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ISSUE 5 WINTER 2001/02

The Acoustics of War

DARIA VAISMAN

By the early 1990s, the United States was reassessing its

self-image. The major conflicts of the last century—the two World
Wars and Vietnam—had, for the most part, already been consigned
to history (for a younger generation, they were only more media
kitsch). But a protracted Cold War had kept the United States in a
defensive posture for decades; now that the USSR had dissolved,
the US no longer worried about the threat of a nuclear attack. The
military wanted weapons that reflected the US’s new international
role. What to do? In 1991, the Pentagon issued a directive to test
an emerging class of arms: Called "non-lethals," these weapons
were meant to disable their targets "in such a way that death or
severe permanent disability was unlikely."

Most international policy was, at that point, riot control. The US had
become a peripatetic interventionist, dabbling in United Nations
sanctions and adjudicating regional skirmishes as if they were
protests at a college rally. For an optimistic military administration,
non-lethals were the humanitarian antidote to atom bombs. By
1996, the US had invested nearly $37 million in research for
non-lethal weapons.

The ideology behind "non-lethal" weapons was not new. Police had
used chemical sprays and rubber bullets, to name just two, to quell
domestic riots in the US throughout the 1960s. A second-wave of
non-lethals were introduced in the Gulf War and then, later, in
Somalia in 1994: sticky foams to adhere a person to an object or
another person; caustics to dissolve tires and roadways; lasers to
disorient and temporarily blind; acoustic weapons that used
high-decibel noise to cause pain, or infrasound to cause unbearable
nausea. The US had already discovered, while dropping bombs over
Vietnam, that sudden, high-decibel noise would deafen people,
though this was not what non-lethal researchers had intended.
(The 1907 Hague Convention clearly prohibits the use of "arms,
projectiles, or materials calculated to cause unnecessary
suffering.") But it presented an interesting question: Was it
possible to project sound at a precise decibel level that caused pain
without permanent ear damage? Furthermore, there was anecdotal
evidence suggesting that at the right frequency, infrasound would
"liquefy [people's] bowels and reduce them to quivering diarrheic
masses."1

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By the mid-90s, most of the major papers had reported on the

emergence of non-lethal technology. A Lexis-Nexis search with the
keywords "acoustic weapons" and "acoustic warfare" turned up a
cluster of articles from 1994 to 1999. International papers
reported that acoustic weapons were "close to becoming reality." In
1997, a US News & World Report feature on non-lethals quoted the
CEO of SARA [Scientific Applications & Research Associates, the
Pentagon's leading acoustics research arm] as saying that they had
already built prototypes for acoustic fences, and that acoustic
cannons would be available in as little as one to two years. By 1999,
Human Rights Watch issued a memorandum suggesting that a
new protocol dealing with acoustic weapons be added to the
Convention on Conventional Weapons.

This was the last reference to non-lethal weapons in the media at

large. I assumed that the Pentagon was in its last stages of
development and had bumped the project up to top-secret mode,
but a SARA press agent cagily informed me on the phone that they
were no longer involved in non-lethal acoustics research. "We
couldn't find an appropriate mechanism to pursue," I was told.
"Acoustics didn't prove out." When I called Penn State's Institute
for Non-Lethal Defense Technologies, I was directed to Dave
Swanson, an acoustician sent in by the Pentagon to assess the
acoustics research being done.

Swanson told me that the Pentagon decided to stop acoustic

funding to SARA largely on the basis of his findings. High decibel
sound could inadvertently deafen its target, he explained, and the
US had not figured out how to build a portable weapon with enough
energy to power and direct low-frequency infrasound across any
considerable distance. Swanson thought that it would remain
physically impossible to do so because of the huge energy demands
of low-frequency sound. In his experiments, Swanson had not
found a single repeatable case of low-frequency sounds affecting a
large population the way the Pentagon had hoped. "Their attitude
was, 'If we can't put them on the ground, we don't want to hear
about it.'"

In addition to requiring large quantities of energy and being

difficult to use with a portable device, infrasound works poorly in air
where sound waves tend to reflect off the body.2 Low-frequency
sound travels in all directions and is hard to direct. (Infrasound is
measured at 20 Hz and below, ultrasound at 20 KHz and above.)
Wavelength is in a ratio to the aperture of the device that is
directing it, so that infrasound needs a very large aperture. As a
matter of contrast, ultrasound uses a very small aperture. It is
cheap to generate and relatively easy to direct, but ultrasound
burns surface tissue and destroys organs (medical ultrasound is
used to break up kidney stones) and therefore has not been

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adapted for non-lethal purposes.

Infrasound is an amazingly effective weapon under the right

conditions. A small percentage of the population is so unbearably
sensitive to infrasound that they become nauseous near the ocean
(which naturally generates low-frequency signals) and can sense,
or "hear," earthquakes hundreds of miles away. Ultra-low
frequencies will nauseate and disorient most people under the right
conditions (that is, if the sound can easily couple with their bodies,
which it does under water or in a high-pressure chamber).

There are notable cases of people encountering low-frequency

sounds under such conditions. In one case, Walt Disney and his
team of cartoonists slowed down the 60-cycle tone of a soldering
iron in a short cartoon. At a low-frequency 12 cycles, they became
sick for days afterwards. The inventor Nikola Tesla experimented
with low-frequency vibrating platforms that he motored using
simple "eccentric" wheels. He found that standing on the platform
for a minute created a pleasant buzz through the body. Remaining
on the platform for any longer than a minute aggravated his
subjects' hearts and dangerously raised their blood pressure. His
friend Mark Twain once got on the platform and refused to
descend. As the author Gerry Vassilatos writes, "Tesla's concern
was drowned out by both the vibrating machine and Clemens'
jubilant exaltations and praises. Several more seconds and Clemens
nearly soiled his white suit."3

In 1957, inventor/robot scientist Vladimir Gavreau, attempted to

build a low-frequency weapon after accidental exposure to
infrasound. While working in a concrete building that housed his
laboratory, he and his fellow researchers periodically became
debilitatingly nauseous. He discovered that the nausea ceased
when certain windows in the building were blocked. Eventually,
engineers traced the problem to an improperly installed
motor-driven ventilator that activated an infrasonic resonance in a
large duct where it sat. The motor, coupled with the rest of the
concrete building, itself a large enclosure, formed an infrasonic
amplifier. Shutting the windows altered the resonance of the
building and shifted its infrasonic pitch. Gavreau, convinced he had
discovered a new weapon, created several replicas of the original air
duct. He pumped different frequencies of sound through massive
ducts 6 feet in diameter and 75 feet long. When exposed to the
infrasound, the researchers felt a "pressure against the eyes and
ears...their internal organs were filled with continual painful
spasms...and every pillar and joint of the massive structure [on
which the duct rested] bolted and moved."4

While every military project has its conspiracists, I found hundreds

of Internet stories suggesting that the US government has been
testing acoustic weapons on its citizens. The US government has

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its own conspiracy theories as well. Major Joseph Cook III has
suggested in his handbook, Nonlethal Weapons, that the Russians
have a gun that shoots 10-Hz acoustic bullets the size of baseballs
from hundreds of yards away. It has been claimed for years that
the Nazis developed a sonic cannon so powerful it could fell a B-17
bomber out of the sky. But these appear only as anecdotal stories.
Of the acoustic prototypes that actually exist, several have actually
proved viable. In his 1981 book Riot Control, Colonel Rex Applegate
showcased a blueprint for a curdler (which he aptly nicknames "the
people repeller"), which looks like a British police club and emits a
shrieking, pulsating sound equal to 120 decibels at 30 feet.
Swanson directed me to two weapons: a Compression Air Device
[CAD] and a Ring Vortex Cannon. The CAD generates energy at a
specific low frequency from a combustion engine at its base, and
directs the sound out of a long tube. The Ring Vortex Cannon,
which Swanson thinks is the most viable of the acoustic weapons, is
actually an acoustic and kinetic cannon that sends out an
infrasound donut-shaped shock wave combined with a toxic
chemical spray. The vortex ring travels at hundreds of miles per
hour, and hits its target with the force of a rubber blanket. br>
Ultrasound also has its adherents. For years, self-proclaimed
futurologists such as the husband-wife team Janet and Chris
Morris have been prophesying a different kind of ultrasound
weapon: acoustic voice plants that can make the target imagine to
be hearing voices inside his or her head. A powerpoint slide from a
talk Swanson had given in 1999 explained the technology in more
detail: Two high-frequency sound beams are mixed, producing a
"difference tone" that is audible with "laser-like directivity." (Audible
sound, in the 20 Hz to 20 KHz range, tends to dissipate in all
directions like infrasound.)

On 15 May 2001, the New York Times reported that a graduate

student named F. Joseph Pompei had created the first acoustic
beam using ultrasound: "The result is that the audio spotlight
doesn't directly generate the audible sound. It generates a beam of
ultrasound that acts like a long, thin loudspeaker and releases
audible sound—a secondary effect." Pompei told the reporter that
people had written to him worried about the beam's "insidious mind
control uses." The Times also mentioned that American Technology
Corporation (a research organization similar to SARA) had already
sent out evaluations to military contractors.

Audible, psychologically disturbing sounds have also been used

with mixed results. In 1990, loud music forced Noriega out of the
Vatican Embassy in Panama, and at the Waco stand-off in 1993,
Janet Reno played Tibetan chant music and heavy metal. Swanson
explained that a problem with using music as a dispersal tool is
that there is no single type of music that people dislike, as is also
the case with malodorants—smells so noxious that they would force
people to evacuate an area. When they were tested as potential

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non-lethals, researchers discovered that some people had become

aroused by several of the headier aromas. Swanson suggests
research into sounds that are universally disorienting, such as nails
scraping against a blackboard. "If you lay out their frequencies," he
said, "they spread out in much the same way a symphony does. So
what makes them so distressing?"

Ultimately, however, Swanson is more wary of infrasound and

high-decibel acoustic testing. When I asked SARA's point man if it
had ceased acoustics research because of the difficulty in directing
low-frequency sound, I was told, "No. You can direct it pretty well.
There just wasn't a real dial-in capability." He explained that a
weapon dialed in at, say, 137 decibels and meant for a target 100
feet away could easily cause deafness in someone ten feet away.
Non-lethal technology can turn "worse-than-lethal," in the words of
Harvey Sapolsky, head of Security Studies at MIT and one the first
people to look at non-lethals in the US. When I spoke to Sapolsky
over the phone, he told me stories he heard of Israelis stripping
rubber off bullets and Americans using lasers to illuminate Somali
targets in order to shoot them.

"Our ears are our primary sensor," Swanson tells me. "Sound can
cause anxiety and stress, but a loud sound won't put you on the
floor and keep you there. It won't make 100% or 70% [of people]
sick the way it will work for 1% or .01% of the population. Nausea is
not a repeatable effect for the general population, but deafness is.
If you make everybody deaf, your weapon doesn't work that well."

Sapolsky agrees: "In third world countries, illiteracy means that

hearing loss could be a worse handicap than amputation. If you
made everybody deaf, you're better off killing them, better off killing
women and children than sending them home blind." Sapolsky
believes that people will eventually use earplugs to protect
themselves. "I'm coming in from the policy side of things, and this
technology won't get you far. It's great for civilians and for riot
control, but eventually people get defenses against them. It's only
good if you face enemies that don't have weapons." For Sapolsky,
using acoustics raises the issue of intervention in the first place.
"You should be asking whether the situation is worth doing at all.
My idea? You're going to think I'm crazy. Leave them presents, for
example: On the border of North and South Korea, leave all sorts of
stuff from shopping malls, stuff they've never seen before. Wrap it
up really well so it takes a long time to unwrap. Slow them
down—that's the logic behind landmines."

1 — Douglas Pasternak, "Wonder Weapons," US News & World Report,

July 7, 1997.
2 — In water, however, projected soundwaves penetrate the body.
3 — Gerry Vassilatos, "The Sonic Weapon of Vladimir Gavreau,"
4 — Ibid.

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Daria Vaisman is Research Editor at New York Press.

©2003

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