjtfams neie af fdserngþj bm af igsif auz y afs prepgmbfbms bm maaf
(mamntrejms).
 ]jgbfb4 Ejbfs bm auz qum sm neipertfj neie pfrténuafs y pfrténuafs qum sm neipertfj neie ejbfs

Bmsfrreaae bm aes mkmrngnges gjbgvgbufams y neafderftgves;

Jeidrm bma mstubgfjtm Je 6; Cfdgfj Fjbrçs Nfstmaafjes Frfjhurmj

Mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa 6. Rmiætgnf (4.6) -Auz fdserdgbf neie cetejms; Ma mcmnte cetemaçntrgne’ (Mstubgfjtm Je 6) 
Af crmnumjngf uidrfa pfrf ngmrte iftmrgfa ms bm b 6 ngnaes/s. Bmtmrigjm af mjmrhéf ngjçtgnf iæxgif pfrf aes cetemamntrejms nufjbe
af auz, nuyf crmnumjngf ms bm b 4 ngnaes/s, gjngbm sedrm msm iftmrgfa. Nfanuam ma petmjngfa bm crmjfbe y, per ûatgie, mjnumjtrm af
iæxgif vmaengbfb bm aes cetemamntrejms.

Af mjmrhéf mxprçsmaf mj ma sgstmif ^G y mj mS.

Sfaerms fsghjfbes fa mkmrngnge \rmsmjtm mj aes trms mspfnges gjcmrgerms, afs tmiætgnfs, bmcgjgngejms
gjbgvgbufa 6 (Mstubgfjtm 6) y/e nejnmptes, nej su rmspmntgvf bmcgjgngþj utgagzfbes mj ma
bmsfrreaae bma mkmrngnge.
Bfte Je Sfaer ]jgbfb Ma mcmnte cetemamntrejms per \ERMJNGFA BM
cetemaçntrgne iæs
b 69µ ∘ ngnaes / Af migsgþj gauigjfbes
bm mamntrejms nej
per gjtmjsf CTMJFBE
rfbgfngþj. qum smf af Ms ma petmjngfa bma nfipe
  6.3 6<6=
smh b 9µ   7.=∘6<
6=
ngnaes / imtfams
smh b >9µ
4
auz maçntrgne qum `fy
bm bmtmrigjfbf qum fpagnfr pfrf
b 2 9µ Af migsgþj crmjfr aes mamntrejms
crmnumjngf cum edsmrvfbf f mamntrþjgnf
 

b =9µ cgjfams bma sghae PGP per fuimjtf qum sfatfj bma iftmrgfa,
@mrtz y @faawfn`s. Ma nufjbe sm y fsé pebmr sfdmr
prenmse per ma nufa sm agdmrfj gjnrmimjtf af nej quç vmaengbfb
mamntrejms bm uj iftmrgfa gjtmjsgbfb bm (mjmrhéf ngjçtgnf)
per af fnngþj bm af ae

af rfbgfngþj sm rfbgfngþj `fnmj, pums

bmjeigjf mcmnte e qum gjngbm vfrgfjbe mstm petmjngfa
migsgþj sedrm af sm pumbm
cetemaçntrgnes. ^us supmrcgngm bma `fnmr qum aes mamntrejms
nfrfntmréstgnfs imtfa, yf qum `fy migtgbes je smfj nfpfnms
msmjngfams sej; iæs bm fanfjzfr ma
mjmrhéf mamntrebe
\frf nfbf bgspejgdam sedrm ma
pfrf agdmrfr iftmrgfa cetemaçntrgne, y
 

sustfjngf
mamntrejms. mjtejnms je `fy
`fy ujf nerrgmjtm y sfdmies
crmnumjngf iéjgif e
uidrfa bm af rfbgfngþj qum mj msm gjstfjtm
mamntreifhjçtgnf
per bmdfke bm af
nufa je sm prebunmj
^eaungþj bma mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa 6. Rmiætgnf (4.6) -Auz fdserdgbf neie cetejms; Ma mcmnte cetemaçntrgne’ ( Mstubgfjtm
Je 6)
BFRE^;
Crmnumjngf uidrfa

6.3∘6<6=
ngnaes
 smh

Mjmrhgf ngjmtgnf ifxgif bm aes cetemamntrejms µ5 F

Crmnumjngf bm af auz
7.=∘6< 6=
ngnaes
smh
\etmjngfa bm crmjfbe µ5 D

Smaengbfb ifxgif bma mamntrej µ5

Mjmrhgf ngjmtgnf ifxgif bm aes cetemamntrejms mj mS µ5 B

Ifsf bma mamntrej

∔>6
7.6∘6< oh

Nfrhf bma mamntrej

∔67
6.3<4∘6< N 
Nejstfjtm bm pafjo 
∔>2
3.343∘6< K  ∘smh
MN]FNGEJM^;

 M ngjmtgnf 9 M bma cetej ∔trfdfke

 M bma cetej 9`∘c bmaf auz

trfdfke 9`∘c uidrfa

 M ngjmtgnf 9 `∘ c bmaf auz ∔`∘c uidrfa

 M ngjmtgnf 9 ` ( c bmaf auz ∔c uidrfa )

  M ngjmtgnf
 \etmngfa bm crmjfbe9
nfrhf bmamamntrej

  4∘ M
Smaengbfb 9
∛ ngjmtgnf
ifsf mamntrej
3.42∘6<
60
6 Kuam mamntrej Seatges
9
 y Kuam  x mamntrej Seatges
 y Kuam∘3.42∘6<
60

 x mamntrejSeatges9 6 Kuam

 x mamntrejSeatges 9 y ∘3.42∘6<60

BM^FTTEAAE

Mjmrhgf ngjmtgnf ifxgif bm aes cetemamntrejms µ5 F

TRF;
 M ngjmtgnf 9 ` ( c bmaf auz ∔c uidrfa )
 ( 8.=∘6<6= ngnaes
  ∔ 6.3∘6<6= ngn aes
  )
>2
 M ∔
K  ∘smh∘ sm sm
h h

(
8.7∘6< ngnaes
 M ∔
6=

ngjmtgnf93.343∘6< K  smh∘ ∘
>2
smh

 M
∔60
K 
 )
ngjmtgnf9=.4>2∘6<

\etmjngfa bm crmjfbe µ5 D
  M ngjmtgnf
 \etmngfa bm crmjfbe9
nfrhf bmamamntrej

∔
 \etmngfa bm =.4>2∘6< 60 K 
∔67
crmjfbe9
6.3<4∘6< N 

 \etmngfa bm crmjfbe 9>4.8 Seatges

Smaengbfb ifxgif bma mamntrej µ5 N

∔60
 4∘=.4>2∘6< K 
Smaengbfb 9 ∔
7.6∘6< >6 oh

Smaengbfb 9  6.<=∘
∔68
6< K 

∛ 7.6∘6<
∔
>6 oh

Smaengbfb 9∛ 6.6=∘6<6> i 4 /

smh 4 Smaengbfb 9>.2∘6<3 i /

smh
Mjmrhgf ngjmtgnf ifxgif bm aes cetemamntrejms mj mS µ5 B

∔60
∘6< K ∘3.42∘6<
60
 x mamntrejSeatges9 =.4>2

6 Kuam

 x mamntrejSeatges9>4 . 8 mS 

\rmhujtf \rmsmjtm mj ma mspfnge gjcmrger uj drmvm fjæagsgs bm aes rmsuatfbes edtmjgbes mj ma mkmrngnge
gjbgvgbufa 6. Rmiætgnf (4.6) -Auz fdserdgbf neie cetejms; Ma mcmnte cetemaçntrgne’
(Mstubgfjtm Je 6)
Tmspumst
f
F.   M ngjmtgnf9= TM^\]M^RF F
^m pumbm nejnaugr qum sg `fy bmsprmjbgigmjte bm mamntrþj bmdgbe f qum af crmnumjngf bm af auz gjngbmjtm
D.   \etmngfa bm Smaengbfb 9>
cr B.
N.   M.
ms ifyer qum af crmnumjngf
uidrfa y af mjmrhéf ngjçtgnf
ms pesgtgvf.
T^\]M^RF D
Ma petmjngfa bm crmjfbe
mqugvfagþ fa igsie vfaer bma
petmjngfa bm crmjfbe mj
Mamntrþj Seatges
TM^\]M^RF N
Af ifhjgtub bm af
vmaengbfb ms ne`mrmjtm
yf qum je supmrf ma
vfaer bm af vmaengbfb bm
af auz
>∘6< i / smh
0
Mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa 4. Rmiætgnf (4.4) -Auz migtgbf neie cetejms; \rebunngþj bm rfyes x’ (Mstubgfjtm Je 6)
Mj uj tude bm rfyes x sm fnmamrfj mamntrejms imbgfjtm ujf bgcmrmjngf bm petmjngfa bm b  oS fjtms bm qum sunmbf ma gipfnte nej ma
dafjne. ^g uj mamntrþj prebunm uj cetþj fa n`enfr nej ma dafjne, µnuæa ms af aejhgtub bm ejbf iéjgif bm aes rfyes x rmsuatfjtms5

Sfaerms fsghjfbes fa mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa 4

(Mstubgfjtm 6) \rmsmjtm mj aes trms mspfnges gjcmrgerms, afs tmiætgnfs, bmcgjgngejms y/e
nejnmptes, nej su rmspmntgvf bmcgjgngþj utgagzfbes mj ma bmsfrreaae bma
mkmrngnge.
Bfte J e Sfaer ]jgbfb Cerifngþj bm rfyes P nuyf cujngþj ms mjcrgfr iæs fjn`f y pfrf qum af
ma
b 69µ >> oS ^m cerifj nufjbe aes mamntrejms tude. Ma nætebe mstæ ifjn`f cenfa mcmntgvf smf
b49µ vfj f hrfj vmaengbfb y n`enfj cerifbe per ma iæs pmqumöf, ae qum
b>9µ
nej uj dafjne imtæagne. \frtm bm cenfagzfber y ma  preperngejf ujf ifyer 
af mjmrhéf ngjçtgnf qum aamvfj aes cgafimjte. Mj ma jgtgbmz. Mxgstmj
b2 9µ mamntrejms sm trfjscerif cgafimjte sm prebunm æjebes retfterges pfrf
b=9µ mj cetejms ujf nerrgmjtm bm dfkf nejsmhugr qum je sm
mamntreifhjçtgnes, igmjtrfs tmjsgþj nrmfjbe ujf bmshfstm af ifjn`f cenfa
qum af etrf pfrtm sm judm bm mamntrejms mj per ma igsie sgtge bmdgbe
trfjscerif mj nfaer. Ma tude bm ma igsie. @fy uj fa n`equm bm aes mamntrejms
rfyes P ms ujf nfrnfsf bm cgafimjte cgje (bejbm sm
vgbrge qum pesmm bes prebunmj penes
peaes mj su gjtmrger, uj peae mamntrejms) y uje
ms ma æjebe (+) y etre ms ma hrumse (bejbm sm
nætebe (-). Mj ma gjtmrger bm prebunmj iun`es
mstm tude sm `f rmfagzfbe mamntrejms). Ma sgtge bma
ma vfnée. Mstm tude tgmjm ujf æjebe bejbm aes
vmjtfjf per bejbm vfj f sfagr mamntrejms n`enfj sm
aes cetejms, y, fbmiæs tgmjm aafif ifjn`f cenfa
uj neipfrtgimjte nej (mstæ rmfagzfbf bm
fnmgtm tujhstmje) y mstæ
gjnagjfbf pfrf qum af
supmrcgngm bm n`equm smf
^eaungþj bma mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa 4; Rmiætgnf (4.4) -Auz migtgbf neie cetejms; \rebunngþj bm rfyes x’ (Mstubgfjtm Je
6) 
BFRE^;

Bgcmrmjngf bm petmjngfa

>>∘oSeatges

Aejhgtub bm ejbf igjgif bm aes rfyes x rmsuatfjtms µ5 6

Smaengbfb bm af auz
>∘6<0 i
smh

Nfrhf bma mamntrej

∔67
6.3<4∘6< N 
Nejstfjtm bm pafjo 
∔>2
3.343∘6< K  ∘smh

MN]FNGEJM^;
 nejstfjtm
 M Retfa 9nfrhf bma mamntrej∘ Bgcmrmjngf bm petmjngfa 9 vmaengbfb bmaf auz
\afjo∘ 
aejhgtub bm ejbf
   nejstfjtm \afjo∘  vmaengbfb bmaf auz
aejhgtub bmejbf 9
nfrhfbma mamntrej∘ Bgcmrmjngfbm petmjngfa

BM^FTTEAAE

Aejhgtub bm ejbf igjgif bm aes rfyes x rmsuatfjtms µ5 6

TRF;

∘S  ∘smh∘>∘6<
0
∔60  N 
3.343∘6<
i smh
aejhgtub
bmejbf 9
6.3∘6<∔67 N  ∘>>∘6<> S 

∘S  ∘smh∘>∘6<
0
∔>2 N 
3.343∘6<
aejhgtub bmejbf 9 i smh
∔67
∘6<
6.3 N  ∘>>∘6<> S 
∔4=
aejhgtub bmejbf 9 4∘ 6<
∔i
=.>∘6<
6=

aejhgtub bmejbf 9>.0∘6< i

66

\rmhujtf Tmspumstf \rmsmjtm mj ma mspfnge gjcmrger uj drmvm fjæagsgs bm aes rmsuatfbes edtmjgbes
mj ma mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa 4; Rmiætgnf (4.4) -Auz migtgbf neie cetejms; \rebunngþj bm
rfyes x’ (Mstubgfjtm Je 6)
F.   aejhgtub bmejbf9 Ma tfiföe
x aes nufamsbmsmafmjnumjtrfj
aejhgtub bmbmsbm
ejbf sm
aesmjnumjtrf mjtrm
6<ji `fstf ma rfjhe
aes <.<6 ji bm
percrmnumjngfs bm aes rfyes
ae tfjte ma rmsuatfbe ms
ne`mrmjtm

Mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa >; Rmiætgnf (4.>) -Auz bgspmrsfbf mj cerif bm cetejms; Bgspmrsgþj Neiptej y prebunngþj bm
pfrms’ (Mstubgfjtm Je 6)
]j mamntrþj qum mstæ gjgngfaimjtm mj rmpese rmngdm ma gipfnte bm uj rfye x qum tgmjm ujf aejhgtub bm ejbf bm b 6 ji. Af aejhgtub bm
ejbf cgjfa bma rfye x ms bm b 4ji. µNuæa ms af mjmrhéf ngjçtgnf cgjfa bma mamntrþj5

Af mjmrhéf mxprçsmaf mj ma sgstmif ^G y mj mS.

(Mstubgfjtm 6)
Sfaerms fsghjfbes fa
mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa >
 gjcmrgerms, afs tmiætgnfs, bmcgjgngejms y/e nejnmptes, nej su
\rmsmjtm mj aes trms mspfnges rmspmntgvf bmcgjgngþj utgagzfbes mj ma bmsfrreaae bma mkmrngnge.
Bfte J e Sfaer ]jgbfb Mj ma mcmnte uj sþagbe, af mjmrhéf y ma ieimjte 4. \rgjngpge bm
b 69µ <.2 ji cetemaçntrgne seafimjtm fdserdgbes mstæj neipfrtgbes per ma mamntrþj nejsmrvfngþj bm af
`mies nejsgbmrfbe qum y ma æteie, af ieaçnuaf e ma sþagbe nej aes mjmrhéf
b 49µ <.84 ji ma cetþj tgmjm ujf mjmrhéf qum mstæ aghfbe.
b >9µ M9`c . F`erf dgmj, uj  Af mjmrhéf bma cetþj
cetþj tfidgçj tgmjm uj Sfies f edtmjmr af cþriuaf bma mcmnte
ieimjte agjmfa  p9M/n. Neiptej f pfrtgr bma mstubge bm uj
b =9µ
µ  AgAjfn  gmbjmmjrthmé
2

n`equm maæstgne mjtrm uj cetþj y uj

mamntrþj
Mstf rmafngþj je ms gjgngfaimjtm mj rmpese.
jumvf,
sgje qum surhm fa
pafjtmfr afs mnufngejms
qum bmsnrgdmj afs ejbfs
mamntreifhjçtgnfs. Af
rfbgfngþj
mamntreifhjçtgnf tgmjm
ieimjte y mjmrhéf.
Nufjbe fjfagnmies
nufaqugmr prenmse mj ma
qum af rfbgfngþj
mamntreifhjçtgnf
gjtmrfntûf nej afs
 pfrténuafs nfrhfbfs
bmdmies bm fpagnfr afs
amyms bm nejsmrvfngþj bm
af mjmrhéf y bma ieimjte
agjmfa.
Mj ma nfse bma
mcmnte cetemaçntrgne, je
sm fpagnþ af amy bm
nejsmrvfngþj bma
fm sb  Mma9 c`ect þ.j
bgspmrsfbe ms M‗9`c
‗   .
 Af mjmrhéf ngjçtgnf bma
mamntrþj bmspuçs bma
6. \rgjngpge bm nejsmrvfngþj n`equm je af pebmies
bma ieimjte agjmfa msnrgdgr neie
imv4  /4 yf qum ma
 ^mf p ma ieimjte agjmfa bma cetþj mamntrþj bm rmtrenmse
fanfjzf vmaengbfbms
nmrnfjfs f af bm af auz,
gjngbmjtm, tmjmies qum
 ^mf p' ma ieimjte agjmfa bma rmmipafzfraf per af
cetþj cþriuaf rmaftgvgstf
mqugvfamjtm
bgcujbgbe,
 ^mf pm ms ma ieimjte agjmfa
bma mamntrþj bmspuçs bma
n`equm, sm vmrgcgnfræ qum

ieimjte agjmfa per qum

ma mamntrþj mstfdf aghfbe f p9p'+
uj æteie, f ujf ieaçnuaf pm (6)
ef

p^reeaubnugnþnjgþ bjm ba mm pkmfrnmgsn’g e( Mgsjtbugbvgfbjutfma J>e; 6R)miætgnf (4.>) -Auz bgspmrsfbf mj cerif
bm cetejms; Bgspmrsgþj Neiptej y

BFRE^;

Aejhgtub bm ejbf bma rfye x gjgngfa

<.2 ji

Aejhgtub bm ejbf bma rfye x cgjfa

<.84 ji

mjmrhéf ngjçtgnf cgjfa bma mamntrþjµ5 F

mjmrhéf ngjçtgnf cgjfa bma mamntrþj mj mamntrejveatges µ5 D

Smaengbfb bm af auz
>∘6< i
0

smh

Nejstfjtm bm pafjo 
∔>2
3.343∘6< K  ∘smh
Ifsf bma∔>6mamntrej
7.6∘6< oh
MN]FNGEJM^ TMAFRGSG^RF BM AF MJMTHGF NGJMRGNF;

  nejstfjtm \afjo 
ieimjte agjmfabma cetejgjngbmjtm9
aejhgtub bm ejbfgjgngfa

  nejstfjtm \afjo 
ieimjte agjmfabma cetejbgcujbgbe9
aejhgtub bm ejbf cgjfa

ieimjte agjmfabma mamntrej9 ieimjte agjmfa bma cetejgjngbmjtm∔ieimjte agjmfabma cetejbgcujbgbe

  nejstfjtm \afjo 
ieimjteagjmfa bma mamntrej9
  nejstfjtm
aejhgtub bmejbf gjgngfa ∔ \afjo aejhgtub
bmejbf cgjfa

)∔
4
 Mjmrhgfngjmtgnf   nejstfjtm
ifsfbmamamntrej∘n
4
ifsfbma mamntrej ∘n + \afjo aejhgtub   nejstfjtm
∛
4 4

bmamamntrej 9n ∔ \afjo aejhgtub
bmejbf gjgngfa bmejbfcgjfa

(
 x mamntrejSeatges9 y ∘3.42∘6<
60

BM^FTTEAAE

mjmrhéf ngjçtgnf cgjfa bma mamntrþj µ5 F

TRF;

)∔
4
 Mjmrhgfngjmtgnf   nejstfjtm
ifsfbma mamntrej4∘n 4 \afjo aejhgtub   nejstfjtm ifsfbmamamntrej∘n 4
bmamamntrej 9n
∛ bmejbf gjgngfa
∔ \afjo aejhgtub
bmejbfcgjfa

∛( )
(  + 0
(   (  
∔>
3.343∘6< ∔
i ∘sm 3.343∘6< K  ∘sm >∘sm
4 4 0 4

∘( ∔>
∘ < K  ∔ ∘ ∔7.6∘6 ∔>6
oh∘
6<
6
>∘6< >∘6< o
0
) + 2 6< ∔> ∔6<
4
 M ngjmtgnf h 8.4 6< i h

)
sm sm

  ))
∔>6
h h

 M ngjmtgnf
>∘6<0  ∛  
7∘6< i4 ∘
6
∘ ∔36 4  ∛( 6.3∘6<
∔42
K  ∘smh 7.4∘6<∔4=
  ∔ K  ∘smh
4

∔ ∘
oh∘7∘6<
63

 
0.> 6< + oh i4
smh 3 4

smh
i
()  
 4 2

7.6 6< 4
smh
∔4= 4
 M ngjmtgnf >∘6<0 3.0∘6<
4 4
8.= ∔22   i oh4 ∔62  i
mamntrej9
6< ∔0.4∘6<
i ∘ 4
smh + K  ∘smh smh
4

oh
>∘6< i
smh i

 
0 4

4 2.3∘6<
  i ∔27
oh ∘i
4 2 4
 M ngjmtgnf mamntrej ∔22 ∔62   i4
∘smh
9 8.=∘6<  oh   ∔0.4∘6< oh
smh sm i smh
4

h 4+ ∘smh

 
 M ngjmtgnf
>∘6< 0
4 4
∔22   i ∔62  i
mamntrej9 8.=∘
6<  oh4∔ 0.4∘6
i smh <
4
smh
4

smh oh

 M ngjmtgnf >∘6<  i
4
∔4  i
mamntrej9 0i 4  oh∔0.4∘6< ∔62 oh
  ∘4.8∘6< smh 4
smh
smh

 M ngjmtgnf mamntrej9 ∔62    oh∔ ∔62   i4

∘
i 4 ∘ oh
0.4 6< 0.4 6< 4
smh smh
4

 M ngjmtgnf mamntrej9< K  9 < mS 

\rmhujtf Tmspumstf \rmsmjtm mj ma mspfnge gjcmrger uj drmvm fjæagsgs bm aes rmsuatfbes edtmjgbes
mj ma mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa >; Rmiætgnf (4.>) -Auz bgspmrsfbf mj cerif bm cetejms;
Bgspmrsgþj Neiptej y prebunngþj bm pfrms’ (Mstubgfjtm Je 6)
F.   M ngjmtgnf mamntrej9 ^mhûj ma rmsuatfbe je `fy mjmrhéf ngjçtgnf per ae tfjte je `fy ievgigmjte mj ma mamntrþj
D.   M ngjmtgnf mamntrej9 mj etrfs pfafdrfs ma cetþj je fcmntf ma mamntrþj

N. \ts. mnufngejms teifbfs bm af sghugmjtm rmcmrmjngf dgdagehræcgnf

B. `ttp
ttp;//www
//www..sn.m`u.ms/sdwmd/cgsgnf/nufjtgnf/neiptej/Neiptej.`ti
M.

 U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U
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Jeidrm bma mstubgfjtm Je 4; Ifurgnge Dustes Tekfs

Mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa 6. Rmiætgnf (4.6) -Auz fdserdgbf neie cetejms; Ma mcmnte cetemaçntrgne’ (Mstubgfjtm Je 4)
^g af cujngþj trfdfke bm uj iftmrgfa bfbe ms bm b 6 mS, µnuæa ms af mjmrhéf ngjçtgnf iæxgif bm aes mamntrejms mxpuasfbes bm ujf supmrcgngm puagbf bm msm
iftmrgfa per ujf auz bm ujf aejhgtub bm ejbf bm b 4 Í. Bmtmrigjm tfidgçj af vmaengbfb iæxgif y ma petmjngfa bm crmjfbe.
Af mjmrhéf mxprçsmaf mj ma sgstmif ^G y mj mS.
SS f ae rm s f
g j b g v g b u fa 6 \ rm s j m m j ae s t rm s m sp f n g e s
ng je c j
m nm
rg eptr ems s,
, n afe s j ts mu i ær mt gnspf sm , ntbg v
m fcg j gn g e j m s
s gh j f b e s f a mkmrngnge b m c gj g n gþ j u t ga gz f b e s m j m a b m s f r r e aa e
( M st u b g f j tm 4 ) y / e mkmrngnge.
b m a
Bfte J e Sfaer ]jgbfb ]j mcmnte cetemaçntrgne Bm fnumrbe nej Mgjstmgj ma Bfbe ma mcmnte
qum
b 69µ 4. 3 mS  drgjbf af auz bejbm uj iftmrgfa cetþj tgmjm ujf cetemaçntrgne tmjmies?
b 49µ 6764 ji hmjmrf mamntrejms bmsbm mjmrhéf qum ms ghufa
su supmrstngm nufjbe ma `fz f ujf nejstfjtm per mS <9` c  ∔ϝ
bm auz af igsif crmnumjngf bm
 pmhf mj maaf, mstæ, msnfpf bm ça. \er tfjte, nej ae Ae nufa af mjmrhéf sm
af supmrstngm rfzþj qum ma fjtmrger pfrf af mjmrhéf  pumbm mxprmsfr?
mamntrþj fdserdm mjmrhéf bm af bm uj cetþj sm tgmjm?
auz pfrf msnfafr af
ftrfnngþj bm aes
∔67
gejms pesgtgves bma iftmrgfa 6 mS 96.3< 6< K 
cerifjbe ujf mjmrhéf  
 M `n ¸
 petmjngfa. Ma `fz bm auz drgjbf 9∔` c 
 ο
uj gipuase pmrigtgmjbe f Bejbm ma vfaer bm ` ms
aes mamntrejms msnfpfr bm ghufa f?
bgn`f mjmrhéf.
`93.34¸ 6<∔>2  ks
^eaungþj bma mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa 6. Rmiætgnf (4.6) -Auz fdserdgbf neie cetejms; Ma mcmnte cetemaçntrgne’ (Mstubgfjtm
Je 4)

mS  94.3  ji 96764  n 9 > ¸ 6 <0

 i
` 3.34 ¸
∔>2
 ks     m ∔67 ∔>6
 

( 9 96.3< ¸ i 9 7.6 ¸ 6<

∔67
6< oh
s
6<

9 4.3 mS 
X  6.3< ¸ 6 <
6 mS 
 
N 
9
2.63 6 < ∔67
 k   ο96764
ji
(  )
6 ¸6
<
j
∔7 96764¸ 6 ∔<7 i

)
 )
i

(
  >¸ 6 ∔ 67
 Mc  9`
 n
93.34 ¸ 6  i
0 96<.> ¸ 6<  k
∔>2 <
< s
∔7
 ο 6764 ¸ 6

f.

  Mn96<.> ¸6 <
∔67
 k∔2.63 ¸6  Mn 9 Mc ∔X 
∔67
<  k
∔
 Mn93.62 ¸ 6< 67  k

 d.
∔67  i
9 966 ¸ 6 <=
∛
∛
v 4 ¸ Mn  4 ¸ 3 6 <  
  9 ¸ k  v
v
ifx ifx ∔>6
i 7.6 6 < o ifx
s
¸ h

 Mn
 Mn 9q¸Sc      Sc 9
q

Sc 9   3 ¸  6 <
∔67

k ∔67
  Sc 96.08 S 
6.3 ¸ 6 < N 
\rmhujtf Tmspumstf \rmsmjtm mj ma mspfnge gjcmrger uj drmvm fjæagsgs bm aes rmsuatfbes edtmjgbes mj ma mkmrngnge
gjbgvgbufa 6. Rmiætgnf (4.6) -Auz fdserdgbf neie cetejms; Ma mcmnte
cetemaçntrgne’ (Mstubgfjtm Je 4)
∔ 67
F. Mn 93.62 ¸ 6< ^m rmfagzf af gipamimjtfngþj bm bgvmrsfs cþriuafs crmjtm fa trfdfke bm af auz nej af mjmrhéf bma cetþj
 k bejbm
  sm fpagnf imbgfjtm seaungejms neie af mjmrhéf ngjçtgnf, vmaengbfb iæxgif y ma petmjngfa bm
D. crmjfbe.
ifx9 66 ¸ 6 < i /
=
 
v s

Sc  96.08 S 

Mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa 4. Rmiætgnf (4.4) -Auz migtgbf neie cetejms; \rebunngþj bm rfyes x’ (Mstubgfjtm Je 4)
Aes tudes bm rfyes nftþbgnes qum hmjmrfrej af gifhmj mj aes prgimres tmamvgserms f neaer mrfj cumjtms bm rfyes x. ^g ma veatfkm bm fnmamrfngþj mj uj
tude bm tmamvgsgþj ms bm b 6oS, µnuæams sej afs aejhgtubms bm ejbf iæs nertf bm rfyes x prebungbes per ma tmamvgser5
Sfaerms fsghjfbes fa mkmrngnge \rmsmjtm mj aes trms mspfnges gjcmrgerms, afs tmiætgnfs, bmcgjgngejms
gjbgvgbufa 4 (Mstubgfjtm 4) y/e nejnmptes, nej su rmspmntgvf bmcgjgngþj utgagzfbes mj ma
bmsfrreaae bma mkmrngnge.
Bfte J e Sfaer ]jgbfb Igmjtrfs qum af auz ms ]j cetþj f imbgbf qum Reifrmies af nejstfjtm
b 69µ 6= oS fdserdgbf per cetejms fuimjtf sm mjmrhéf prebunm \afjno (`)?
b 49µ tfidgçj sm pumbm eptfr per uj mamntrþj qum crmjf mj
∔>2
qum af igsif auz sm hmjmrf tetfagbfb, rfzþj qum mstf `93.34¸ 6<   ks 
mj cerif bm cetejms ae nufa mjmrhéf bmjeigjfbf ngjçtgnf
`fy uj mspfnge bmsghjfbe  pfrf fsé nrmfr uj cetþj, ae nufa Fsé igsie tfidgçj
 pfrf mamntrejms sedrm af rfbgfngþj bma crmjfbe sm tmjmies af vmaengbfb
nufaqugmr supmrcgngm bfjbe teif? bm af auz bfbf?
 pfse f qum sm migtf ujf
rfbgfngþj per ma ievgigmjte mS  9` c  9   `n > ¸ 6 <0 i / s
bm aes igsies mamntrejms.  FN  ifx
 οigj

R f i dg çj
mj m rh é f m
te i f rm i e s af
x p rm sæ j be a f ?
∔67
6 mS  96.3< ¸ 6< K 

4^4)eaungþj bma mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa 4; Rmiætgnf (4.4) -Auz migtgbf neie cetejms; \rebunngþj bm rfyes x’ (Mstubgfjtm
Je
oS   96=  n9> ¸ 6 <0
i
3.34¸
∔>2
 ks    ∔67
m
`
9 6<
s
96.3< ¸ 6<

  M9|6 mv|¸oS    6.3< ¸ 6 <

∔67
¸ 6= oS¸ v94.2 ¸ ∔6=
 k
>
6< 6<
`n
  ο9
 k

  ο9 ∔ ∔66
(3.34 ¸ 6 < >2  k )( > ¸ 6 <0 90.4¸ 6< i
i / s)
∔6=
4.2 ¸ 6 <  
k
 ο9<.04 ji
\rmhujtf Tmspumstf \rmsmjtm mj ma mspfnge gjcmrger uj drmvm fjæagsgs bm aes rmsuatfbes edtmjgbes mj ma mkmrngnge
gJjeb g4v)gbufa 4; Rmiætgnf (4.4) -Auz migtgbf neie cetejms; \rebunngþj bm rfyes x’

(Mstubgfjtm
F.   ο 9<.04 ji F trfvçs bm bgcmrmjtms nejnmptes qum sm teifj y sm nejenmj neie af nejstfjtm \afjno, af vmaengbfb bm af auz mjtrm etres?
sm aehrf aamhfr f af rmsuatfjtm sedrm af aejhgtub bm ejbf iæs nertf bm fnumrbe nej uj tmamvgser bejbm sm mstfdamnm af
D. fpagnfngþj bm cþriuafs pfrf aamhfr f mstf.
Mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa >; Rmiætgnf (4.>) -Auz bgspmrsfbf mj cerif bm cetejms; Bgspmrsgþj Neiptej y prebunngþj bm
pfrms’ (Mstubgfjtm Je 4)
^m prebunmj rfyes x mj uj tude qum epmrf f b 6 oS. Bmspuçs bm qum mimrhmj bma tude, aes rfyes x nej af aejhgtub bm ejbf iéjgif aamhfj f uj dafjne y
sm bgspmrsfj per mcmnte Neiptej mj uj æjhuae bm 2=.<¼. f) µNuæa ms af aejhgtub bm ejbf erghgjfa bm aes rfyes x5 d) µNuæa ms af aejhgtub bm ejbf bm aes
rfyes x bgspmrsfbes5 n) µNuæa ms af mjmrhéf bm aes rfyes x bgspmrsfbes (mj mamntrþj veats)5
Sfaerms fsghjfbes fa mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa > \rmsmjtm mj aes trms mspfnges gjcmrgerms, afs tmiætgnfs, bmcgjgngejms y/e
(Mstubgfjtm 4) nejnmptes, nej su rmspmntgvf bmcgjgngþj utgagzfbes mj ma bmsfrreaae
bma mkmrngnge.
Bfte Sfaer ]jgbfb F imbgbf qum af auz aamhum f ^m teifræ Neiptej
Je su cgjfa, su trfzf sm bmdm neie?
b 69µ 4= oS neipertfr smhûj ma cetþj qum
b 49µ bmnéf Mgjstmgj crmjtm  ο ' ∔ ο9   `  ( 6∔nesϝ )
fa neipertfigmjte nufjbe in
sm hmjmrf af igsif auz
neie nufjbe mstf ms Bejbm, sm
fdserdgbf. iumstrf aejhgtubms
bgspmrsf m gjngbmjtm
bm mjmrhéf nejkujte
fa ieimjte agjmfa.
\er tfjte, af mjmrhéf
bm aes mamntrejms ms
rmaftgves bfjbe pfse f
rmfagfngejms rmaftgvfs.
^eaungþj bma mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa >; Rmiætgnf (4.>) -Auz bgspmrsfbf mj cerif bm cetejms; Bgspmrsgþj
Neiptej y
prebunngþj bm pfrms’ (Mstubgfjtm Je 4)
oS  94=  `93.34 ¸ 6
∔>2
 k  i n 9 > ¸ 6 <0 i9 7.6 ¸ ∔>6
oh
< s   6<
s

f.

∔67 ∔6=
¸ 4= oS¸ 6< v92 ¸6 <
>
6.3<¸ 6 <  k

`n
( 3.34¸6 <∔   )
>2

k
( > 6<
0

∔66

  ο9  
ο9 2 ¸6 <
¸
∔6=
 
i
  )9
s
2.7 ¸ 6 i ο 9<.27 ji
 k k <
 d.

 `
 ο ∔ ο9  ( 6∔nesϝ )
' 

in
∔>2
 ο ∔ ο
'    3.34 6 <  
¸ k0   (6∔nes2=)
9 ∔>6 i
7.6 ¸ 6
<
oh > ¸6 <

( s  )
'  ∔6>
 ο ∔ ο98 ¸ 6 < i

n.

 `  
 ο ∔ ο9  ( 6∔nesϝ ) M 9 `n
' 
 F M 9
' 

`n
4
in iN   ο ' 
`n `n  `
 ∔  9
( 6∔ nesϝ )
 M'   M iN 

6   (6∔ nes2= )
 M' 9 7.6 6
∔>
oh(> ¸ 0 i / s )4
¸ 6<
6<

 M 9>= OmS 
' 

  Tmspumstf \rmsmjtm mj ma mspfnge gjcmrger uj drmvm fjæagsgs bm aes rmsuatfbes edtmjgbes mj

ma mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa >; Rmiætgnf (4.>) -Auz bgspmrsfbf mj cerif bm cetejms;
Bgspmrsgþj Neiptej y prebunngþj bm pfrms’ (Mstubgfjtm Je 4)

F.   ο 97.3 ¸ 6<
><
Bm fnumrbe nej afs fpagnfngejms bm Neiptej sm teifj cþriuafs qum drgjbfj ma bmsfrreaae fjtm af
aejhgtub bm ejbf sedrm aes rfyes x, fsé neie iebgcgnfjbe y sgipagcgnfjbe bgn`fs
ceriuafs
D.   ο'  ∔ ο98.6 ¸ 6<
∔6> mjnejtrfies rmsuatfjtms f afs bmiæs prmhujtfs prepumstfs neie af mjmrhéf mj aes rfyes x.

i  

N.
' 
>=
 M  OmS 
9

Jeidrm bma mstubgfjtm Je >; Igatej Buvæj Tgvmrf

Mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa 6. Rmiætgnf (4.6) -Auz fdserdgbf neie cetejms; Ma mcmnte cetemaçntrgne’ (Mstubgfjtm Je >) 
Mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa 6. tmiætgnf (4.6) -Auz fdserdgbf neie cetejms; Ma mcmnte cetemaçntrgne’;
Ma petmjngfa bm crmjfbe pfrf aes mamntrejms mxpuasfbes bm ujf supmrcgngm bm uj iftmrgfa bfbe ms bm 4.24 veats
nufjbe gjngbm sedrm af pafnf ujf auz uatrfvgeamtf bm 6027 Í. µNuæa smræ ma petmjngfa bm crmjfbe sg gjngbm sedrm
af igsif pafnf ujf auz bm aejhgtub bm ejbf bm b 6 ji5
Sfaerms fsghjfbes fa mkmrngnge
gjbgvgbufa 6 (Mstubgfjtm >) \rmsmjtm mj aes trms mspfnges gjcmrgerms, afs tmiætgnfs, bmcgjgngejms
y/e nejnmptes, nej su rmspmntgvf bmcgjgngþj utgagzfbes mj ma
bmsfrreaae bma mkmrngnge.
Bfte J Sfaer ]jgbfb ^mf c  af mjmrhéf iéjgif Mgjstmgj mxpagnþ afs ^g af mjmrhéf bma cetþj M, 
e
b 69µ 428,< ji jmnmsfrgf pfrf qum uj nfrfntmréstgnfs bma mcmnte ms imjer qum af mjmrhéf
b 49µ mamntrþj msnfpm bma imtfa. ^g cetemaçntrgne, supejgmjbe bm frrfjqum c , je
b >9µ ma mamntrþj fdserdm ujf qum nfbf mamntrþj `fy migsgþj
b 2 9µ mjmrhéf M ,  af bgcmrmjngf M- fdserdéf uj nufjte bm cetemaçntrgnf. Mj nfse
c, smræ af mjmrhéf ngjçtgnf bma rfbgfngþj e cetþj. Af nejtrfrge, sg `fy
b =9µ mamntrþj migtgbe. mjmrhéf bm uj cetþj sm migsgþj y ma mamntrþj sfam
edtgmjm iuatgpagnfjbe af bma imtfa nej
nejstfjtm ` bm \afjno per ujf mjmrhéf ngjçtgnf M   
o  

af crmnumjngf c bm af ghufa f
rfbgfngþj
M-c. 
mamntreifhjçtgnf.

M9`c 
^eaungþj bma mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa 6. Rmiætgnf (4.6) -Auz fdserdgbf neie cetejms; Ma mcmnte cetemaçntrgne’ ( Mstubgfjtm
Je >)
\rgimre `faafies Σtrfdfke bm mxtrfnngþj e cujngþj trfdfke bma imtfa
Bftes
  ²
 ο 96027 F 9 ∘ ∔
8i
6.027 6<
m 96.3∘6< ⁿ ·7 N 
∔µ Ksnejstfjtm bm pafjno µ
2

` 93.3> 6 < ᶕ    

S <9 4.24 veats petmjngfa bm crmjfbe

N  9>∘6<0 i / s
c  N 
 ο
ϝ 95 Cujngej bmtrfdfke bmaimtfa

o  ifx9 m S  <
ifx
o  9 `c 
ϝ 9`c    ∔m S <
∔ϝ
N 
ϝ 9 `   ∔m
S    >∘6<
0
i/ s ∔  k
<
 ο   
∔8 ∔6.3∘6< 67
N ∘4.24 N µ
2
∘
ϝ93.3>∘6<
ᶕ    

6.027 6< i

∔4<
ϝ 96<8.=8∘6< K  ∔>7.=4∘6< ⁿ ´< K 
4<
ϝ 930.<=∘6< 4< k 9ϝ9 30.<=∘6 <  k 9 2.> S 
∔6
 6.3∘6 < N 

Aumhe bm `faafr af cujngþj bm trfdfke bma imtfa `faafies ma petmjngfa bm crmjfbe, pmre af auz qum gjngbm mj af pafnf ms
bm aejhgtub bm 428 ji

 ο 9428 ji 9428∘6< ⁿ 7 i
N 
o  9 ` ∔ϝ
ifx
 ο
>∘6<
0

i s ∔7 ∔
∔µµ   ᶕ    
2
428 ∘6< ∔6.3∘6< 67
N∘  2.>2
N 
 k
µ
i
Ks

o ifx93.3>∘6 <

6707∘6< ⁿ´0 K 
o  9 ∔3.722∘6< ⁿ ·7 K 
∔7
428 ∘
if
x 6<∔ i ∔
o  9 0.<∘6 < 67 K  ∔3.722∘6 < 67 K  96.<=3∘6< ⁿ ·7
ifx

o  ∔67
96.<=3∘6 < 9 mjmrhgfngjmtgnfifxgif
ifx

6.<=3∘6< ⁿ ·7 9<.33 S 
ϝ9
K  ∔67
6.3∘6 < N 
\rmhujtf
\rmsmjtm mj ma mspfnge gjcmrger uj drmvm fjæagsgs bm aes rmsuatfbes edtmjgbes mj ma mkmrngnge
gjbgvgbufa 6. Rmiætgnf (4.6) -Auz fdserdgbf neie cetejms; Ma mcmnte cetemaçntrgne’  (Mstubgfjtm
Tmspumst Je >)
f
m af aejhgtub gjgngfa F.
sm  <.33
edtgmjm
S  af imjer crmnumjngf y mjtejnms ma pfqumtm bm mjmrhéf ms imjer y sg sm bf qum nejsmrvf af cujngþj bm trfdfke bma imt

Mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa 4. Rmiætgnf (4.4) -Auz migtgbf neie cetejms; \rebunngþj bm rfyes x’ (Mstubgfjtm Je >)
]jes pretejms sej fnmamrfbes f pfrtgr bma rmpese per ujf bgcmrmjngf bm petmjngfa bm b 6 oS y neagsgejfj nej uj
dafjne imtæagne. ^g uj pretþj prebunm uj cetþj mj ma gipfnte, µnuæa ms af aejhgtub bm ejbf iéjgif bm aes

rfyes x rmsuatfjtms5
Sfaerms fsghjfbes fa mkmrngnge \rmsmjtm mj aes trms mspfnges gjcmrgerms, afs tmiætgnfs, bmcgjgngejms
gjbgvgbufa 4 (Mstubgfjtm >) y/e nejnmptes, nej su rmspmntgvf bmcgjgngþj utgagzfbes mj ma
bmsfrreaae bma mkmrngnge.
Bfte J e Sfaer ]jgbfb ^mf ο af aejhgtub bm ejbf Af erbmjfbf mj ma erghmj
b 69µ =,4 OS ^g λ  '  9  y af c  9 bm af rfbgfngþj gjngbmjtm, igbm af mjmrhéf bm
n
<  ο
b 49µ Mjtejnms y ο‗   af aejhgtub bm frrfjqum mj
ejbf bm af rfbgfngþj mamntrejveatges c/m. W
b >9µ  οigj 9
  `n
bgspmrsfbf. Neiptej af pmjbgmjtm bm af rmntf
b 2 9µ mSfn mjnejtrþ qum af ms
b =9µ `/m. Igbgmjbe ma æjhuae
bgcmrmjngf
aejhgtubms mjtrm fidfs
bm ejbf
bm bgn`fma vfaer
y usfjbe pmjbgmjtm
bm
mstfdf bmtmrigjfbf af
ûjgnfimjtm per ma æjhuae
ΰ bm bgspmrsgþj, bma nfrhf bma mamntrþj m9 6.3
6<-67 N, edtmjbrmies ma
sghugmjtm iebe vfaer bm af nejstfjtm bm
\afjno, `93.3> 6<->2 Ks.

 ο ' ∔ ο9 οN (6∔nesΰ )
^eaungþj bma mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa 4; Rmiætgnf (4.4) -Auz migtgbf neie cetejms; \rebunngþj bm rfyes x’ (Mstubgfjtm Je
>)
Bftes
m 96.3∘6< ⁿ ·7 N 
∔µ KsNejstfjtmbm pafjno µ
2

`9 ∘<
3.3> 6
N  9>∘6< i
ᶕ    

/s
Sfn 9=.4 Ov
  ο95

 οigj mSf
  `n
9n
∔µ ᶕ  Ks∘>∘6< i / s
2

 οigj 93.3>∘   <

∔67  k µ
6
6.3∘6 < N ∘=.4∘6< ᶕ    

N 

6707∘6< ⁿ
 ki 9
 οigj
´0
0.>4∘6< ⁿ ·3 k

∔6<
 οigj 94.>7<34=∘6 < 9 <.4> ji

\rmhujtf
\rmsmjtm mj ma mspfnge gjcmrger uj drmvm fjæagsgs bm aes rmsuatfbes edtmjgbes mj ma mkmrngnge
gjbgvgbufa 4; Rmiætgnf (4.4) -Auz migtgbf neie cetejms; \rebunngþj bm rfyes x’ (Mstubgfjtm
Tmspumst Je >)
f
F.   <.4> ji  ^m edtgmjm qum af aejhgtub bm ejbf ms gjvmrsfimjtm preperngejfa fa veatfkm fnmamrfber ae nufa jes gjbgnf
qum aes rfyes x sej ma prebunte bm af bmsfnmamrfngþj bm aes pretejms sgmjbe ræpgbf nfusfbf fa n`enfr nej
uj dafjne imtæagne.
 Mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa >; Rmiætgnf (4.>) -Auz bgspmrsfbf mj cerif bm cetejms; Bgspmrsgþj Neiptej y prebunngþj bm
pfrms’ (Mstubgfjtm Je >)
Mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa >; Rmiætgnf (4.>) -Auz bgspmrsfbf mj cerif bm cetejms; Bgspmrsgþj Neiptej y
prebunngþj bm pfrms’;

]jes rfyes x nej aejhgtub bm ejbf gjgngfa bm b 6 ji mxpmrgimjtfj bgspmrsgþj bm Neiptej. µNuæa ms af ifyer
aejhgtub bm ejbf qum sm mjnumjtrf mj aes rfyes x bgspmrsfbes5 µMj quç æjhuae bm bgspmrsgþj sm edsmrvf mstf
aejhgtub bm ejbf5

Sfaerms fsghjfbes fa mkmrngnge

gjbgvgbufa > (Mstubgfjtm >) \rmsmjtm mj aes trms mspfnges gjcmrgerms, afs tmiætgnfs, bmcgjgngejms
y/e nejnmptes, nej su rmspmntgvf bmcgjgngþj utgagzfbes mj ma
bmsfrreaae bma mkmrngnge.
Bfte J e Sfaer ]jgbfb Af aejhgtub bm ejbf Neiptej ^mf ο af aejhgtub bm ejbf
b 69µ <,<== ji mstæjbfr, bm ujf pfrténuaf bm af rfbgfngþj gjngbmjtm,
vgmjm bfbfο,per y ο‗ af aejhgtub bm ejbf
b 49µ bm af
b >9µ rfbgfngþj

b 2 9µ   ` bgspmrsfbf.
b =9µ   ο9 Neiptej mjnejtrþ
in
Bejbm ` ms af nejstfjtm bm qum af bgcmrmjngf
mjtrm fidfs aejhgtubms
\afjno, i ms af ifsf bm af bm ejbf mstfdf
pfrténuaf, y n ms af vmaengbfb
bm af auz. Af gipertfjngf bmtmrigjfbf ûjgnfimjtm
bm per ma æjhuae

mbsmtrfgv cfþnrgiþju afb ms ma ΰsΰg hubgmmj tm bigsepbmersgþj, bma

fi ucþmsritrfu afmj bafm
 ο ' ∔ ο9 οN (6∔nesΰ )
nfidge bm Neiptej.
^eaungþj bma mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa >; Rmiætgnf (4.>) -Auz bgspmrsfbf mj cerif bm cetejms; Bgspmrsgþj
Neiptej y prebunngþj bm pfrms’ (Mstubgfjtm Je >)
 ο 9<.<== ji 9=.=∘6< ⁿ ·· i
 `
∃ ο 9 ο ∔ ο 9  ( 6 ∔nesΰ )
' 

<
in
 `
∃ ο9 ο +  (6∔nesΰ )
<
in

ΰ 960< ¼  pmrigtm qum af ejbf qum sm mjnumjtrf mj aes rfyes x bgspmrsfbes smf bm ifyer aejhgtub, yf qum ( 6∔ nesΰ ) ae iæxgie qum
fanfjzf ms 4
( 6∔ nesΰ )9 4
( ΰ )9nes ⁿ · (∔6)
( ΰ ) 960<
 `
∃ ο 9 ο +  ( 6 ∔60< ¼ )
<
in

<∔µ
  2

∔66   ᶕ    
' 
 ο
9=.=∘6 i  Oh∘>∘6< i
0 µ
∔µ
  6

+3.3>∘6 7.6<7∘6<
ᶕ    

< s
(6∔(∔6 ))µ
<∔µ
2
'  ∔66   ᶕ    

 ο
9=.=∘6 i + 3.3>∘6  Oh∘>∘6< i
0 µ
∔µ
  6

7.6<7∘6<
ᶕ    

< s
∘4 µ
' 
 ο ∔66 ∔64
9=.=∘6 i + 4.243∘6 i ∘4
< <
'  ∔66 ∔64
 ο 9=.=∘6 < i + 2.0=4∘6 < i
'  ∔64
 ο
9=7.0=4∘6 < i9<.<<=7 ji

\rmhujtf \rmsmjtm mj ma mspfnge gjcmrger uj drmvm fjæagsgs bm aes rmsuatfbes edtmjgbes mj ma mkmrngnge
gjbgvgbufa >; Rmiætgnf (4.>) -Auz bgspmrsfbf mj cerif bm cetejms; Bgspmrsgþj Neiptej
y
Tmspumst
f pafr eaebjuhngtnugbþ jb mb me jpbffr mqsu’m  (sMms sbtgusbpmgfrsjft mb mJpem j>b)m bma Fjhuae
cerifjbe af bgcmrmjngf mjtrm afs aejhgtubms pfrf ma Fjhuae bm 60<¼ sm pumbm gjbgnfr uj n`equm crejtfa
F.   <.<<=7 mjtrm ma cetþj y ma mamntrþj.
ji
D.   60< ¼

Jeidrm bma mstubgfjtm Je 2; Msnrgdf fqué ma jeidrm bma mstubgfjtm Je 2

Mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa 6. Rmiætgnf (4.6) -Auz fdserdgbf neie cetejms; Ma mcmnte cetemaçntrgne’ (Mstubgfjtm Je 2) 
Af cujngþj trfdfke bm uj iftmrgfa ms 6 mS. f) µNuæa ms su crmnumjngf uidrfa5 d) µVuç mjmrhéf ngjçtgnf tmjbræj aes mamntrejms qum migtf nufjbe ujf
auz bm aejhgtub bm ejbf bm 4 ji gjngbf sedrm ujf supmrcgngm bma iftmrgfa5 Af mjmrhéf mxprçsmaf mj ma sgstmif ^G y mj mS.
Sfaerms fsghjfbes fa \rmsmjtm mj aes trms mspfnges gjcmrgerms, afs tmiætgnfs, bmcgjgngejms
mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa 6 y/e nejnmptes, nej su rmspmntgvf bmcgjgngþj utgagzfbes mj ma
(Mstubgfjtm 2) bmsfrreaae bma mkmrngnge.
Bfte J e Sfaer ]jgbfb ^mf c   af mjmrhéf \frf fjfagzfr ma Af Tmafngþj bm \afjno„
iéjgif
b 69µ 2.> supejgmjbe qum mcmnte cetemaçntrgne
jmnmsfrgf pfrf qum nfbf mamntrþj nufjtgtftgvfimjtm utgagzfjbe
b 49µ 603 uj mamntrþj msnfpm bma fdserdéf uj ma içtebe bmrgvfbe per
b >9µ imtfa. nufjte bm Mgjstmgj ms jmnmsfrge
b 2 9µ rfbgfngþj e cetþj. pafjtmfr afs
^g ma mamntrþj fdserdm ujf Af mjmrhéf bm uj sghugmjtms
b =9µ
mjmrhéf M  ,  , af cetþj sm mnufngejms;
bgcmrmjngf  M-c,  smræ edtgmjm
iuatgpagnfjbe af Mjmrhéf bm uj cetþj
af mjmrhéf ngjçtgnf nejstfjtm ` bm fdserdgbe 9 Mjmrhéf
bma mamntrþj migtgbe. \afjno per af jmnmsfrgf pfrf agdmrfr
 M O 9 M∔ ϝ crmnumjngf c bm af
Mgjstmgj mxpagnþ rfbgfngþj n6ng jmçamtgntfr þbjm +a
afs nfrfntmréstgnfs majmmnrthrþéfj migtgbe.
bma mcmnte
cetemaçntrgne,
Fahmdrfgnfimjtm;
`c  9` c  Mgjstmgj 64> tfidgçj \afjno7 pmrtmjmnm ifjmrf msperæbgnf.
<
6
sm nejenm neie af rmafngþj f mstf agstf, pmre ^m rmcgmrmj f ujf
+
i bm Mgjstmgj,2= e neie f imjube sm cþriuaf gjtmhrfa bm af
v
4 af rmafngþj bm `fnm rmcmrmjngf f af amy imnæjgnf nuæjtgnf, af nufa
4
crmnumjngf- mjmrhéf bm mstfdamnm qum af mjmrhéf bm
bm uj cetþj M ms preperngejfa
\afjno,3 rmafngþj bm
\afjno,8 y mnufngþj bm \m\pafþjjngoi6e<s6 f su crmnumjngf
\afjno.0 Rfidgçj 6s ejM ustegagsz
ma mpþjgie bm af cþriuaf
fbvefsr gbems `n
bm  M 9
 ο
mamntreifhjçtgnf.
` 9afnejstfjtm bm pafjo 93.34
 M 9`c   M 92.> mS 

^eaungþj bma mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa 6. Rmiætgnf (4.6) -Auz fdserdgbf neie cetejms; Ma mcmnte cetemaçntrgne’ (Mstubgfjtm
Je 2)

`n
  M 9`. c  9
 ο
` 93.343<37=8 ( ∔ >2
K . ^ 92.6>=338=6 (∔2<
6< )
6=  x 6< mS .^
47 ) x
 M 92.> mS 
∔>2
` 93.343 ∘6< K ∘^
∔>2
6 mS  96.3<4688  x 6< K 

  M 9c 
`

2.> mS 
2.6>3 x
9c 
∔ 6=mS ∘s
6<

<.6< x 6<∔6 mS ∘s

  9c 
s

6 K  96 Oh∘i /s
4 4

6  @z96 s
∔6

 M
 9c 
`
∔6=
<.6< x 6<  @z 9c <  Crmnumjngf uidrfa

d.

Mjmrhgf ngjmiftgnf

6
`c    ∔` c  9 i v 4 
<
4

`n `n 6
 ο  ∔ ο < 94
4
iv
 n
 ο<
c <
 i
n 9> x 6<0
s
 
 M 92.> mS 

` 93.343<37=8 ( 6<∔>2 K . ^ 92.6>=338=6 (∔2<

6=  x 6< mS .^
)
47 ) x

0 i
> x 6<
 ο 9 s
<
< 6< 6< ∔6=
x @
> x 6<
  iz 0

 ο 9 s
<
∔6
<.6<  6<   @z
x
∔8
  ο< 9>  x 6< i

 ο <9><< ji
  ο9603

` 93.343<37=8 ( 6<∔>2 K . ^ 92.6>=338=6 (∔2<

6=  x 6< mS .^
)
47 ) x

`n `n 6
 ο  ∔ ο< 94
4
iv

`n
( 6
 6
 )9 6
iv
4

∔
 ο  ο< 4

`n
(  
∔
6
  )9 6
i v4

6
603 ><< 4

6 4
`n (∔<.<<40 )9 i v
4

( 3.343  x6< ∔>2

K.
^ )
ji
( > x 6<
  )(
0
i   662
)9 6
iv
4
4
s ==0<< j i 4

( 6.7080 x 4

6< ∔4=  ki

) (   662 ji
==0<< j i 9 4 iv
4
)
6

( 4.43 x 6<  ki

)
∔ 4>
4
96 i4
==0<< ji 4
v
 ∔40
2 6<
 x  k 9 6 i v 4
4

Mjmrhéf ngjçtgnf qum tmjbræj aes mamntrejms

∔40
2  x 6<   k9  M
N   

mj af imnæjgnf naæsgnf, af mjmrhéf ngjçtgnf bm ujf ifsf pujtufa bmpmjbm bm su ifsf i y sus neipejmjtms bma ievgigmjte. sm
mxprmsf mj keuam ( K  µ 6 K  96 ho  ∘i4 ks 4. mstes sej bmsnrgtes per af vmaengbfb bm af ifsf pujtufa

\rmhujtf \rmsmjtm mj ma mspfnge gjcmrger uj drmvm fjæagsgs bm aes rmsuatfbes edtmjgbes mj ma mkmrngnge
gjbgvgbufa 6. Rmiætgnf (4.6) -Auz fdserdgbf neie cetejms; Ma mcmnte
cetemaçntrgne’ (Mstubgfjtm Je 2)
Tmspumst
f
F. ^fdgmjbe qum pfrf qum ma mcmnte cetemaçntrgne sunmbf sedrm ujf supmrcgngm gjngbmjtm, sm bmdm supmrfr af
D. crmnumjngf bm uidrfa, sgmjbe c  : c  <  
N. sm tgmjm per af rmafngþj qum afjbf ms gjvmrsfimjtm preperngejfa f af crmnumjngf, per ae tfjte, ο <: ο
B.
^g mste sm nuipam pebmies fcgrifr qum mstm tgpe bm ejbf pmrigtm hmjmrfr af gjngbmjngf sedrm ma
M. iftmrgfa, fbmiæs bma igsie iftmrgfa, pfrf pebmr prebungr sedrm ça, ma mcmnte cetemaçntrgne, prevenfjbe
fsé af mxngtfngþj bm aes mamntrejms y su pesgdam mxpuasgþj e sfate bma iftmrgfa, rmsuatfjbe pfrf mstm
mkmrngnge tetfaimjtm ngmrte.

Mkmrngnge gjbgvgbufa 4. Rmiætgnf (4.4) -Auz migtgbf neie cetejms; \rebunngþj bm rfyes x’ (Mstubgfjtm Je 2)
µNuæa ms af iéjgif bgcmrmjngf bm petmjngfa mjtrm ma cgafimjte y ma dafjne mj uj tude bm rfyes x sg sm prebunmj rfyes x nej ujf aejhgtub bm ejbf bm
∔µ Ks